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Gentianales

Angiospermae - Gentianales

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1820Gentianales Berchtold and Presl p. 248
1919Gentianales Knowlton
2000Gentianales Mabberley
2008Gentianales Taylor et al. p. 1030
2011Gentianales Jud
2016Gentianales The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomPlantae
phylumSpermatophyta
classAngiospermae
—Mesangiosperms
—EudicotsDoyle and Hotton 1991
—CoreeudicotsThe Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009
RankNameAuthor
—Superasterids
—Asterids
—Euasterids
—Lamiids
orderGentianales
orderGentianales

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Or. Gentianales Berchtold and Presl 1820
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Fm. Apocynaceae de Jussieu 1789 [dogbane]
+
G. Alstonia Brown 1810
+
†Alstonia mioscholaris Antal and Awasthi 1993
†Alstonia nepalensis Prasad and Dwivedi 2007
G. †Alyxia Banks and Brown 1810
+
†Alyxia koilabasensis Prasad and Dwivedi 2007
G. †Apocynocarpum Ettingshausen 1886
+
†Apocynocarpum sulcatum Ettingshausen 1886
G. †Apocynophyllum Unger 1850
+
†Apocynophyllum lesquereuxii Ettingshausen 1883
†Apocynophyllum linifolium Knowlton 1917
†Apocynophyllum pealii Ettingshausen 1883
†Apocynophyllum scudderi Lesquereux 1883
†Apocynophyllum sordidum Lesquereux 1891
†Apocynophyllum tabellarum Lesquereux 1869
G. †Apocynospermum Reid and Chandler 1926
+
†Apocynospermum acutiforme Chandler 1962
†Apocynospermum lakense Chandler 1961
†Apocynospermum striatum Reid and Chandler 1926
G. †Aspidospermoxylon Kruse 1954
+
G. Carissa Linnaeus 1767
+
†Carissa koilabasensis Prasad 1994
G. Chonemorpha Don 1837
+
†Chonemorpha miocenica Prasad and Awasthi 1996
G. †Cricotriporites Leidelmeyer 1966
+
†Cricotriporites camerounensis Salard-Cheboldaeff 1978
†Cricotriporites elongatoporus Jaramillo and Dilcher 2001
†Cricotriporites fragilis van Hoeken-Klinkenberg 1966
†Cricotriporites guianensis Leidelmeyer 1966
†Cricotriporites macroporus Jaramillo and Dilcher 2001
†Cricotriporites minutiporus Jaramillo and Dilcher 2001
+
Invalid names: Triorites minutipori Müller 1968 [synonym]
†Cricotriporites operculatus van Hoeken-Klinkenberg 1966
G. †Cypselites Heer 1859
+
†Cypselites neagelii Heer 1859
G. †Echitonium Unger 1839
+
†Echitonium lanceolatum Ettingshausen 1883
†Echitonium sophiae Weber 1852
†Echitonium superstes Unger 1839
G. †Fezzania Boureau 1956
+
†Fezzania calanchoensis Boureau 1956
G. Hemidesmus Brown 1810
G. Kibatalia Don 1837
G. Landolphia de Beauvois
G. †Leakeyia Chesters 1957
+
†Leakeyia vesiculosa Chesters 1957
G. †Lyonsiaephyllum Deane 1907
+
†Lyonsiaephyllum duni Deane 1907
G. †Neritinium Unger 1850
+
†Neritinium dubium Unger 1850
G. Nerium Linnaeus 1753 [oleander]
+
Nerium divaricatum Linnaeus 1753
†Nerium hinoidea MacGinitie 1941
Nerium oleander Linnaeus 1753
G. †Ochrosella Reid and Chandler 1933
+
†Ochrosella ovalis Reid and Chandler 1933
G. †Ochrosoidea Reid and Chandler 1933
+
†Ochrosoidea sheppeyensis Reid and Chandler 1933
