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Holostei
Taxonomy
Holostei was named by Müller (1846). It is extant.
It was reranked as the suborder Holostei by Gadow (1898); it was reranked as the order Holostei by Hay (1902), Rapp (1946), Gardiner (1960), Jordan (1963); it was reranked as the subclass Holostea by Jaekel (1911); it was reranked as the unranked clade Holostei by Normark et al. (1991), Cavin et al. (2007), Xu and Wu (2012); it was reranked as the infraclass Holostei by Kumar and Loyal (1987), Case and Schwimmer (1988), Nelson (2006), Friedman et al. (2010), Betancur et al. (2013), Nelson et al. (2016), Ebersole et al. (2024).
It was assigned to Actinopterygii by Gadow (1898); to Actinopteri by Hay (1902); to Teleostomata by Jaekel (1911); to Ganoidei by Rapp (1946), Jordan (1963); to Osteichthyes by Bryant (1989); to Actinopterygii by Martinelli and Forasiepi (2004); to Actinopterygii by Gardiner (1960), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Kumar and Loyal (1987), Case and Schwimmer (1988), Cavin et al. (2007); to Neopterygii by Xu and Wu (2012); to Neopterygii by Nelson (2006), Friedman et al. (2010), Betancur et al. (2013); and to Neopterygii by Normark et al. (1991), Nelson et al. (2016), Ebersole et al. (2024).
It was reranked as the suborder Holostei by Gadow (1898); it was reranked as the order Holostei by Hay (1902), Rapp (1946), Gardiner (1960), Jordan (1963); it was reranked as the subclass Holostea by Jaekel (1911); it was reranked as the unranked clade Holostei by Normark et al. (1991), Cavin et al. (2007), Xu and Wu (2012); it was reranked as the infraclass Holostei by Kumar and Loyal (1987), Case and Schwimmer (1988), Nelson (2006), Friedman et al. (2010), Betancur et al. (2013), Nelson et al. (2016), Ebersole et al. (2024).
It was assigned to Actinopterygii by Gadow (1898); to Actinopteri by Hay (1902); to Teleostomata by Jaekel (1911); to Ganoidei by Rapp (1946), Jordan (1963); to Osteichthyes by Bryant (1989); to Actinopterygii by Martinelli and Forasiepi (2004); to Actinopterygii by Gardiner (1960), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Kumar and Loyal (1987), Case and Schwimmer (1988), Cavin et al. (2007); to Neopterygii by Xu and Wu (2012); to Neopterygii by Nelson (2006), Friedman et al. (2010), Betancur et al. (2013); and to Neopterygii by Normark et al. (1991), Nelson et al. (2016), Ebersole et al. (2024).
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1846 | Holostei Müller |
| 1898 | Holostei Gadow p. 8 |
| 1902 | Holostei Hay p. 374 |
| 1911 | Holostea Jaekel p. 73 |
| 1946 | Holostei Rapp p. 511 |
| 1960 | Holostei Gardiner p. 241 |
| 1961 | Chilingosaurus chingshankouensis Young p. 119 figs. Pl. 1:2 |
| 1963 | Holostei Jordan p. 615 |
| 1981 | Holostei Thurmond and Jones p. 82 |
| 1986 | Chilingosaurus chinghankouensis Su p. 32 |
| 1987 | Holostei Kumar and Loyal p. 68 |
| 1988 | Holostei Case and Schwimmer p. 297 |
| 1989 | Holostei Bryant p. 22 |
| 1991 | Holostei Normark et al. p. 829 |
| 2004 | Holostei Martinelli and Forasiepi p. 260 |
| 2006 | Holostei Nelson |
| 2007 | Holostei Cavin et al. |
| 2010 | Holostei Friedman et al. p. S31 |
| 2012 | Holostei Xu and Wu p. 112 |
| 2013 | Holostei Betancur et al. |
| 2016 | Holostei Nelson et al. p. 121 |
| 2024 | Holostei Ebersole et al. p. 13 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Infracl. Holostei Müller 1846
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Or. Amiiformes Hay 1929 [bowfin]
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G. †Ainia Jordan 1918
Superfm. †Amioidea Bonaparte 1838
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Fm. †Paracentrophoridae Obruchev 1964
