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Taxonomy
Spisula was named by Gray (1837) [Sepkoski's age data: T Than-l R Sepkoski's reference number: 914]. It is extant.
It was reranked as Mactra (Spisula) by Grant, IV and Gale (1931) and Durham (1944).
It was assigned to Mactra by Grant, IV and Gale (1931) and Durham (1944); to Mactrinae by Glenn (1904), Packard (1916), Adegoke (1977), Vokes (1980), Squires (1987) and Ward (1992); to Veneroida by Sepkoski (2002); and to Mactridae by Conrad (1867), Clark and Arnold (1923), Bohm (1926), Nagao (1928), Olsson (1931), Uozumi (1955), Olsson (1967), Moore (1976), Ward and Blackwelder (1987), Lamprell and Whitehead (1992), Wienrich (1999), Schneider et al. (2005) and Moths et al. (2010).
It was reranked as Mactra (Spisula) by Grant, IV and Gale (1931) and Durham (1944).
It was assigned to Mactra by Grant, IV and Gale (1931) and Durham (1944); to Mactrinae by Glenn (1904), Packard (1916), Adegoke (1977), Vokes (1980), Squires (1987) and Ward (1992); to Veneroida by Sepkoski (2002); and to Mactridae by Conrad (1867), Clark and Arnold (1923), Bohm (1926), Nagao (1928), Olsson (1931), Uozumi (1955), Olsson (1967), Moore (1976), Ward and Blackwelder (1987), Lamprell and Whitehead (1992), Wienrich (1999), Schneider et al. (2005) and Moths et al. (2010).
Species
Mactra (Spisula) sammamishensis, S. (Austromactra), S. (Cymbophora), S. (Eomactra), S. (Notospisula), S. (Ruellia), S. (Spisula), S. (Spisulona), S. (Stereomactra), S. arcuata, S. brombachensis, S. callistaeformis, S. compressa, S. craspedota, S. decisa, S. dernburgi, S. elliptica, S. hannibali, S. jacksonensis, S. obtruncata, S. paralis, S. parilis, S. praetenuis, S. rappahannockensis, S. semisulcata, S. sookensis, S. sorachiensis, S. subcuneata, S. subtruncata
Species lacking formal opinion data
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1837 | Spisula Gray p. 372 |
| 1867 | Spissula Conrad p. 193 |
| 1904 | Spisula Glenn p. 286 |
| 1916 | Spisula Packard p. 283 |
| 1923 | Spisula Clark and Arnold p. 153 |
| 1926 | Spisula Bohm p. 61 |
| 1928 | Spisula Nagao p. 86 |
| 1931 | Mactra (Spisula) Grant, IV and Gale |
| 1931 | Spisula Olsson p. 67 |
| 1944 | Mactra (Spisula) Durham p. 151 |
| 1955 | Spisula Uozumi p. 78 |
| 1967 | Spisula Olsson p. 11 |
| 1976 | Spisula Moore p. 49 |
| 1977 | Spisula Adegoke p. 272 |
| 1980 | Spisula Vokes p. 137 |
| 1987 | Spisula Squires p. 67 |
| 1987 | Spisula Ward and Blackwelder p. 130 |
| 1992 | Spisula Lamprell and Whitehead p. 82 |
| 1992 | Spisula Ward p. 95 |
| 1999 | Spisula Wienrich p. 244 |
| 2002 | Spisula Sepkoski |
| 2005 | Spisula Schneider et al. p. 114 |
| 2010 | Spisula Moths et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Spisula Gray 1837
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†Mactra (Spisula) sammamishensis Durham 1944
Subg. †Spisula (Austromactra) Iredale 1930
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†Spisula (Austromactra) contortula Deshayes 1857
†Spisula (Austromactra) lamberti Deshayes 1857
†Spisula (Austromactra) laudunensis Watelet 1853
†Spisula (Austromactra) loustauae Bayan 1873
†Spisula (Austromactra) parameces Cossmann 1886
†Spisula (Austromactra) recondita Deshayes 1857
Subg. †Spisula (Eomactra) Cossmann 1909
Subg. †Spisula (Notospisula)
Subg. Spisula (Spisula) Gray 1837
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†Spisula (Spisula) albertantonorum Marquet 2005
†Spisula (Spisula) caleta Olsson 1928
†Spisula (Spisula) hualtaca Olsson 1928
†Spisula (Spisula) summa Olsson 1928
Subg. †Spisula (Spisulona)
Subg. †Spisula (Stereomactra) Stewart 1930
Spisula arcuata Sowerby 1817
†Spisula brombachensis Schneider and Mandic 2014
†Spisula callistaeformis Dall 1904
†Spisula compressa Deshayes 1832
†Spisula craspedota Gardner 1947
†Spisula decisa palmaris Harris 1919
†Spisula dernburgi Böhm 1913
Spisula elliptica Brown 1827
†Spisula hannibali Clark and Arnold 1923
†Spisula obtruncata Wood 1850
†Spisula parilis Conrad 1833
†Spisula praetenuis Conrad 1833
†Spisula rappahannockensis Gardner 1944
†Spisula semisulcata Lamarck 1805
†Spisula sookensis Clark and Arnold 1923
†Spisula sorachiensis Otatsume 1933
†Spisula subcuneata Conrad 1838
Spisula subtruncata da Costa 1778
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: g = genus, c = class | |||||
| References: Aberhan et al. 2004, Sanchez Roig 1926 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Paleocene to the top of the Late/Upper Pleistocene or 66.00000 to 0.01170 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 56.0 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 56.0 Ma
Collections (375 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Paleocene | Russian Federation | S. chulgunensis (50125) | |
| Ypresian | USA (California) | S. sp. (167604) | |
| Ypresian | USA (Alabama) | S. parilis (83809 83810 83812 92349 98308) | |
| Ypresian | United Kingdom (England) | Mactra semisulcata (38868) | |
| Ypresian | USA (Oregon) | S. sp. (52271) | |
| Ypresian | USA (Mississippi) | S. parilis (89868 89872) | |
| Ypresian | USA (Texas) | S. parilis (90453 91845) | |
| Ypresian - Lutetian | USA (Alabama) | S. praetenuis (81189) S. sp. (83757 83758 83801) S. sp., S. praetenuis (81191 83802 83804) | |
| Eocene | USA (California) | S. n. sp. (190801) S. sp. (194549) | |
| Eocene | Nigeria | S. amekiensis (41394) | |
| Lutetian | Belgium | S. parameces (77611) | |
| Lutetian | Nigeria | Mactra semisulcata (51237 51239 51240 51241) | |
| Lutetian | USA (California) | S. bisculpurtata (200737) | |
| Lutetian | USA (Alabama) | S. decisa, S. parilis (1435) S. paralis (1438) S. parilis (1436 1437 1440 1441) S. praetenuis (1443 1444 81209) S. sp., S. praetenuis (81212) | |
| Lutetian | Japan (Hokkaido) | S. sorachiensis (205064) | |
| Lutetian | United Kingdom (England) | S. compressa, S. semisulcata (8124) S. semisulcata (8125) | |
| Lutetian | Peru (Piura) | S. summa (88371) | |
| Lutetian | USA (South Carolina) | S. decisa, S. praetenuis (52344) | |
| Lutetian | USA (Virginia) | S. parilis (1445 1446) S. parilis, S. praetenuis (1447 1448) | |
| Lutetian | Japan | S. sorachiensis (70900 70901) | |