PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Stringocephaloidea

Rhynchonellata - Terebratulida

Taxonomy

Stringocephaloidea was named by King (1850).

It was assigned to Terebratulidina by Williams et al. (2006).

Subtaxa

Centronellidae, Guangshunia, Meganterididae, Rhipidothyrididae, Stringocephalidae

Entered

by M. Clapham on 2008-08-03

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1850	Stringocephaloidea King
2006	Stringocephaloidea Williams et al. p. 1994

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Protostomia
—	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
—	Lophophorata
—	Panbrachiopoda	Carlson and Cohen 2020

Rank	Name	Author
phylum	Brachiopoda	Cuvier 1805
subphylum	Rhynchonelliformea	Williams et al. 1996
class	Rhynchonellata	Williams et al. 1996
order	Terebratulida
suborder	Terebratulidina
superfamily	Stringocephaloidea	King 1850
superfamily	Stringocephaloidea	King 1850

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Superfm. †Stringocephaloidea King 1850

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Fm. †Centronellidae Waagen 1882

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Subfm. †Amphigeniinae Cloud 1942

G. †Amphigenia

†Amphigenia elongata Vanuxem 1842

†Amphigenia preparva Boucot 1959

Subfm. †Centronellinae Waagen 1882

G. †Centronella Billings 1859

†Centronella glansfagea Hall 1857

†Centronella impressa Hall 1867

†Centronella navicella Hall 1867

†Centronella tumida Billings 1861

G. †Oriskania

G. †Proboscidina

Subfm. †Eurythyridinae Cloud 1942

G. †Beachia

G. †Cloudothyris Boucot and Johnson 1968

†Cloudothyris postovalis Boucot and Johnson 1968

G. †Eurythyris

G. †Prionothyris

Subfm. †Rensselaeriinae Raymond 1923

G. †Etymothyris

G. †Nanothyris

G. †Rensselaeria

G. †Rensselaerina

G. †Guangshunia

Fm. †Meganterididae Schuchert and LeVene 1929

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Subfm. †Adreninae Boucot 1994

G. †Adrenia

G. †Barbarothyris

G. †Cydimia

G. †Lingshanella

G. †Micidus

G. †Sturtella

Subfm. †Antistrixinae Johnson 1972

G. †Antistrix Johnson 1972

†Antistrix invicta Johnson 1972

Subfm. †Brachyzyginae Cloud 1942

G. †Brachyzyga

Subfm. †Meganteridinae Schuchert and LeVene 1929

G. †Meganterella

†Meganterella finksi Boucot 1959

G. †Meganteris Suess 1855

†Meganteris ovata Maurer 1879

G. †Reeftonella

Subfm. †Mutationellinae Cloud 1942

G. †Cloudella

G. †Derbyina

Invalid names: Chapadella [synonym], Paranaia [synonym]

G. †Mendathyris

G. †Mutationella

G. †Neopaulinella Özdikmen 2008

†Neopaulinella guerangeri Verneuil 1851

Invalid names: Paulinella [replaced]

G. †Pleurothyrella

†Pleurothyrella knodi Clarke 1913

G. †Podolella

G. †Prorensselaeria

G. †Scaphiocoelia

G. †Xana

Fm. †Rhipidothyrididae Cloud 1942

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Subfm. †Globithyridinae Cloud 1942

G. †Globithyris

Subfm. †Rhenorensselaerinae Boucot 1975

G. †Lievinella

G. †Rhenorensselaeria Kegel 1913

†Rhenorensselaeria strigiceps Roemer 1844

Subfm. †Rhipidothyridinae Cloud 1942

G. †Neoglobithyris

G. †Rhipidothyris

†Rhipidothyris circo Johnson 1971

G. †Septothyris

Fm. †Stringocephalidae King 1850

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Subfm. †Bornhardtininae Cloud 1942

G. †Bornhardtina

†Bornhardtina equitis Godefroid and Mottequin 2005

G. †Hessenhausia

†Hessenhausia pseudocaiqua Schulz 1914

Invalid names: Rauffia Schulz 1914 [replaced]

