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Holostei
Taxonomy
Holostei was named by Müller (1846). It is extant.
It was reranked as the suborder Holostei by Gadow (1898); it was reranked as the order Holostei by Hay (1902), Rapp (1946), Gardiner (1960), Jordan (1963); it was reranked as the subclass Holostea by Jaekel (1911); it was reranked as the unranked clade Holostei by Normark et al. (1991), Cavin et al. (2007), Xu and Wu (2012); it was reranked as the infraclass Holostei by Kumar and Loyal (1987), Case and Schwimmer (1988), Nelson (2006), Friedman et al. (2010), Betancur et al. (2013), Nelson et al. (2016), Ebersole et al. (2024).
It was assigned to Actinopterygii by Gadow (1898); to Actinopteri by Hay (1902); to Teleostomata by Jaekel (1911); to Ganoidei by Rapp (1946), Jordan (1963); to Osteichthyes by Bryant (1989); to Actinopterygii by Martinelli and Forasiepi (2004); to Actinopterygii by Gardiner (1960), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Kumar and Loyal (1987), Case and Schwimmer (1988), Cavin et al. (2007); to Neopterygii by Xu and Wu (2012); to Neopterygii by Nelson (2006), Friedman et al. (2010), Betancur et al. (2013); and to Neopterygii by Normark et al. (1991), Nelson et al. (2016), Ebersole et al. (2024).
It was reranked as the suborder Holostei by Gadow (1898); it was reranked as the order Holostei by Hay (1902), Rapp (1946), Gardiner (1960), Jordan (1963); it was reranked as the subclass Holostea by Jaekel (1911); it was reranked as the unranked clade Holostei by Normark et al. (1991), Cavin et al. (2007), Xu and Wu (2012); it was reranked as the infraclass Holostei by Kumar and Loyal (1987), Case and Schwimmer (1988), Nelson (2006), Friedman et al. (2010), Betancur et al. (2013), Nelson et al. (2016), Ebersole et al. (2024).
It was assigned to Actinopterygii by Gadow (1898); to Actinopteri by Hay (1902); to Teleostomata by Jaekel (1911); to Ganoidei by Rapp (1946), Jordan (1963); to Osteichthyes by Bryant (1989); to Actinopterygii by Martinelli and Forasiepi (2004); to Actinopterygii by Gardiner (1960), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Kumar and Loyal (1987), Case and Schwimmer (1988), Cavin et al. (2007); to Neopterygii by Xu and Wu (2012); to Neopterygii by Nelson (2006), Friedman et al. (2010), Betancur et al. (2013); and to Neopterygii by Normark et al. (1991), Nelson et al. (2016), Ebersole et al. (2024).
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1846 | Holostei Müller |
| 1898 | Holostei Gadow p. 8 |
| 1902 | Holostei Hay p. 374 |
| 1911 | Holostea Jaekel p. 73 |
| 1946 | Holostei Rapp p. 511 |
| 1960 | Holostei Gardiner p. 241 |
| 1961 | Chilingosaurus chingshankouensis Young p. 119 figs. Pl. 1:2 |
| 1963 | Holostei Jordan p. 615 |
| 1981 | Holostei Thurmond and Jones p. 82 |
| 1986 | Chilingosaurus chinghankouensis Su p. 32 |
| 1987 | Holostei Kumar and Loyal p. 68 |
| 1988 | Holostei Case and Schwimmer p. 297 |
| 1989 | Holostei Bryant p. 22 |
| 1991 | Holostei Normark et al. p. 829 |
| 2004 | Holostei Martinelli and Forasiepi p. 260 |
| 2006 | Holostei Nelson |
| 2007 | Holostei Cavin et al. |
| 2010 | Holostei Friedman et al. p. S31 |
| 2012 | Holostei Xu and Wu p. 112 |
| 2013 | Holostei Betancur et al. |
| 2016 | Holostei Nelson et al. p. 121 |
| 2024 | Holostei Ebersole et al. p. 13 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Infracl. Holostei Müller 1846
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Or. Amiiformes Hay 1929 [bowfin]
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G. †Ainia Jordan 1918
Fm. Amiidae Huxley 1861
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G. Amia Linnaeus 1766 [bowfin]
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†Amia fragosa Jordan 1927
†Amia hesperia Wilson 1982
†Amia pattersoni Grande and Bemis 1998
