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Acila (divaricate nutclam)

Bivalvia - Nuculida - Nuculidae

Taxonomy
Acila was named by Adams and Adams (1858) [Sepkoski's age data: T Ol-u R]. It is extant.

It was reranked as Nucula (Acila) by Gabb (1869), Arnold (1903), Weaver and Van Winkle Palmer (1922), Oldroyd (1925), Nagao (1928), Nagao (1928), Grant, IV and Gale (1931) and Nagao (1932).

It was assigned to Nucula by Gabb (1869), Arnold (1903), Weaver and Van Winkle Palmer (1922), Oldroyd (1925), Nagao (1928), Nagao (1928), Grant, IV and Gale (1931) and Nagao (1932); to Nuculoida by Sepkoski (2002); and to Nuculidae by Olsson (1931), Schenck (1936), Woodring (1938), Turner (1938), Durham (1944), Faustman (1964), Hertlein and Grant (1972), Woodring (1973), Moore (1976), Vokes (1980), Tashiro and Kozai (1982), Moore (1983), Moore (1984), Squires (1984), Squires (1987), Squires (1988), Squires (1999), Coan et al. (2000), Todd (2001), Matsubara (2002), Huber (2010), Coan and Valentich-Scott (2012).

Species
A. (Acila), A. (Truncacila), A. paita, A. plura, Nucula (Acila) ermanni, Nucula (Acila) mirabilis, Nucula (Acila) nelsoni, Nucula (Acila) packardi, Nucula (Acila) pugetensis, Nucula (Acila) yakatagensis
Species lacking formal opinion data
A. antefultoni, A. asachiensis, A. ashiyaensis, A. chausiensis, A. chicotana, A. cobboldiae, A. demessa, A. elongata, A. elongata, A. elongata, A. enpirensis, A. ermani, A. eximia, A. gettisburgensis, A. gottschei, A. granulata, A. himenourensis, A. ilpinensis, A. incignis, A. insignis, A. insignis, A. isignis, A. isthmica, A. kovatschensis, A. kusiroensis, A. longa, A. marujamensis, A. minima, A. mirabilis, A. munda, A. nakazimai, A. nakazimai, A. nehalemensis, A. nehalemensis, A. oyamadensis, A. parva, A. pecticostata, A. picturata, A. picturata, A. piura, A. plana, A. pleschakovi, A. praevigilia, A. pusilla, A. schomburgki, A. submariabilis, A. tosaensis, A. triangula, A. trilineata, A. vengeriana, A. vereshagini

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1858Acila Adams and Adams p. 545
1869Nucula (Acila) Gabb p. 197
1903Nucula (Acila) Arnold p. 95
1922Nucula (Acila) Weaver and Van Winkle Palmer p. 6
1925Nucula (Acila) Oldroyd p. 2
1928Nucula (Acila) Nagao p. 21
1931Nucula (Acila) Grant, IV and Gale p. 112
1931Acila Olsson p. 34
1932Nucula (Acila) Nagao p. 50
1936Acila Schenck p. 23
1938Acila Turner p. 41
1938Acila Woodring p. 28
1944Acila Durham p. 133
1964Acila Faustman p. 113
1972Acila Hertlein and Grant p. 147
1973Acila Woodring p. 489
1976Acila Moore p. 42
1980Acila Vokes p. 1
1982Acila Tashiro and Kozai p. 70
1983Acila Moore p. A8
1984Acila Moore p. 25
1984Acila Squires p. 40
1987Acila Squires p. 54
1988Acila Squires p. 17
1999Acila Squires p. 22
2000Acila Coan et al. pp. 71, 74
2001Acila Todd
2002Acila Matsubara p. 134
2002Acila Sepkoski
2010Acila Huber p. 85
2012Acila Coan and Valentich-Scott p. 34

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Protostomia
—Spiralia
superphylumLophotrochozoa
phylumMollusca
classBivalvia
RankNameAuthor
—Eubivalvia
subclassProtobranchia(Pelseneer 1889)
superorderNuculiformiiDall 1889
orderNuculida(Dall 1889)
superfamilyNuculoidea(Gray 1824)
familyNuculidaeGray 1824
genusAcilaAdams and Adams 1858

