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Baenidae

Reptilia - Baenidae

Taxonomy
Baenidae was named by Cope (1882). Its type is Baena. It was considered monophyletic by Hutchison (2004), Joyce (2007) and Pérez-García and Ortega (2011) and Lyson et al. (2019).

It was synonymized subjectively with Pleurosternidae by Hay (1902); it was reranked as the subfamily Baeninae by Nopcsa (1928); it was reranked as the unranked clade Baenidae by Joyce and Lyson (2015).

It was assigned to Amphichelydia by Hay (1908); to Pleurosternidae by Nopcsa (1928); to Thecophora by Hay (1930); to Pleurodira by Kuhn (1946); to Amphichelydia by Delair (1958); to Testudinata by Estes and Berberian (1970); to Eucryptodira by Peng et al. (2001); to Cryptodira by Holroyd and Hutchison (2002); to Cryptodiramorpha by Hutchison and Holroyd (2003); to Cryptodira by Brinkman (2003) and Joyce et al. (2004); to Cryptrodiramorpha by Hutchison (2004); to Testudines by Pérez-García and Murelaga (2013); to Baenoidea by Estes (1964), Kuhn (1966), Gaffney (1972), Gaffney (1975), Carroll (1988), Lyson and Joyce (2011), Lively (2015), Pérez-García et al. (2015), Lively (2016) and Joyce and Anquetin (2019); and to Paracryptodira by Joyce (2007), Lyson and Joyce (2010), Pérez-García and Ortega (2011), Pérez-García (2012), Anquetin (2012), Sullivan et al. (2012), Hutchison et al. (2013), Brinkman (2013), Joyce and Lyson (2015), Lyson et al. (2019) and Joyce et al. (2020).

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1882Baenidae Cope
1908Baenidae Hay p. 56
1915Baena platyplastra Gilmore p. 120 figs. 2; 8
1928Baeninae Nopcsa p. 165
1930Baenidae Hay p. 71
1930Baena platyplastra Hay p. 72
1935Thescelus hemispherica Gilmore p. 174 figs. 11-12, Pl. 16
1946Baenidae Kuhn p. 58
1958Baenidae Delair p. 51
1964Baenidae Estes p. 96
1966Baenidae Kuhn p. 24
1970Baenidae Estes and Berberian p. 5
1972Baenidae Gaffney pp. 248, 251-252
1972Baeninae Gaffney pp. 248, 274-276
1975Baenidae Gaffney p. 427
1988Baenidae Carroll
2001Baenidae Peng et al. p. 23
2002Baenidae Holroyd and Hutchison p. 181
2002Baeninae Holroyd and Hutchison p. 181
2003Baenidae Brinkman
2003Baenidae Hutchison and Holroyd
2004Baenidae Hutchison
2004Baeninae Hutchison
2004Baenidae Joyce et al.
2007Baenidae Joyce
2010Baenidae Lyson and Joyce
2011Baenidae Lyson and Joyce p. 792
2011Baenidae Pérez-García and Ortega
2012Baenidae Anquetin p. 28 fig. 10
2012Baenidae Pérez-García
2012Baenidae Sullivan et al.
2012Thescelus hemispherica Sullivan et al.
2013Baenidae Brinkman
2013Baenidae Hutchison et al.
2013Baenidae Pérez-García and Murelaga
2015Baenidae Joyce and Lyson
2015Baenidae Lively
2015Baenidae Pérez-García et al.
2016Baenidae Lively
2019Baenidae Joyce and Anquetin
2019Baenidae Lyson et al.
2020Baenidae Joyce et al.

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
RankNameAuthor
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
—Sauropsida
classReptilia
—Testudinata(Oppel 1811)
—Paracryptodira
familyBaenidaeCope 1882
familyBaenidaeCope 1882