G. Pseudolithos Bally 1965
G. Rauvolfia Linnaeus 1753
+
Rauvolfia tetraphylla Linnaeus 1753
G. Stapelianthus Choux 1933
G. Tabernaemontana Linnaeus 1753 [milkwood]
+
G. †Tabernaemontanophyllum Geyler 1887
G. Thevetia Linnaeus 1758
G. Topea Keller 2017
G. Wrightia Brown 1810
+
†Wrightia palaeotinctoria Prasad and Awasthi 1996
†Wrightia siwalica Prasad 1994
Invalid names: Apocynaceoxylon Chitaley et al. 1970 [nomen nudum], Asclepiadaceae Borkhausen [synonym], Plumieroideae Schumann [empty]
Fm. †Gelsemiaceae Struwe and Albert 1995
+
Invalid names: Pteleocarpaceae Brummitt [synonym]
Fm. Gentianaceae de Jussieu 1789 [gentian]
+
G. Fagraea Thunberg 1782
G. Gentiana Linnaeus 1753
+
Gentiana acaulis Linnaeus 1753
Gentiana amarella Linnaeus 1753
Gentiana aquatica Linnaeus 1753
Gentiana asclepiadea Linnaeus 1753
Gentiana bavarica Linnaeus 1753
Gentiana campestris Linnaeus 1753
Gentiana centaurium Linnaeus 1753
Gentiana ciliata Linnaeus 1753
Gentiana cruciata Linnaeus 1753
Gentiana filiformis Linnaeus 1753
Gentiana lutea Linnaeus 1753
Gentiana nivalis Linnaeus 1753
Gentiana perfoliata Linnaeus 1753
Gentiana pneumonanthe Linnaeus 1753
†Gentiana praeaptera Mai and Walther 1988
Gentiana punctata Linnaeus 1753
Gentiana purpurea Linnaeus 1753
Gentiana quinquefolia Linnaeus 1753
Gentiana saponaria Linnaeus 1753
Gentiana sessilis Linnaeus 1753
Gentiana spicata Linnaeus 1753
Gentiana utriculosa Linnaeus 1753
Gentiana verna Linnaeus 1753
Gentiana villosa Linnaeus 1753
G. †Gentianaceaeformis Biswas 1962
+
G. Lisianthius Browne 1758
G. Nymphoides Séguier 1754
+
Nymphoides indica Kuntze 1892
Invalid names: Limnanthemum Gmelin 1769 [synonym]
G. Schultesia von Martius 1827
G. †Voyrioseminites Trivedi and Chaturvedi 1972
+
†Voyrioseminites magnus Trivedi and Chaturvedi 1972
G. †Jenkinsella Reid and Chandler 1933
+
†Jenkinsella apocynoides Reid and Chandler 1933
Fm. †Loganiaceae Martinov 1827
+
G. †Gaertnera Lamarck 1792
+
†Gaertnera siwalica Prasad 1990
G. Strychnos Linnaeus 1753
+
Strychnos colubrina Linnaeus 1753
Strychnos nuxvomica Linnaeus 1753
Fm. Rubiaceae Jussieu 1789 [coffee]
+
G. Anthocephalus Richard 1830
+
†Anthocephalus siwalica Prasad and Awasthi 1996
G. Asperula Linnaeus 1753 [woodruff]
+
Asperula arvensis Linnaeus 1753
Asperula cynanchica Linnaeus 1753
Asperula odorata Linnaeus 1753
Asperula pyrenaica Linnaeus 1753
Asperula taurina Linnaeus 1753
Asperula tinctoria Linnaeus 1753
G. †Canthidium Unger 1850
+
†Canthidium radobojanum Unger 1850
G. Canthium Lamarck 1783
+
†Canthium siwalica Prasad and Dwivedi 2007
G. Cephalanthus Linnaeus 1753
+
G. Chaetostachydium Airy Shaw 1965
G. †Cinchonidium Unger 1850
+
†Cinchonidium copeanum Lesquereux 1873
†Cinchonidium ovale Lesquereux 1883
†Cinchonidium racemosum Unger 1850
†Cinchonidium turneri Knowlton 1901
G. Coccochondra Rauschert 1982
G. Coprosma Forster and Forster 1775
+
†Coprosma incerta Berry 1938
G. Denscantia Cabral and Bacigalupo 2001
G. Diplospora de Candolle 1830
+
†Diplospora siwalica Prasad and Awasthi 1996