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Acila Adams and Adams 1858 [divaricate nutclam]
show all | hide all
Subg. Acila (Acila) Adams and Adams 1858
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†Acila (Acila) brevis Nagao and Huzioka 1941
†Acila (Acila) isthmica Brown and Pilsbry 1911
†Acila (Acila) kholmskensis Krishtofovich 1964
Acila (Acila) mirabilis Adams and Reeve 1850
†Acila (Acila) praedivaricata Nagao and Huzioka 1941
Acila (Acila) semirostrata Grant, IV and Gale 1931
†Acila (Acila) shimoyamai Oyama and Mizuno 1958
†Acila (Acila) submirabilis Makiyama 1926
Acila (Acila) vigilia Schenck 1936
Subg. Acila (Truncacila) Grant and Gale 1931
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†Acila (Truncacila) allisoni Squires and Saul 2006
†Acila (Truncacila) bellula Slodkewitsch 1967
Acila (Truncacila) castrensis Hinds 1843 [divaricate nutclam]
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Invalid names: Acila (Truncacila) beringiana Slodkevisch 1967 [synonym], Acila empirensis Howe 1922 [synonym], Nucula lyalli Baird 1863 [synonym]
+
Invalid names: Nucula divaricata Conrad 1848 [replaced]
†Acila (Truncacila) dalli Arnold 1908
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Invalid names: Acila gabbiana Dickerson 1916 [synonym], Acila lajollaensis Hanna 1927 [synonym], Nucula (Acila) stillwaterensis Weaver and Van Winkle Palmer 1922 [synonym]
+
Invalid names: Nucula truncata Gabb 1864 [replaced]
†Acila (Truncacila) galinae Slodkewitsch 1967
†Acila (Truncacila) grahami Squires and Saul 2006
†Acila (Truncacila) haidana Packard in Schenck 1936
Acila (Truncacila) jucunda Thiele and Jaeckel 1931
†Acila (Truncacila) moneronica Slodkewitsch 1967
†Acila (Truncacila) nagaoi Oyama and Mizuno 1958
†Acila (Truncacila) osugii Nagao and Huzioka 1941
†Acila (Truncacila) rosaria Squires and Saul 2006
†Acila (Truncacila) schencki Stoyanow 1949
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Invalid names: Nucula (Acila) hamiltonensis Clark 1932 [replaced]
Invalid names: Acila muta markleyensis Clark 1918 [invalid subgroup]
†Acila paita Olsson 1931
†Acila plura Olsson 1931
†Nucula (Acila) ermanni Girard 1843
Nucula (Acila) mirabilis Adams and Reeve 1850
†Nucula (Acila) nelsoni Clark 1925
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
partNmeanminimummaximummedians.d.
height216.016.016.016.0-

Composition: aragonitef
Entire body: yesf
Adult length: 1.0 to < 10f
Adult width: 1.0 to < 10f
Adult height: 1.0 to < 10f
Thickness: thinf
Folds: nonef
Ribbing: minorf
Spines: nonef
Internal reinforcement: nonef
Ontogeny: accretionf
Environment: coastal, inner shelf, outer shelf, oceanicf
Locomotion: facultatively mobilef
Life habit: infaunalf
Diet: deposit feederf
Diet 2: suspension feederf
Vision: blindc
Created: 2008-11-15 10:09:53
Modified: 2009-08-18 20:13:53
Source: f = family, c = class
References: Mikkelsen and Bieler 2008, Aberhan et al. 2004

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Aptian to the top of the Late/Upper Pleistocene or 121.40000 to 0.01170 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 113.2 Ma

Collections (541 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Aptian121.4 - 113.2USA (Arizona) Acila schencki (65011)
Early/Lower Albian113.2 - 110.1USA (California) Acila sp. nov.? (216368)
Albian113.2 - 100.5USA (California) Acila sp. (185408)
Late/Upper Albian106.3 - 100.5Japan Acila tosaensis (122347 123127)
Cenomanian100.5 - 93.9Japan Acila himenourensis (117145) Acila hokkaidoensis (87007)
Cenomanian100.5 - 93.9USA (California) Acila haidana (220386) Acila sp. (185726 185734)
Cenomanian100.5 - 93.9USA (Texas) Acila chicotana (6595 6606 6639 6642 6646) Acila sp. (4647 4655)
Early/Lower Turonian93.9 - 89.8USA (California) Acila haidana (69616)
Early/Lower Turonian93.9 - 89.8Japan Acila hokkaidoensis (87008)
Middle Turonian93.9 - 89.8USA (Alaska) Acila sp. (51920)
Turonian93.9 - 89.8USA (California) Acila haidana (220357) Acila sp. (185415)
Turonian93.9 - 89.8Japan (Teshio) Acila hokkaidoensis (39822)
Coniacian89.8 - 85.7USA (California) Acila demessa (44214) Acila demessa, Nucula truncata (44232)
Coniacian89.8 - 85.7Japan (Teshio) Acila hokkaidoensis (40122)
Early/Lower Coniacian89.8 - 85.7Japan (Fukushima) Acila hokkaidoensis (39626)
Coniacian - Santonian89.8 - 83.6USA (California) Acila sp. (185448)
Early/Lower Santonian85.7 - 83.6USA (California) Acila demessa (86956)
Early/Lower Santonian85.7 - 83.6Japan Acila hokkaidoensis (115281 115284 219958)
Late/Upper Santonian85.7 - 83.6Japan Acila hokkaidoensis (82349 87009 115287 115289 115295 115297 115299)
Santonian85.7 - 83.6USA (California) Acila demessa (185391)