†Amia uintaensis Leidy 1873
Invalid names: Amia robusta Priem 1901 [nomen dubium], Amiatus Rafinesque 1815 [synonym]
Subfm. Amiinae Bonaparte 1837
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G. †Cyclurus Agassiz 1839
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†Cyclurus efremovi Sytchevskaya 1981
†Cyclurus fragosus Jordan 1927
†Cyclurus gurleyi Russell and Fryxell 1928
†Cyclurus ignotus Blainville 1818
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Invalid names: Amia laticaudata Agassiz 1843 [synonym], Amia munieri Priem 1911 [synonym]
†Cyclurus kehreri Andreae 1893
†Cyclurus macrocephalus Reuss 1844
†Cyclurus minor Agassiz 1839
†Cyclurus valenciennesi Agassiz 1839
Invalid names: Amia chinzhalensis Sytchevskaya 1986 [nomen dubium], Amia russelli Janot 1966 [nomen dubium], Kindleia Jordan 1927 [synonym], Paramiatus Romer and Fryxell 1928 [synonym], Stylomyleodon Russell 1928 [synonym], Stylomyleodon lacus Russell 1928 [nomen dubium]
Invalid names: Amia (Protamia) gracilis Leidy 1873 [nomen dubium], Amia (Protamia) media Leidy 1873 [nomen dubium], Amia (Protamia) uintaensis Leidy 1873 [nomen dubium], Amia anglica Newton 1899 [nomen dubium], Amia colenutti Newton 1899 [nomen dubium], Amia depressus Marsh 1871 [nomen dubium], Amia eocena Owen 1884 [nomen dubium], Amia exilis Lambe 1908 [nomen dubium], Amia furiosa Sytchevskaya 1986 [nomen dubium], Amia lemoinei Leriche 1900 [nomen dubium], Amia limosa Nessov 1985 [nomen dubium], Amia macrospondyla Cope 1891 [nomen dubium], Amia morini Priem 1911 [nomen dubium], Amia newberrianus Marsh 1871 [nomen dubium], Amia semimarina Nessov 1985 [nomen dubium], Amia strigasa Sytchevskaya 1986 [nomen dubium], Amia whiteavesiana Cope 1891 [nomen dubium], Pappichthys barroisi Leriche 1900 [nomen dubium], Pappichthys corsonii Cope 1873 [nomen dubium], Pappichthys laevis Cope 1873 [nomen dubium], Pappichthys mongoliensis Hussakof 1932 [nomen dubium], Pappichthys plicatus Cope 1873 [nomen dubium], Pappichthys sclerops Cope 1873 [nomen dubium], Pappichthys symphysis Cope 1873 [nomen dubium]
Subfm. †Amiopsinae Grande and Bemis 1998
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G. †Amiopsis Kner 1863
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†Amiopsis lepidota Agassiz 1833
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Invalid names: Megalurus brevicostatus Agassiz 1834 [synonym], Megalurus grandis Wagner 1863 [synonym]
†Amiopsis prisca Kner 1863
†Amiopsis woodwardi Sauvage 1903
Invalid names: Urocles Jordan 1918 [synonym]
G. †Liodesmus Wagner 1859
G. †Pappichthys
G. †Protamia Leidy 1873
Subfm. †Solnhofenamiinae Grande and Bemis 1998
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G. †Solnhofenamia Grande and Bemis 1998
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†Solnhofenamia elongata Agassiz 1839
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Invalid names: Urocles altivelis Wagner 1863 [synonym], Urocles elegantissimus Wagner 1863 [synonym], Urocles polyspondylus Wagner 1851 [synonym]
Subfm. †Vidalamiinae Grande and Bemis 1998
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Invalid names: Amiatidae Jordan 1923 [synonym], Paleamia Jonet 1981 [nomen dubium]
Superfm. †Amioidea Bonaparte 1838
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Fm. †Paracentrophoridae Obruchev 1964
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Fm. †Promecosominidae Wade 1941
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Superfm. †Caturoidea Owen 1860
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G. †Eusemius Vetter 1881
Fm. †Ionoscopidae Lehman 1966
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G. †Quetzalichthys Alvarado-Ortega and Espinosa-Arrubarrena 2008
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†Quetzalichthys perrilliatae Alvarado-Ortega and Espinosa-Arrubarrena 2008
