PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Hipparion

Mammalia - Perissodactyla - Equidae

Taxonomy

Hipparion was named by de Christol (1832) [type European H. prostylum]. It is not extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Hippotherium by Cope (1889) and Cope (1893).

It was assigned to Protohippinae by Gidley (1907); to Hippotheriini by Prothero and Schoch (1989); to Equinae by Hay (1902) and Tsoukala et al. (2007); to Equidae by de Christol (1832), Leidy (1873), Scott (1913), Stirton (1940), Sondaar (1974), Thurmond and Jones (1981), MacFadden (1984), Bernor (1985), Carroll (1988), Theodorou et al. (2003) and Boessenecker (2011); and to Hipparionini by Quinn (1955), Kelly (1995), MacFadden (1998) and May (2019).

Species lacking formal opinion data

H. abudhabiense, H. africanum, H. baardi, H. brachypus, H. cornelianum, H. ethiopicum, H. garedzicum, H. giganteum, H. hippidiodus, H. houfenense, H. macrodon, H. malustenense, H. moldavicum, H. nagriensis, H. platyodus, H. proboscideum, H. sebastopolitanum, H. theobaldi, H. verae, H. zandaense

Synonyms

Hemihipparion was named by Wehrli (1941).

It was synonymized subjectively with Hipparion by Vlachou and Koufos (2002).
Hipparion sitifense was named by Pomel (1897).

It was considered a nomen dubium by Franz-Odendaal et al. (2003).
Hipparitherium was named by Christol (1847).

It was synonymized subjectively with Hipparion by Osborn (1918).
Stylohipparion was named by van Hoepen (1932). It is not extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Hipparion by Geraads et al. (2004).

It was assigned to Equidae by Carroll (1988); and to Hippotheriini by Prothero and Schoch (1989).
Hipparion sellardsi was named by Matthew and Stirton (1930).

It was considered a nomen nudum by Hulbert (1990).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1832	Hipparion de Christol
1847	Hipparitherium Christol
1873	Hipparion Leidy p. 322
1897	Hipparion sitifense Pomel
1902	Hipparion Hay p. 619
1907	Hipparion Gidley p. 867
1913	Hipparion Scott p. 290
1930	Hipparion sellardsi Matthew and Stirton
1932	Stylohipparion van Hoepen
1940	Hipparion Stirton p. 184
1941	Hemihipparion Wehrli
1955	Hipparion Quinn p. 63
1974	Hipparion Sondaar
1981	Hipparion Thurmond and Jones p. 184
1984	Hipparion MacFadden p. 53
1985	Hipparion Bernor
1988	Hipparion Carroll
1988	Stylohipparion Carroll
1989	Hipparion Prothero and Schoch p. 532
1989	Stylohipparion Prothero and Schoch p. 532
1995	Hipparion Kelly p. 26
1998	Hipparion MacFadden p. 548
2003	Hipparion Theodorou et al.
2007	Hipparion Tsoukala et al.
2011	Hipparion Boessenecker p. 2
2019	Hipparion May

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha

Rank	Name	Author
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Boreoeutheria
—	Laurasiatheria
—	Scrotifera
—	Euungulata
—	Panperissodactyla
superorder	Perissodactylamorpha
order	Perissodactyla	()
superfamily	Equoidea
family	Equidae
subfamily	Equinae
tribe	Hipparionini
genus	Hipparion

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Hipparion de Christol 1832

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Subg. †Hipparion (Proboscidipparion) Sefve 1927

†Proboscidipparion sinense Sefve 1927

†Hipparion campbelli Bernor 1985

†Hipparion chiai Liu et al. 1978

†Hipparion concudense Pirlot 1956

†Hipparion condoni Merriam 1915

†Hipparion crassum Gervais 1859

†Hipparion depereti Sondaar 1974

Invalid names: Hipparion gracile Guerin and Mein 1971 [synonym]

†Hipparion dietrichi Wehrli 1941

†Hipparion fissurae Crusafont and Sondaar 1971

†Hipparion forcei Richey 1948

†Hipparion gettyi Bernor 1985

†Hipparion gromovae Villalta and Crusafont 1957

†Hipparion laromae Pesquero et al. 2006

†Hipparion longipes Gromova 1952

†Hipparion macedonicum Koufos 1984

†Hipparion matthewi Abel 1926

†Hipparion mediterraneum Roth and Wagner 1855

†Hipparion minus Pavlow 1890

†Hipparion molayanense Zouhri 1992

†Hipparion periafricanum Villalta and Crusafont 1957

†Hipparion phlegrae Lazaridis and Tsoukala 2014

†Hipparion prostylum Gervais 1849

Invalid names: Hipparion diplostylum Gervais 1849 [synonym], Hipparion mesostylum Gervais 1849 [synonym]

