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Zygolophodon
Taxonomy
Mastodon (Zygolophodon) was named by Vacek (1877).
It was reranked as Zygolophodon by Madden (1980), Carroll (1988), Shoshani and Tassy (1996), McKenna and Bell (1997), Lambert and Shoshani (1998), Sanders and Miller (2002), Shoshani and Tassy (2005), Sanders et al. (2010), von Koenigswald et al. (2023), Zhang et al. (2023).
It was assigned to Mastodon by Vacek (1877); to Palaeomastodontidae by Madden (1980); to Mastodontidae by Shoshani and Tassy (1996); to Mammutinae by McKenna and Bell (1997), Shoshani and Tassy (2005); and to Mammutidae by Carroll (1988), Lambert and Shoshani (1998), Sanders and Miller (2002), Sanders et al. (2010), von Koenigswald et al. (2023), Zhang et al. (2023).
It was reranked as Zygolophodon by Madden (1980), Carroll (1988), Shoshani and Tassy (1996), McKenna and Bell (1997), Lambert and Shoshani (1998), Sanders and Miller (2002), Shoshani and Tassy (2005), Sanders et al. (2010), von Koenigswald et al. (2023), Zhang et al. (2023).
It was assigned to Mastodon by Vacek (1877); to Palaeomastodontidae by Madden (1980); to Mastodontidae by Shoshani and Tassy (1996); to Mammutinae by McKenna and Bell (1997), Shoshani and Tassy (2005); and to Mammutidae by Carroll (1988), Lambert and Shoshani (1998), Sanders and Miller (2002), Sanders et al. (2010), von Koenigswald et al. (2023), Zhang et al. (2023).
Subtaxa
Turicius turicensis, Z. (Turicius), Z. aegyptensis, Z. atavus, Z. chinjiensis, Z. gobiensis (syn. Miomastodon tongxiensis), Z. lufengensis, Z. metachinjiensis, Z. morotoensis, Z. proavus (syn. Mastodon brevidens, Mastodon merriami, Tetrabelodon brevidens), Z. tapiroides, Z. turicensis (syn. Z. nemonguensis, Z. jiningensis, Gomphotherium xiaolongtanensis, Z. gromovae)
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1877 | Mastodon (Zygolophodon) Vacek p. 45 |
| 1922 | Miomastodon Osborn |
| 1926 | Turicius Osborn p. 3 |
| 1980 | Zygolophodon Madden p. 59 |
| 1988 | Miomastodon Carroll |
| 1988 | Zygolophodon Carroll |
| 1996 | Zygolophodon Shoshani and Tassy p. 352 |
| 1997 | Zygolophodon McKenna and Bell p. 499 |
| 1998 | Zygolophodon Lambert and Shoshani p. 610 |
| 2002 | Zygolophodon Sanders and Miller p. 397 |
| 2005 | Zygolophodon Shoshani and Tassy p. 9 figs. Table 2 |
| 2010 | Zygolophodon Sanders et al. p. 187 |
| 2023 | Zygolophodon Zhang et al. p. 144 |
| 2023 | Miomastodon Zhang et al. p. 147 |
| 2023 | Zygolophodon von Koenigswald et al. p. 8 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. †Zygolophodon Vacek 1877
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Subg. †Zygolophodon (Turicius) Chow and Chang 1961
†Zygolophodon aegyptensis Sanders and Miller 2002
†Zygolophodon atavus Borissiak 1936
†Zygolophodon chinjiensis Chow and Chang 1978
†Zygolophodon gobiensis Osborn and Granger 1932
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Invalid names: Miomastodon tongxiensis Chen 1978 [synonym]
†Zygolophodon lufengensis Zhang 1982
†Zygolophodon metachinjiensis Osborn 1929
†Zygolophodon morotoensis Pickford and Tassy 1980
†Zygolophodon proavus Cope 1873
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Invalid names: Mastodon brevidens Cope 1889 [synonym], Mastodon merriami Osborn 1921 [synonym], Tetrabelodon brevidens Cope 1889 [synonym]
†Zygolophodon tapiroides Cuvier 1824
†Zygolophodon turicensis Schintz 1824
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Invalid names: Gomphotherium xiaolongtanensis Chow and Chang 1974 [synonym], Zygolophodon gromovae Dubrovo 1974 [synonym], Zygolophodon jiningensis Chow and Chang 1974 [synonym], Zygolophodon nemonguensis Chow and Chang 1961 [synonym]
Invalid names: Miomastodon Osborn 1922 [synonym], Turicius Osborn 1926 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Ji et al. 2002, Hendy et al. 2009, Lillegraven 1979, Carroll 1988, Lambert and Shoshani 1998 | |||||
Age range: base of the Chattian to the top of the Early/Lower Pliocene or 27.30000 to 3.60000 Ma
Collections (79 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chattian | Kenya | Z. sp. (27855) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene - Middle Miocene | Namibia | Eozygodon morotoensis (70420 195404) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene - Middle Miocene | Uganda | Eozygodon morotoensis (28293) | |