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Fm. †Promecosominidae Wade 1941
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Subor. Amioidei
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Fm. Amiidae Huxley 1861
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G. Amia Linnaeus 1766 [bowfin]
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†Amia fragosa Jordan 1927
†Amia hesperia Wilson 1982
†Amia pattersoni Grande and Bemis 1998
†Amia uintaensis Leidy 1873
Invalid names: Amia robusta Priem 1901 [nomen dubium], Amiatus Rafinesque 1815 [synonym]
Subfm. Amiinae Bonaparte 1837
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G. †Cyclurus Agassiz 1839
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Invalid names: Kindleia Jordan 1927 [synonym], Paramiatus Romer and Fryxell 1928 [synonym], Stylomyleodon Russell 1928 [synonym]
G. †Pseudamiatus Whitley
Invalid names: Amia (Protamia) gracilis Leidy 1873 [nomen dubium], Amia (Protamia) media Leidy 1873 [nomen dubium], Amia (Protamia) uintaensis Leidy 1873 [nomen dubium], Amia anglica Newton 1899 [nomen dubium], Amia colenutti Newton 1899 [nomen dubium], Amia depressus Marsh 1871 [nomen dubium], Amia eocena Owen 1884 [nomen dubium], Amia exilis Lambe 1908 [nomen dubium], Amia furiosa Sytchevskaya 1986 [nomen dubium], Amia lemoinei Leriche 1900 [nomen dubium], Amia limosa Nessov 1985 [nomen dubium], Amia macrospondyla Cope 1891 [nomen dubium], Amia morini Priem 1911 [nomen dubium], Amia newberrianus Marsh 1871 [nomen dubium], Amia semimarina Nessov 1985 [nomen dubium], Amia strigasa Sytchevskaya 1986 [nomen dubium], Amia whiteavesiana Cope 1891 [nomen dubium], Pappichthys barroisi Leriche 1900 [nomen dubium], Pappichthys corsonii Cope 1873 [nomen dubium], Pappichthys laevis Cope 1873 [nomen dubium], Pappichthys mongoliensis Hussakof 1932 [nomen dubium], Pappichthys plicatus Cope 1873 [nomen dubium], Pappichthys sclerops Cope 1873 [nomen dubium], Pappichthys symphysis Cope 1873 [nomen dubium]
Subfm. †Amiopsinae Grande and Bemis 1998
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G. †Liodesmus Wagner 1859
G. †Pappichthys
G. †Protamia Leidy 1873
Subfm. †Vidalamiinae Grande and Bemis 1998
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Tr. †Calamopleurini Grande and Bemis 1998
G. †Melvius Bryant 1988
Tr. †Vidalamiini Grande and Bemis 1998
Invalid names: Amiatidae Jordan 1923 [synonym], Paleamia Jonet 1981 [nomen dubium]
Fm. †Sinamiidae Berg 1940
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G. †Ikechaoamia Liu 1961
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†Ikechaoamia meridionalis Zhang and Zhang 1980
†Ikechaoamia orientalis Liu 1961
†Sinamiidae naga Cavin et al. 2007
Invalid names: Liodesmidae [empty]
Subor. †Caturoidei Owen 1860
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Fm. Caturidae Owen 1860
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G. †Caturus Agassiz 1834
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†Caturus agassizi Egerton 1858
†Caturus angustus Agassiz 1843
†Caturus branchiostegus Agassiz 1834
†Caturus bucklandi Agassiz 1843
†Caturus chaperi Sauvage 1883
†Caturus chirotes Agassiz 1842
†Caturus dartoni Eastman 1899
†Caturus elongatus Agassiz 1834
†Caturus ferox Agassiz 1844
†Caturus furcatus Agassiz 1834
†Caturus heterurus Agassiz 1839
†Caturus latipennis Agassiz 1843
†Caturus latus Muenster 1834
†Caturus macrodus Agassiz 1834
†Caturus macrurus Agassiz 1843
†Caturus maximus Agassiz 1834
†Caturus meyeri Agassiz 1843
†Caturus microchirus Agassiz 1834
†Caturus pachyurus Agassiz 1843
†Caturus pleiodus Agassiz 1843
†Caturus porteri Rayner 1948
†Caturus retrodorsalis Sauvage 1891
†Caturus similis Agassiz 1837
†Caturus stenospondylus Sauvage 1875