G. †Pseudobornhardtina

Subfm. †Geranocephalinae Johnson 1975

G. †Geranocephalus

Invalid names: Acrothyris [synonym], Catacephalus [synonym], Conomimus [synonym]

G. †Paracrothyris

G. †Stringomimus

G. †Xiangzhounia

Subfm. †Kaplexinae Sun and Boucot 1999

G. †Erectocephalus

G. †Kaplex

Subfm. †Leioseptathyridinae Sun and Boucot 1999

G. †Leioseptathyris

Subfm. †Omoloninae Sun and Boucot 1999

G. †Hemistringocephalus

G. †Kumbella Khodalevich 1975

G. †Omolonia

Subfm. †Rensselandiinae Cloud 1942

G. †Chascothyris

G. †Ectorensselandia

G. †Elmaria

G. †Newberria

Invalid names: Denckmannella Schuchert and LeVene 1929 [synonym], Rensselandia [synonym]

G. †Rensselandioidea

G. †Subrensselandia

Subfm. †Stringocephalinae King 1850

G. †Parastringocephalus

G. †Stringocephalus

†Stringocephalus burtini Defrance 1825

†Stringocephalus glinskii Struve 1992

†Stringocephalus nevadensis Frost and Langenheim, Jr. 1966

G. †Stringodiscus

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

low Mg calcitep

Environment:

marineuc

Locomotion:

stationaryo

Attached:

yesp

Life habit:

low-level epifaunalo

Diet:

suspension feedero

Vision:

blindc

Created:

2004-02-28 14:14:12

Modified:

2018-11-10 17:47:38

Source: o = order, c = class, p = phylum, uc = unranked clade

References: Aberhan et al. 2004, Nesnidal et al. 2013

Age range: base of the Pridoli to the top of the Kungurian or 422.70000 to 274.40000 Ma

Collections (420 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Ludlow - Pridoli	426.7 - 419.62	China (Gansu)	Mutationella podolica (27757)
Pridoli - Lochkovian	422.7 - 413.02	USA (Oklahoma)	Rensselaerina haraganana (26826)
Pridoli - Helderbergian	422.7 - 393.47	Spain (Guadalajara)	Mutationella SP., Podolella rensselaeroides (13929)
Lochkovian	419.62 - 413.02	Canada (New Brunswick)	Rensselaeria sp. (593)
Lochkovian	419.62 - 413.02	Canada (Nova Scotia)	Mutationella sp., Podolella sp. (24857)
Lochkovian	419.62 - 413.02	USA (Oklahoma)	Rensselaerina haraganana (164273 164274 164275 164276 164277 164278 164279 164280)
Lochkovian	419.62 - 413.02	Australia (New South Wales)	Sturtella mandageriensis (24900)
Lochkovian	419.62 - 413.02	Morocco	Meganteris sp. (13938)
Lochkovian	419.62 - 413.02	Poland	Mutationella barroisi (13878)
Lochkovian	419.62 - 413.02	Czechia	Mutationella plicata (14119)
Youngest occurrences
Time interval	Ma	Country or state	PBDB collection number
Late/Upper Givetian	383.4 - 382.31	Germany	Stringocephalus sp. (60181) Stringocephalus sp., Denckmannella sp. (60183)
Late/Upper Givetian - Frasnian	383.4 - 372.15	Germany	Stringocephalus sp. (60180)
Frasnian	382.31 - 372.15	Canada (Ontario)	Centronella sp. (633)
Frasnian	382.31 - 372.15	Colombia (Boyaca)	Amphigenia n. sp. ?, Derbyina sp., Meganteris australis (36012)
Frasnian	382.31 - 372.15	Libya	Neoglobithyris tmisaensis (36197) Septothyris boucoti (35621)
Frasnian	382.31 - 372.15	USA (Alaska)	Stringocephalus sp. (36603)
Late/Upper Frasnian	375.2 - 372.15	Libya	Septothyris boucoti (35637 35638)
Late/Upper Famennian	365.2 - 358.86	China	Rhipidothyris obesus (162315)
Osagean	351.9 - 342.9	Canada (Alberta)	Centronella emaciata (62418)
Kungurian	283.3 - 274.4	China (Xinjiang)	Omolonia sp. (62750 62759)