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Giraffidae (giraffe)
Taxonomy
Giraffidae was named by Gray (1821). It is extant.
It was assigned to Ruminantes by Gray (1821); to Pecora by Flower (1883); to Ruminantia by Gregory (1910); to Ruminantii by Jaekel (1911); to Cervoidea by Carroll (1988), Khan and Sarwar (2002); to Pecora by Hassanin and Douzery (2003); to Pecora by Flower and Lydekker (1891), Matthew (1908), Agnarsson and May-Collado (2008), Spaulding et al. (2009); to Giraffoidea by Hamilton (1978), Harris et al. (2010); to Giraffomorpha by Sánchez et al. (2015); and to Artiodactyla by Nowak (1991), Cregut-Bonnoure and Tsoukala (2017).
It was assigned to Ruminantes by Gray (1821); to Pecora by Flower (1883); to Ruminantia by Gregory (1910); to Ruminantii by Jaekel (1911); to Cervoidea by Carroll (1988), Khan and Sarwar (2002); to Pecora by Hassanin and Douzery (2003); to Pecora by Flower and Lydekker (1891), Matthew (1908), Agnarsson and May-Collado (2008), Spaulding et al. (2009); to Giraffoidea by Hamilton (1978), Harris et al. (2010); to Giraffomorpha by Sánchez et al. (2015); and to Artiodactyla by Nowak (1991), Cregut-Bonnoure and Tsoukala (2017).
Subtaxa
Alcicephalus, Birgerbohlinia, Bohlinia, Bohlininae, Bramiscus, Canthumerycinae, Decennatherium, Georgiomeryx, Giraffinae, Giraffini, Giraffokerycinae, Helladotherium, Honanotherium, Okapiinae, Okapini, Palaeogiraffa, Palaeotragini, Palaeotragus (syn. Achtiaria), Progiraffa, Propalaeomeryx, Schansitherium, Sivatheriinae, Sivatheriini, Umbrotherium, Vishnutherium
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1821 | Giraffidae Gray p. 307 |
| 1883 | Giraffidae Flower p. 185 |
| 1891 | Giraffidae Flower and Lydekker p. 90 |
| 1908 | Giraffidae Matthew p. 561 |
| 1910 | Giraffidae Gregory p. 466 |
| 1911 | Giraffidae Jaekel p. 234 |
| 1978 | Giraffidae Hamilton p. 185 |
| 1988 | Giraffidae Carroll |
| 1991 | Giraffidae Nowak |
| 2002 | Giraffidae Khan and Sarwar p. 140 |
| 2003 | Giraffidae Hassanin and Douzery |
| 2008 | Giraffidae Agnarsson and May-Collado p. 974 figs. Fig. 2 |
| 2009 | Giraffidae Spaulding et al. |
| 2010 | Giraffidae Harris et al. p. 800 |
| 2015 | Giraffidae Sánchez et al. |
| 2017 | Giraffidae Cregut-Bonnoure and Tsoukala |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Fm. Giraffidae Gray 1821 [giraffe]
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G. †Alcicephalus Rodler and Wiethofer 1890
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†Alcicephalus neumayri Rodler and Weithofer 1890
†Alcicephalus sinensis Schlosser 1903
Subfm. †Canthumerycinae Hamilton 1978
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G. †Canthumeryx Hamilton 1973
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†Canthumeryx sirtensis Hamilton 1973
Invalid names: Zarafa Hamilton 1973 [synonym]
G. †Injanatherium Heintz et al. 1981
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†Injanatherium arabicum Morales 1987
†Injanatherium hazimi Heintz 1981
G. †Decennatherium Crusafont Pairo 1952
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†Decennatherium crusafonti Bosscha-Erbrink 1976
†Decennatherium pachecoi Crusafont 1952
†Decennatherium rex Rios et al. 2017
Tr. Giraffini
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G. Giraffa Brisson 1762 [giraffe]
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Giraffa camelopardalis Linnaeus 1758 [giraffe]
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Invalid names: Camelopardalis aethiopica Ogilby 1837 [synonym], Camelopardalis antiquorum Jardine 1835 [synonym], Camelopardalis capensis Lesson 1842 [synonym], Giraffa hagenbecki Knottneurus-Meyer 1910 [synonym], Giraffa infumata Noack 1908 [synonym], Giraffa schillingsi Matschie 1898 [synonym], Giraffa senaariensis Trouessart 1898 [synonym]
Giraffa giraffa Von Schreber 1784 [southern giraffe]
†Giraffa jumae Leakey 1967
†Giraffa pomeli Arambourg 1979
†Giraffa priscilla Pilgrim 1911
†Giraffa punjabiensis Pilgrim 1911
†Giraffa pygmaea Harris 1976
Giraffa reticulata De Wintin 1899 [reticulated giraffe]
†Giraffa sivalensis Falconer and Cautley 1843
†Giraffa stillei Arambourg 1947
Giraffa tippelskirchi Matschie 1898 [Masai giraffe]
Invalid names: Camelopardalis Schreber 1784 [synonym], Orasius Oken 1816 [synonym], Trachelotherium Gistl 1848 [synonym]
Subfm. †Giraffokerycinae Solounias 2007
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G. †Giraffokeryx Pilgrim 1910