G. Exostema Richard 1808
+
G. Ferdinandusa Pohl 1829
G. Galium Linnaeus 1753 [bedstraw]
+
Galium aparine Linnaeus 1753
Galium bermudense Linnaeus 1753
Galium boreale Linnaeus 1753
Galium glaucum Linnaeus 1753
Galium minutum Linnaeus 1753
Galium mollugo Linnaeus 1753
Galium palustre Linnaeus 1753
Galium parisiense Linnaeus 1753
Galium purpureum Linnaeus 1753
Galium pusillum Linnaeus 1753
Galium rotundifolium Linnaeus 1753
Galium rubioides Linnaeus 1753
Galium rubrum Linnaeus 1753
Galium saxatile Linnaeus 1753
Galium scabrum Linnaeus 1753
Galium spurium Linnaeus 1753
Galium tinctorium Linnaeus 1753
Galium trifidum Linnaeus 1753
Galium uliginosum Linnaeus 1753
Galium verum Linnaeus 1753
G. Gardenia Ellis 1761
+
†Gardenia nainitalensis Prasad 1994
†Gardenia palaeoturgida Lakhanpal and Awasthi 1984
G. †Grumileophyllum Geyler 1887
+
G. Guettarda Linnaeus 1753 [velvetseed]
+
†Guettarda cookei Berry 1921
G. Hamiltonia Roxburgh 1806
G. Hodgkinsonia Mueller 1861
G. Hoffmannia Swartz 1788
+
†Hoffmannia protogea Engelhardt 1891
G. Ixora Linnaeus 1753 [West Indian jasmine]
+
Ixora coccinea Linnaeus 1753
†Ixora purniyagiriensis Prasad et al. 2017
G. †Ixorophyllum Geyler 1887
+
†Ixorophyllum anceps Geyler 1887
G. Jackiopsis Ridsdale 1979
G. Martensianthus Borhidi and Lozada-Pérez 2011
G. Mericarpaea Boissier 1843
G. Mitragyna Korthals
+
†Mitragyna tertiara Konomatsu and Awasthi 1999
G. †Mitragynaxylon Koeniguer and Lemoigne 1973
+
†Mitragynaxylon gevini Koeniguer and Lemoigne 1973
G. Morinda Linnaeus 1753
+
Morinda citrifolia Linnaeus 1753
†Morinda palaeotinctoria Prasad 1994
Morinda royoc Linnaeus 1753
†Morinda siwalica Prasad 1994
Morinda umbellata Linnaeus 1753
G. Mussaenda Linnaeus 1753
+
Mussaenda frondosa Linnaeus 1753
G. Mussaendopsis Baillon 1879
+
†Mussaendopsis suborbiculatus Konomatsu and Awasthi 1999
G. Nauclea Linnaeus 1762
+
†Nauclea seriaensis Prasad and Dwivedi 2007
G. Neanotis Lewis 1966
+
Neanotis indica de Candolle 1830
G. Neohymenopogon Bennet 1981
G. Nertera Banks et al. 1788
G. Oldenlandia Linnaeus 1753
+
Oldenlandia biflora Linnaeus 1753
Oldenlandia corymbosa Linnaeus 1753
Oldenlandia umbellata Linnaeus 1753
Oldenlandia uniflora Linnaeus 1753
G. Ophiorrhiza Linnaeus 1753
+
Ophiorrhiza mitreola Linnaeus 1753
Ophiorrhiza mungos Linnaeus 1753
G. †Palaeocoprosmadites Ramanujam 1966
+
G. †Paleorubiaceaepites Biswas 1962
+
G. Pavetta Linnaeus 1753 [bride's bush]
+
Pavetta indica Linnaeus 1753
G. Psychotria Linnaeus 1753
+
†Psychotria eogenica Berry 1929
†Psychotria grandifolia Engelhardt 1891
G. †Psychotriphyllum Deane 1902
+
G. Randia Linnaeus 1753 [indigoberry]
+
†Randia miouncaria Prasad and Dwivedi 2007
†Randia miowallichii Prasad 1990
†Randia palaeofasciculata Prasad and Awasthi 1996
†Randia tanakpurensis Prasad et al. 2017
G. Rubia Linnaeus 1753 [madder]
+
Rubia cordifolia Linnaeus 1768
Rubia peregrina Linnaeus 1753
Rubia tinctorum Linnaeus 1753
G. †Rubiaceaecarpum Menzel 1913
+
G. †Rubiaceocarpum Kraeusel 1939
G. †Rubioides Perkins 1904
+
