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Rhamnus (buckthorn)

Angiospermae - Rosales - Rhamnaceae

Taxonomy
Rhamnus was named by Linnaeus (1753) [(Tournefort) Linnaeus]. It is extant.

It was assigned to Rhamnaceae by Knowlton (1899), Knowlton (1919), MacGinitie (1941), Chandler (1963), Lakhanpal et al. (1976), Chauhan (1991), Liu et al. (1996), Mabberley (2000).

Species
R. (Frangula), R. acuminatifolius, R. acuta, R. alaternoides, R. alaternus, R. alpinus, R. belmontensis (syn. R. elegans), R. californica, R. calyptus, R. catharticus, R. cleburni, R. coushatta, R. crenatulus (syn. R. crenatus), R. crenatus, R. dechenii, R. deformatus, R. deletus, R. elegans, R. eoligniticus, R. eorectinervis, R. eridani, R. fischeri, R. florissantensis (syn. R. oleaefolius), R. gaudini, R. goldianus, R. hemsleyana, R. inaequilateralis, R. intermedius, R. jujuba, R. kansensis (syn. R. prunifolius), R. kirchneri, R. lesquereuxi, R. lotus, R. marginatus, R. meriani, R. mudgei, R. napeca, R. newberryi (syn. R. parvifolius), R. novaecaesareae, R. obovatus, R. oenopolia, R. paliurus, R. parvifolia, R. plenus, R. precalifornica, R. prunifolius, R. purshiana, R. puryearensis, R. quilchensis, R. rectinervis, R. revoluta, R. salicifolius, R. similis, R. spinachristi, R. tenax, R. utilis, R. virgata, R. washakiensis (syn. R. intermedius), R. williardi, R. woottonensis, R. zizyphus
Species lacking formal opinion data
R. columbiana, R. crocea, R. depertitus, R. duensis, R. goldiana, R. hirsuta, R. menshigensis, R. minutus, R. moragensis, R. nankangensis, R. preleptophylla, R. rossmaessleri, R. tangutica, R. triquetra

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1753Rhamnus Linnaeus
1899Rhamnus Knowlton
1919Rhamnus Knowlton
1941Rhamnus MacGinitie
1963Rhamnus Chandler p. 100
1976Rhamnus Lakhanpal et al.
1991Rhamnus Chauhan
1996Rhamnus Liu et al.
2000Rhamnus Mabberley

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomPlantae
phylumSpermatophyta
classAngiospermae
—Rosids
—Eurosids
RankNameAuthor
—Fabid
orderRosales
familyRhamnaceaeJussieu 1789
genusRhamnus