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†Giraffokeryx primaevus Churcher 1970
†Giraffokeryx punjabiensis Pilgrima 1910
G. †Honanotherium Bohlin 1926
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†Honanotherium bernori Solounias and Danowitz 2016
†Honanotherium schlosseri Bohlin 1926
Subfm. †Okapiinae Bohlin 1926
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G. †Palaeogiraffa Bonis and Bouvrain 2003
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†Palaeogiraffa macedoniae Geraads 1989
†Palaeogiraffa major Bonis and Bouvrain 2003
†Palaeogiraffa pamiri Ozansoy 1965
Tr. †Palaeotragini Pilgrim 1911
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G. †Mitilanotherium Samson and Radulesco 1966
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Invalid names: Macedonitherium Sickenberg 1967 [synonym], Sogdianotherium Sharapov 1974 [synonym]
G. †Samotherium Forsyth Major 1888
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†Samotherium africanus Churcher 1970
†Samotherium boissieri Forsyth Major 1888
†Samotherium major Bohlin 1926
†Samotherium neumayri Radler and Weihofer 1890
†Samotherium sinense Schlosser 1903
†Samotherium tafeli Kilgus 1922
G. †Palaeotragus Gaudry 1861
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†Palaeotragus coelophrys Rodler and Weithofer 1890
†Palaeotragus germaini Arambourg 1959
†Palaeotragus inexspectatus Samson and Radulesco 1966
†Palaeotragus lavocati Heintz 1976
†Palaeotragus microdon Bohlin 1926
†Palaeotragus quadricornis Bohlin 1926
†Palaeotragus robinsoni Crusafont-Pairó 1979
†Palaeotragus rouenii Gaudry 1861
Invalid names: Achtiaria Borissiak 1914 [synonym]
G. †Progiraffa Pilgrim 1908
G. †Propalaeomeryx Lydekker 1883
G. †Schansitherium Kilgus 1922
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†Schansitherium fuguensis Guan 1998
†Schansitherium quadricornis Kostopoulos 2009
†Schansitherium tafeli Kilgus 1922
Subfm. †Sivatheriinae Zittel 1893
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G. †Sivatherium Falconer and Cautley 1836
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†Sivatherium giganteum Bohlin 1926
†Sivatherium hendeyi Harris 1976
†Sivatherium olduvaiense Singer and Boné 1960
Invalid names: Bohlininae Solounias 2007 [empty], Giraffinae [empty], Sivatheriini Zittel 1893 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: f = family, o = order, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Nowak 1991, Nowak 1999, Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the MN 4 to the top of the Holocene or 16.90000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 15.98 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 15.98 Ma
Collections (490 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Early/Lower Miocene | Pakistan (Baluchistan) | Progiraffa exigua (180608) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Libya | Sivatheriinae indet. (13065) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Kenya | Canthumeryx sirtensis (70808) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene - Middle Miocene | Tanzania | Canthumeryx sp. (89015) | |
| Miocene | Pakistan | Camelopardalis sivalensis (232183) | |
| Miocene | Kazakhstan (Kalba) | Giraffidae indet. (13481) | |
| Miocene | France (Vaucluse) | Helladotherium duvernoyi (201497) | |
| Miocene - Pliocene | Uganda | Giraffidae indet. (22409 22433 22449 22453 22457) | |
| Miocene - Pliocene | South Africa | Giraffa gracilis (22224) Sivatherium olduvaiense (22220) Sivatherium sp. (22229) | |
| Neogene | Ukraine | Achtiaria sp. (184130) | |
| Miocene - Pleistocene | South Africa | Giraffa gracilis (22230) | |
| Burdigalian | Kenya | Canthumeryx sirtensis (21725 83629) Giraffidae indet., Canthumeryx sirtensis (38060) | |
| Burdigalian | Saudi Arabia | Canthumeryx sirtensis (47069 47074) | |
| Burdigalian | China (Shandong) | Giraffidae indet. (41810) | |
| Burdigalian | Kenya (Northern Frontier District) | Palaeotragus primaevus (122454) | |
| Burdigalian | Spain (Toledo) | Giraffidae indet. (40721) | |
| Burdigalian | China (Shaanxi) | Palaeotragus sp. (41811) | |
| Burdigalian - Serravallian | Pakistan (Baluchistan) | Progiraffa exigua (180613 180616 180618 180624 180626 180627 180628 180629 180630) | |
| MN 4 | Pakistan (Balochistan) | Progiraffa exigua (69540) | |
| Langhian | Kenya (Nyanza) | Palaeotragus sp. (21339) | |