†Rubioides lignita Perkins 1904
G. †Rubioxylon Hofmann 1952
+
†Rubioxylon naucleoides Hofmann 1952
G. Schumanniophyton Harms 1897
G. Spermacoce Linnaeus 1753 [false buttonweed]
+
Spermacoce hispida Linnaeus 1753
Spermacoce tenuior Linnaeus 1753
G. †Valerianellites Saporta 1862
+
†Valerianellites capitatus Saporta 1862
G. Wendlandia Bartling 1830
G. Wittmackanthus Kuntze 1891
Invalid names: Geniostomaceae Struwe and Albert [empty], Strychnaceae Perleb [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Diet: "photoautotroph"p
Created: 2011-07-22 00:04:15
Modified: 2011-07-21 09:04:15
Source: p = phylum
Reference: Kiessling 2009

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Maastrichtian to the top of the Holocene or 72.10000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 66.0 Ma

Collections (310 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Late/Upper Cretaceous - Early/Lower Paleocene100.5 - 61.7Argentina (Chubut) Cricotriporites minutiporus (195707)
Maastrichtian72.1 - 66.0Argentina (Chubut) Cricotriporites minutiporus (31653 199410)
Danian66.0 - 61.6Argentina (Chubut) Cricotriporites sp. (151453 151455 151456 151458 151460 151463)
Paleocene66.0 - 56.0China (Nei Mongol) Rubiaceae indet. (71074)
Paleocene66.0 - 56.0Pakistan (Sindh) Cricotriporites sp. A (237092 237094 237097 237110 237111 237112 237119 237129 237161 237163 237164 237165 237166 237168 237169 237170 237171 237172 237173 237178 237182 237183 237184 237185 237186 237187 237188 237189 237190 237191 237192 237193 237195 237196 237197 237198 237199 237200 237201)
Paleocene66.0 - 56.0USA (Colorado) Apocynophyllum lesquereuxi (43415 52823 52932)
Paleocene66.0 - 56.0China (Xinjiang) Mussaenda altalobaphylla (223851)
Paleogene66.0 - 23.03India (Madhya Pradesh) Apocynaceoxylon mohgaoense (224606)
Tertiary66.0 - 2.58Dominican Republic (Samana) Guettardia cookei (31231)
Middle Paleocene - Late/Upper Paleocene61.7 - 55.8Colombia Apocynaceae CJ13 (134513 134748 134750)
Thanetian59.2 - 56.0United Kingdom (England) Apocynospermum lakense (23327) Jenkinsella apocynoides (23315)
Thanetian59.2 - 56.0United Kingdom (Surrey) Jenkinsella apocynoides (23326)
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8France (Oise) Apocynaceae indet. (68174)
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8United Kingdom (England) Apocynophyllum sheppyense (22811) Apocynospermum lakense, Apocynospermum acutiforme (23398) Jenkinsella apocynoides (21246 22804 22806 22814)
Eocene56.0 - 33.9India (Meghalaya) Gentianaceaeformis indica, Paleorubiaceaepites psychotria (224681)
Lostcabinian55.8 - 50.3USA (Wyoming) Apocynaceae sp. 1 (11484 11498) Apocynaceae sp.1 (11354)
Wasatchian55.8 - 50.3USA (Wyoming) Apocynaceae RR17 (28135 28708 28718 28721 28731 28733 28734 28737 28738 28911)
Early/Lower Eocene55.8 - 48.6USA (Wyoming ) Apocynaceae RR17 (129152)
Early/Lower Eocene55.8 - 48.6India (Gujarat) Palaeocoprosmadites arcotense (224627)
Early/Lower Eocene55.8 - 48.6USA (Texas) Apocynophyllum wilcoxense (98211)