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Rhamnus Linnaeus 1753 [buckthorn]
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Subg. Rhamnus (Frangula) Miller
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†Frangula hordwellensis Chandler 1961
†Rhamnus acuta Heer 1882
†Rhamnus alaternoides Heer 1859
Rhamnus alaternus Linnaeus 1753
Rhamnus alpinus Linnaeus 1753
†Rhamnus belmontensis Knowlton and Cockerell 1919
+
Invalid names: Rhamnus elegans Newberry 1868 [replaced]
Rhamnus californica Eschscholtz 1849
†Rhamnus calyptus MacGinitie 1941
Rhamnus catharticus Linnaeus 1753
†Rhamnus cleburni Lesquereux 1872
†Rhamnus coushatta Berry 1916
†Rhamnus crenatulus Knowlton and Cockerell 1919
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Invalid names: Rhamnus crenatus Lesquereux 1888 [replaced]
Rhamnus crenatus Sieboldt and Zuccarini 1843
†Rhamnus dechenii Weber 1852
†Rhamnus deformatus Lesquereux 1883
†Rhamnus deletus Heer 1871
Rhamnus elegans Humboldt et al. 1825
†Rhamnus eoligniticus Berry 1916
†Rhamnus eorectinervis Knowlton 1919
†Rhamnus eridani Unger 1850
†Rhamnus fischeri Lesquereux 1871
†Rhamnus florissantensis Cockerell 1908
+
Invalid names: Rhamnus oleaefolius Lesquereux 1883 [replaced]
†Rhamnus gaudini Heer 1859
†Rhamnus goldianus Lesquereux 1872
Rhamnus hemsleyana Schneider 1908
†Rhamnus inaequilateralis Lesquereux 1892
Rhamnus intermedius Steudel and Hochstetter 1827
Rhamnus jujuba Linnaeus 1753
†Rhamnus kansensis Knowlton and Cockerell 1919
+
Invalid names: Rhamnus prunifolius Lesquereux 1883 [replaced]
†Rhamnus kirchneri Cockerell 1906
†Rhamnus lesquereuxi Berry 1918
Rhamnus lotus Linnaeus 1753
†Rhamnus marginatus Lesquereux 1860
†Rhamnus meriani Heer 1873
†Rhamnus mudgei Lesquereux 1891
Rhamnus napeca Linnaeus 1753
†Rhamnus newberryi Knowlton and Cockerell 1919
+
Invalid names: Rhamnus parvifolius Newberry 1882 [replaced]
†Rhamnus novaecaesareae Berry 1903
†Rhamnus obovatus Lesquereux 1868
Rhamnus oenopolia Linnaeus 1753
Rhamnus paliurus Linnaeus 1753
Rhamnus parvifolia Bunge 1835
†Rhamnus plenus MacGinitie 1937
†Rhamnus precalifornica Axelrod 1939
Rhamnus prunifolius Sieber 1841
Rhamnus purshiana De Candolle 1860
†Rhamnus puryearensis Berry 1916
†Rhamnus quilchensis Penhallow 1908
†Rhamnus revoluta Lesquereux 1891
†Rhamnus salicifolius Lesquereux 1868
†Rhamnus similis Lesquereux 1891
Rhamnus spinachristi Linnaeus 1753
†Rhamnus tenax Lesquereux 1868
Rhamnus utilis Decaisne 1857
Rhamnus virgata Roxburgh 1824
†Rhamnus washakiensis Cockerell 1908
+
Invalid names: Rhamnus intermedius Lesquereux 1871 [replaced]
†Rhamnus williardi Knowlton 1916
†Rhamnus woottonensis Knowlton 1918
Rhamnus zizyphus Linnaeus 1753
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Diet: "photoautotroph"p
Created: 2011-07-22 00:04:15
Modified: 2011-07-21 09:04:15
Source: p = phylum
Reference: Kiessling 2009

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Late/Upper Campanian to the top of the Early/Lower Pleistocene or 83.60000 to 0.77400 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 72.2 Ma