| Miocene | Russian Federation | Mastodon tapiroides (75805) | |
| Miocene | China (Shaanxi) | Z. turicensis (230346) | |
| Miocene | China (Xinjiang) | Miomastodon tongxinensis (230347) | |
| Miocene | China (Nei Mongol) | Z. turicensis (230291) | |
| Miocene | North Macedonia | Z. turicensis (197463) | |
| Miocene | USA (Nevada) | Miomastodon sp. (18922) | |
| Neogene | Ukraine | Mastodon tapiroides (184130) | |
| Burdigalian - Tortonian | France | Z. turicensis (187580) | |
| Hemingfordian | USA (Nevada) | Z. sp. (18961) | |
| MN 4 | Pakistan (Balochistan) | Z. metachinjiensis (69540) | |
| MN 4 | Egypt | Z. aegyptensis (53970) | |
| Barstovian | USA (California) | Miomastodon sp. (19542 160739 160742) Z. proavus (231901) | |
| Barstovian | Canada (Saskatchewan) | Z. proavus (18794 18799) | |
| Barstovian | USA (Colorado) | Miomastodon sp. (18203) | |
| Barstovian | USA (Nevada) | Miomastodon merriami (19103) | |
| Barstovian | USA (Nebraska) | Z. sp. (18192 18250 18275 18284 18442) | |
| Early/Lower Barstovian | USA (Colorado) | Miomastodon proavus, Z. proavus (231902) | |
| Early/Lower Barstovian | USA (Montana) | Z. proavus, Tetrabelodon brevidens (231898) | |
| early Late Barstovian | USA (Florida) | Z. proavus (231900) | |
| Langhian | Pakistan (Sind) | Z. sp. (71444) | |
| Langhian | France (Maine-et-Loire) | Z. turicensis (148396) | |
| Langhian | Germany (Bavaria) | Z. turicensis (34615) | |
| Langhian | France | Z. turicensis (148395) | |
| MN 5 | France (Midi-Pyrenees Region) | Z. turicensis (32071 32072) | |
| Astaracian | China (Hubei) | Z. turicensis, Z. neimonguensis (42248) | |
| Langhian - Serravallian | India (Gujarat) | Z. sp. (203629 230661) | |
| Langhian - Serravallian | France (Midi-Pyrenees) | Turicius turicensis (32191) | |
| Langhian - Serravallian | Kenya | Z. sp. (22303) | |
| Langhian - Serravallian | France (Midi-Pyrenees Region) | Z. pyrenaicus (32078) | |
| Middle Miocene | China (Nei Mongol) | Z. turicensis (230292 230293) | |
| Middle Miocene | Spain (Madrid) | Z. turicensis (197673) | |
| Middle Miocene | Kazakhstan | Mastodon atavus (75058) | |
| Langhian - Tortonian | France (Midi-Pyrenees Region) | Z. turicensis (31776) | |
| Langhian - Tortonian | France (Maine-et-Loire) | Z. turicensis (142149) | |
| Middle Miocene - Late/Upper Miocene | China (Nei Mongol) | Mastodontidae indet. (28781) | |
| MN 6 | Slovakia (Bratislava) | Z. turicensis (69711) | |
| Serravallian | Pakistan (Sind) | Z. sp. (71447) | |
| Serravallian | Moldova (Chișinău) | Z. turicensis (210536) | |
| Serravallian | Slovakia (Bratislava) | Z. turicensis (58983) | |
| Serravallian | Ukraine (Dnepropetrovsk) | Z. tapiroides (60263) | |
| MN 6 - MN 7 + 8 | Slovakia | Z. turicensis (69712) | |
| Sarmatian | Serbia (Serbia) | Mastodon tapiroides (39678 39712) | |
| MN 7 + 8 | Slovakia | Z. turicensis (69715) | |
| Clarendonian | USA (oregon) | Z. proavus (231897) | |
| Vallesian | Spain (Catalonia) | Turicius turicensis (176268) | |
| Tortonian | Moldova | Mastodon turicensis (75802 75803) | |
| Tortonian | Ukraine (Odessa) | Mastodon turicensis (75794) | |
| Tortonian | China (Yunnan) | Z. lufengensis (11798) | |
| Tortonian | Russian Federation | Mastodon tapiroides (75806) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Algeria | Z. turicensis (34642) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Greece (Aegean) | Mastodon turicensis (202120) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Ukraine | Mastodon tapiroides (75809 75852) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Türkiye | Z. turicensis (214688) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | China (Yunnan) | Z. turicensis (230294 230295) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Algeria (Oran) | Turicius sp. (136913) | |
| Baodean | China (Yunnan) | Z. sp. (183982) | |
| MN 12 | Ukraine (Odessa) | Z. turicensis (167995) | |
| Early/Lower Pliocene | Kazakhstan | Mastodon tapiroides (76289) | |
| Pliocene | China (Shanxi) | Z. sp. (42559) | |
| Ruscinian | China (Hebei) | Z. sp. (42478) |