†Caturus stenoura Sauvage 1875
Invalid names: Conodus Agassiz 1843 [synonym], Ditaxiodus Owen 1866 [synonym], Endactis Egerton 1858 [synonym], Strobilodus Wagner 1851 [synonym], Thlattodus Owen 1866 [synonym], Uraeus Agassiz 1832 [replaced]
G. †Eusemius Vetter 1881
Fm. †Ionoscopidae Lehman 1966
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G. †Quetzalichthys Alvarado-Ortega and Espinosa-Arrubarrena 2008
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†Quetzalichthys perrilliatae Alvarado-Ortega and Espinosa-Arrubarrena 2008
G. †Otomitla Felix 1891
G. †Holcodon Gorjanović-Kramberger 1882
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†Holcodon lesinaensis Kramberger 1881
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Invalid names: Holcodon lobopterygius Kramberger 1881 [synonym]
Invalid names: Solenodon Kramberger 1881 [replaced]
Superfm. †Pholidophoroidea
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G. †Sangiorgioichthys Tintori and Lombardo 2007
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†Sangiorgioichthys aldae Tintori and Lombardo 2007
†Sangiorgioichthys valmarensis Lombardo et al. 2012
G. †Ticinolepis López-Arbarello et al. 2016
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†Ticinolepis crassidens López-Arbarello et al. 2016
†Ticinolepis longaeva López-Arbarello et al. 2016
Invalid names: Aspidorhynchoidea [empty], Chilingosaurus chingshankouensis Young 1961 [nomen dubium], Ophiopsidae Bartram 1975 [empty], Semionotoidea [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Kiessling 2004, Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Artinskian to the top of the Holocene or 290.10000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 274.4 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 274.4 Ma
Collections (618 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Artinskian - Kungurian | USA (Texas) | Holostei indet. (85299) | |
| Changhsingian | China (Jiangxi) | Caturus indet. (119495) | |
| Pelsonian | Slovenia | Sangiorgioichthys sp. (166628) | |
| Pelsonian | China (Yunnan) | Gymnoichthys inopinatus (97946 146382) | |
| Illyrian | Switzerland (Ticino) | Ticinolepis sp. (86831) | |
| Illyrian | Switzerland | Ticinolepis sp. (122063 180478 180479 190025) | |
| Fassanian | Switzerland | Ticinolepis crassidens (153631 180480 180490) Ticinolepis longaeva (122066 180484 180488 180492 180493 180495 180496 180497 180504 180508 180509 180512 180688 180689) Ticinolepis sp. (180481 180482 180486 180487) Ticinolepis sp., Ticinolepis crassidens (141614 180483 180485 180489) | |
| Fassanian | Switzerland (Ticino) | Ticinolepis longaeva, Ticinolepis crassidens (86836) Ticinolepis sp. (44709) Ticinolepis sp., Ticinolepis longaeva, Ticinolepis crassidens (86835) | |
| Ladinian | Spain | Caturus sp. (148734 149852) | |
| Ladinian | Switzerland | Ticinolepis longaeva (180686 180687) | |
| Longobardian | Spain (Tarragona) | Caturus sp. (109710) | |
| Longobardian | Switzerland | Sangiorgioichthys aldae (148423) Sangiorgioichthys valmarensis (116569) | |
| Longobardian | Italy | Sangiorgioichthys aldae (116567 116568) | |
| Longobardian | China (Guizhou) | Guizhouamia bellula (146379) | |
| Late/Upper Triassic | USA (Texas) | Caturus sp. (39671) | |
| Late/Upper Triassic | USA (Virginia) | Holostei indet. (192421) | |
| Tuvalian | Hungary | Holostei indet. (23870) | |
| Rhaetian | Austria | Caturus sp. (195673) | |
| Sinemurian | United Kingdom (England) | Endactis agassizi, Pachycormus heterurus, Conodus ferox (122154) Pachycormus latipennis, Endactis agassizi, Pachycormus heterurus (122153) Pachycormus latipennis, Pachycormus heterurus, Conodus ferox (122155) | |
| Early/Lower Toarcian | France | Caturus sp. (122733) | |