Collections (94 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Late/Upper Cretaceous100.5 - 66.0USA (Wyoming) Rhamnus minutus (34974)
Late/Upper Campanian83.6 - 72.2USA (New Mexico) Rhamnus sp. (34975)
Lancian72.2 - 66.0USA (Wyoming) Rhamnus hirsuta (14514)
Lancian72.2 - 66.0USA (South Dakota) Rhamnus cleburni (48193)
Lancian72.2 - 66.0USA (North Dakota) Rhamnus cleburni (25910 25914 25915 48181 48191 48196 48203 48205 48206 48212 48214 48216 48218 48220 48224 48225 48231 48232 48272 48273 48276 48280 48281 48286)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian72.2 - 66.0USA (Montana) Rhamnus cleburni (60169)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian72.2 - 66.0USA (Wyoming) Rhamnus hirsuta (45846) Rhamnus minutus (34969)
Maastrichtian72.2 - 66.0USA (North Dakota) Rhamnus cleburni (99589) Rhamnus salicifolius (96781)
Puercan66.0 - 63.4USA (Wyoming) Rhamnus cleburni (11366)
Early/Lower Paleocene66.0 - 61.66USA (Montana) Rhamnus cleburni (53958) Rhamnus hirsuta (53692 53957)
Puercan - Torrejonian66.0 - 60.9USA (New Mexico) Rhamnus cleburni (52936)
Paleocene66.0 - 56.0USA (Colorado) Rhamnus cleburni (43421 53060 53088) Rhamnus goldiana (53084) Rhamnus goldiana, Rhamnus cleburni (39899) Rhamnus sp. (53077)
Paleocene66.0 - 56.0USA (New Mexico) Rhamnus goldiana (43241)
Paleocene66.0 - 56.0USA (Wyoming) Rhamnus cleburni (57928 57946) Rhamnus hirsuta (57987)
Torrejonian63.4 - 60.9USA (Wyoming) Rhamnus cleburni (11332)
Early/Lower Eocene56.0 - 48.07China (Xizang) Rhamnus menshigensis (224023)
Early/Lower Eocene56.0 - 48.07USA (Colorado) Rhamnus goldiana (53070)
Eocene56.0 - 33.9Japan (Yamaguchi) Rhamnus sp. (24481)
Eocene56.0 - 33.9China (Guangxi) Rhamnus sp. (223907)
Lutetian48.07 - 41.03United Kingdom (England) Frangula hordwellensis (24107)
Middle Eocene48.07 - 37.71USA (Wyoming) Rhamnus rectinervis (24147 24157)
Middle Eocene48.07 - 37.71USA (California) Rhamnus calyptus (23997 23999) Rhamnus calyptus, Rhamnus plenus (23995) Rhamnus plenus (23998)
Middle Eocene - Late/Upper Eocene48.07 - 33.9China (Liaoning) Rhamnus duensis (223815)
Middle Eocene - Late/Upper Eocene48.07 - 33.9China (Xizang) Rhamnus preleptophylla, Rhamnus sp. (223828)
Rupelian33.9 - 27.3USA (Idaho) Rhamnus columbiana (27569)
Oligocene33.9 - 23.04USA (Montana) Rhamnus crocea (23793)
Early/Lower Miocene23.04 - 15.98Russian Federation (Tomsk) Frangula sp. (23906)
Early/Lower Miocene - Middle Miocene23.04 - 11.63China (Yunnan) Rhamnus hirsuta, Rhamnus utilis (223826)
Miocene23.04 - 5.333Switzerland (Sankt Gallen) Rhamnus sp. (46323)
Miocene - Pliocene23.04 - 2.58Japan (Nagano) Rhamnus sp. (22789 22796)
Neogene23.04 - 2.58China (Guangxi) Rhamnus nankangensis (223942)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98USA (Nevada) Rhamnus precalifornica (27702)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98Germany (Bayern) Frangula solitaria (28280)
Hemingfordian - Barstovian18.5 - 12.5USA (California) Rhamnus precalifornica (19206)
Barstovian16.3 - 12.5USA (Nevada) Rhamnus precalifornica (27660)
Langhian15.98 - 13.82Germany (Brandenburg) Rhamnus depertitus (23052 23060 23062) Rhamnus depertitus, Frangula solitaria (23049)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.63Germany (Brandenburg) Rhamnus depertitus (23054 23058 23059 27528) Rhamnus rossmaessleri (27512)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.63Germany (Saxen) Rhamnus depertitus (22897)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.63USA (Nevada) Rhamnus columbiana (27525 27626)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.63Germany (Sachsen) Rhamnus depertitus (27381)
Late/Upper Hemphillian9.4 - 4.7USA (California) Rhamnus moragensis, Rhamnus precalifornica (35271)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.58USA (Nevada) Rhamnus precalifornica (35922)
Zanclean - Piacenzian5.333 - 2.58Germany (Thuringia) Frangula alnus (22771)
Pliocene - Early/Lower Pleistocene5.333 - 0.774China (Xinjiang) Rhamnus tangutica, Rhamnus hemsleyana (223915)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.58Germany (Thuringia) Frangula alnus (22781)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.58 - 0.774France (Alpes Maritimes) Rhamnus sp. (50342)
Pleistocene2.58 - 0.0117India (Kashmir) Rhamnus triquetra, Rhamnus virgata (224613)