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. †Baenidae Cope 1882
show all | hide all
Unr. †Baenodda Gaffney and Meylan 1988
+
G. †Arvinachelys Lively 2015
+
†Arvinachelys goldeni Lively 2015
Tr. †Baenini Cope 1882
+
Invalid names: Eubaenina Williams 1950 [empty]
Unr. †Eubaeninae Williams 1950
+
G. †Baena Leidy 1870
+
†Baena affinis Leidy 1871
+
Invalid names: Baena inflata Gilmore 1915 [synonym], Baena riparia Hay 1908 [synonym]
†Baena arenosa Leidy 1870
+
Invalid names: Baena clara Hay 1908 [synonym], Baena emiliae Hay 1908 [synonym], Baena sima Hay 1908 [synonym]
†Baena escavada Hay 1908
†Baena hayi Gilmore 1916
G. †Boremys Lambe 1906
+
†Boremys grandis Gilmore 1935
†Boremys pulchra Lambe 1906
+
Invalid names: Boremys albertensis Gilmore 1919 [synonym]
G. †Chisternon Leidy 1872
+
†Chisternon undatum Leidy 1871
+
Invalid names: Baena gigantea Gilmore 1915 [synonym], Baena hebraica Cope 1872 [synonym]
G. †Denazinemys Lucas and Sullivan 2006
+
†Denazinemys nodosa Gilmore 1916
G. †Goleremys Hutchison 2004
+
†Goleremys mckennai Hutchison 2004
G. †Stygiochelys Gaffney and Hiatt 1971
+
†Stygiochelys estesi Gaffney and Hiatt 1971
Invalid names: Baena marshi Hay 1904 [nomen dubium], Chisternon interpositum Hay 1909 [nomen dubium]
Unr. †Palatobaeninae Gaffney 1972
+
G. †Cedrobaena Lyson and Joyce 2009
+
†Cedrobaena brinkman Lyson and Joyce 2009
†Cedrobaena putorius Gaffney 1972
G. †Gamerabaena Lyson and Joyce 2010
+
†Gamerabaena sonsalla Lyson and Joyce 2010
G. †Palatobaena Gaffney 1972
+
†Palatobaena bairdi Gaffney 1972
†Palatobaena cohen Lyson and Joyce 2009
†Palatobaena gaffneyi Archibald and Hutchison 1979
†Palatobaena knellerorum Lyson et al. 2021
G. †Plesiobaena Gaffney 1972
+
†Plesiobaena antiqua Lambe 1902
+
Invalid names: Baena callosa Hay 1905 [synonym]
G. †Saxochelys Lyson et al. 2019
+
†Saxochelys gilberti Lyson et al. 2019
G. †Scabremys Sullivan et al. 2012
+
†Scabremys ornata Gilmore 1935
G. †Edowa Adrian et al. 2023
+
†Edowa zuniensis Adrian et al. 2023
G. †Eubaena Hay 1908
+
†Eubaena cephalica Hay 1904
†Eubaena hatcheri Hay 1901
G. †Gehennachelys Adrian et al. 2023
+
†Gehennachelys maini Adrian et al. 2019
G. †Hayemys Gaffney 1972
+
†Hayemys latifrons Hay 1908
G. †Lakotemys Joyce et al. 2020
+
†Lakotemys australodakotensis Joyce et al. 2020
G. †Neurankylus Lambe 1902
+
†Neurankylus baueri Gilmore 1916
+
Invalid names: Neurankylus hutchisoni Lively 2016 [synonym], Neurankylus utahensis Lively 2016 [synonym]
†Neurankylus eximius Lambe 1902
+
Invalid names: Baena fluviatilis Parks 1933 [synonym], Charitemys captans Hay 1908 [synonym]
†Neurankylus lithographicus Larson et al. 2013
†Neurankylus notos Lichtig and Lucas 2016
†Neurankylus torrejonensis Lyson et al. 2016
Invalid names: Charitemys Hay 1908 [synonym]
G. †Peckemys Lyson and Joyce 2009
G. †Probaena Hay 1903
G. †Protobaena Joyce and Lyson 2015
+
†Protobaena wyomingensis Gilmore 1919
G. †Thescelus Hay 1908
+
†Thescelus insiliens Hay 1908
+
Invalid names: Baena longicauda Russell 1934 [synonym]
†Thescelus rapiens Hay 1908
G. †Trinitichelys Gaffney 1972
+
†Trinitichelys hiatti Gaffney 1972
Invalid names: Baena platyplastra Gilmore 1915 [nomen dubium], Baeninae Cope 1882 [empty], Hayemydinae Gaffney 1972 [empty], Thescelus hemispherica Gilmore 1935 [nomen dubium], Trinitychelyinae Gaffney 1972 [empty]
Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
O. P. Hay 1908Amphichelydia having the plastron firmly joined to the carapace by sutural union with the lateral peripherals and with the costals by strongly developt axillary and inguinal buttresses. Mesoplastra usually meeting at the midline and expanding toward the outer ends. Skulls, so far as known, broad and short. Temporal roof extensive. Neck short, most of the vertebral centra with only one end concave.
E. S. Gaffney 1972Baenids with wedge-shaped skull in dorsal view; temporal emargination reduced; nasal not expanded laterally; prefrontals with little dorsal exposure; squamosal-parietal conratojugal not C-shaped, lacking dorsal process; jugal widely exposed in orbital margin; triturating surfaces essentially as in Plesiobaena with slight variations; orbits opening laterally; cervical vertebrae with formed central articulations; shell oval but usually pointed anteriorly; ornamentation highly varied; cervical (nuchal) scute small, sometimes double; anterior of carapace without emargination; first vertebral scute variable; supramarginal scutes absent; xiphiplastral notch absent; paired intergulars usually present; intergulars usually meeting in midline, but sometimes varying considerably; last vertebral scute opening on edge of carapace; posterior edge of carapace usually scalloped, usually emarginated to some extent.
T. R. Lyson and W. G. Joyce 2011‘‘Baenidae’’ refers to the most inclusive clade containing Baena arenosa Leidy, 1870 but not Pleurosternon (orig. Platemys) bullockii Owen, 1842 or any species of Recent turtle.

Lingual ridge developed anteriorly only; deep temporal emargination (i.e., no parietal/squamosal contact) present; parietal overhang on top of supraoccipital and epiplastral processes absent, strongly developed axillary buttress present that extends onto costals; strongly developed inguinal buttress.
T. R. Lyson et al. 2019Saxochelys gilberti is diagnosed as a member of Paracryptodira based on foramen posterior canalis carotici interni (sensu Rollot et al., 2018) located halfway between the suture of the basisphenoid and the pterygoid, absence of the interpterygoid vacuity, and the distinct thickening of the plastron medial to the inguinal buttresses.