†Hipparion richthofeni Koken 1885

†Hipparion rocinantis Hernández Pacheco 1921

†Hipparion shirleyae MacFadden 1984

†Hipparion tehonense Merriam 1916

†Hipparion theniusi Melentis 1969

†Hipparion weihoense Liu et al. 1978

Invalid names: Hemihipparion Wehrli 1941 [synonym], Hipparion sellardsi Matthew and Stirton 1930 [nomen nudum], Hipparion sitifense Pomel 1897 [nomen dubium], Hipparitherium Christol 1847 [synonym], Stylohipparion van Hoepen 1932 [synonym]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
B. J. MacFadden 1984	Medium-sized, mesocephalic, and moderately hypsodont tridactyl horses. Nasal notch mod-erately developed and extends posteriorly to a position anterior to, or lying over, P2. Intraorbital foramen lies over P3. Preorbital facial fossa lies dorsal to P3-M1 on the nasal and maxillary bones well forward of the anterior rim of the orbit. The posterior portion of the fossa is usually developed on the nasal and maxillary bones, anterior to the lacrimal. Anteriorly the fossa is poorly defined and is confluent with the facial region. Posteriorly the fossa is moderately pocketed and has a well-developed and continuous rim. There is no ventral fossa associated with the malar crest as is the case in some other horses. In the upper cheek teeth, the protocones vary from rounded to oval to lenticulate. There is a tendency for the protocone to be connected to the protoloph in earlier wear stages than some other hipparions e.g., Neohipparion. The hypoconal groove is moderately developed and is distinct to the base of the tooth. In the lower cheek teeth there is a progressive deepening of the ectoflexids posteriorly.The metaconids and metastylids are widely separated. The parastylid (also termed ectoparastylid or protostylid) is often developed and is either connected to the protoconid or is isolated. In both the upper and lower cheek teeth the enamel plications vary from simple to moderately developed.

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

terrestrialsubc

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

ground dwellingsubf

Diet:

browserg

Reproduction:

viviparoussubc

Comments:

browser based on stable isotopes (MacFadden and Cerling 1996)g

Created:

2009-01-04 10:28:06

Modified:

2009-01-04 12:28:06

Source: g = genus, subf = subfamily, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: MacFadden and Cerling 1996, Ji et al. 2002, Nowak 1991, Hendy et al. 2009, Lillegraven 1979, Carroll 1988, MacFadden 1998

Age range: base of the Sarmatian to the top of the Middle Pleistocene or 12.70000 to 0.12900 Ma

Collections (566 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	USA (California)	H. mohavense (19439) H. sp. (19442 19443) H. tehonense (19570) Merychippus sumani (19440)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	USA (South Dakota)	H. tehonense (18081)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	France (Vaucluse)	H. prostylum (201499 201500) H. sp., H. matthewi, H. prostylum (201497)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	USA (Nevada)	H. tehonense (18858) Nannippus tehonensis (18857 18859 18860)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	Kazakhstan (Kalba)	H. sp. (13481)
Miocene - Pliocene	23.03 - 2.588	Uganda	H. sitifense (22343 22394 22400 22404 22405 22435 22438 22441 22448 22455) H. sp. (22215 22411 22439)
Miocene - Pliocene	23.03 - 2.588	Kazakhstan	H. sp. (76282)
Miocene - Pliocene	23.03 - 2.588	Mongolia	H. houfenense (34485)
Miocene - Pliocene	23.03 - 2.588	South Africa	H. baardi (22223 22229)
Neogene	23.03 - 2.58	Ukraine	H. gracile (76563) H. sp. (76561 76562)
Youngest occurrences
Time interval	Ma	Country or state	PBDB collection number
Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.0117	Kenya	H. sp. (21846 38039)
Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.0117	South Africa	H. lybicum (21828)
Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.0117	Azerbaijan (Apsheronian Penninsula)	H. sp., H. crassum (56730)
Calabrian	1.8 - 0.774	Kenya (Rift Valley)	H. ethiopicum (21294 21343)
Calabrian	1.8 - 0.774	Kenya	H. ethiopicum (21368 21450 21455 21468 21514) Hipparion indet. (32060) H. sp. (21524 21527 21833)
Calabrian	1.8 - 0.774	Tanzania (Lake Natron Basin)	H. cornelianum (22554 22558 22579 22583) H. sp. (22557 22582)
Calabrian	1.8 - 0.774	Tanzania	H. ethiopicum (21968 21970 21971 21972 22041 22064 22337 22467 22620)
Middle Pleistocene	0.774 - 0.129	Spain (La Rioja)	H. sp. (189976)
Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.774 - 0.0117	Ethiopia	H. sp. (22156 22177)
Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.774 - 0.0117	Tanzania	H. sp. (21893)