G. †Otomitla Felix 1891
Fm. Caturidae Owen 1860
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G. †Caturus Agassiz 1834
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†Caturus agassizi Egerton 1858
†Caturus angustus Agassiz 1843
†Caturus branchiostegus Agassiz 1834
†Caturus bucklandi Agassiz 1843
†Caturus chaperi Sauvage 1883
†Caturus chirotes Agassiz 1842
†Caturus dartoni Eastman 1899
†Caturus elongatus Agassiz 1834
†Caturus ferox Agassiz 1844
†Caturus furcatus Agassiz 1834
†Caturus heterurus Agassiz 1839
†Caturus latipennis Agassiz 1843
†Caturus latus Muenster 1834
†Caturus macrodus Agassiz 1834
†Caturus macrurus Agassiz 1843
†Caturus maximus Agassiz 1834
†Caturus meyeri Agassiz 1843
†Caturus microchirus Agassiz 1834
†Caturus pachyurus Agassiz 1843
†Caturus pleiodus Agassiz 1843
†Caturus porteri Rayner 1948
†Caturus retrodorsalis Sauvage 1891
†Caturus similis Agassiz 1837
†Caturus stenospondylus Sauvage 1875
†Caturus stenoura Sauvage 1875
Invalid names: Conodus Agassiz 1843 [synonym], Ditaxiodus Owen 1866 [synonym], Endactis Egerton 1858 [synonym], Strobilodus Wagner 1851 [synonym], Thlattodus Owen 1866 [synonym], Uraeus Agassiz 1832 [replaced]
G. †Holcodon Gorjanović-Kramberger 1882
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†Holcodon lesinaensis Kramberger 1881
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Invalid names: Holcodon lobopterygius Kramberger 1881 [synonym]
Invalid names: Solenodon Kramberger 1881 [replaced]
Fm. †Parasemionotidae Stensiö 1932
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G. †Parasemionotus Piveteau 1929
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†Parasemionotus besairiei Lehman et al. 1959
†Parasemionotus labordei Priem 1924
†Parasemionotus villaltai Beltan 1972
G. †Stensionotus Lehman 1952
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†Stensionotus dongchangensis Liu 2002
†Stensionotus intercessus Lehman 1952
G. †Watsonulus Brough 1939
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†Watsonulus eugnathoides Piveteau 1935
Invalid names: Watsonia Piveteau 1935 [replaced]
G. †Sangiorgioichthys Tintori and Lombardo 2007
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†Sangiorgioichthys aldae Tintori and Lombardo 2007
†Sangiorgioichthys valmarensis Lombardo et al. 2012
G. †Ticinolepis López-Arbarello et al. 2016
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†Ticinolepis crassidens López-Arbarello et al. 2016
†Ticinolepis longaeva López-Arbarello et al. 2016
Invalid names: Aspidorhynchoidea [empty], Chilingosaurus chingshankouensis Young 1961 [nomen dubium], Ophiopsidae Bartram 1975 [empty], Semionotoidea [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Kiessling 2004, Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Artinskian to the top of the Holocene or 290.10000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 274.4 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 274.4 Ma
Collections (597 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Artinskian - Kungurian | USA (Texas) | Holostei indet. (85299) | |
| Changhsingian | China (Jiangxi) | Caturus indet. (119495) | |
| Griesbachian | Greenland | Broughia perleididoides (112740) Ospia whitei, Broughia perleidoides (120896) | |
| Dienerian | India | Watsonulus eugnathoides (181396) | |
| Dienerian | USA (Nevada) | Candelarialepis argentus (203221) | |
| Dienerian | Canada (Alberta) | Albertonia sp. (154190) | |
| Dienerian | Madagascar (Atsimo-Andrefana) | Thomasinotus sp., Parasemionotus labordei, Parasemionotus besairiei, Watsonulus eugnathoides (154183) | |
| Dienerian | Madagascar (Diana) | Parasemionotus labordei (153773) Watsonulus eugnathoides (117105) | |
| Dienerian | China (Guizhou) | Watsonulus sp. (229434) | |
| Dienerian | Madagascar | Broughia sp., Ospia sp., Watsonulus sp., Watsonia eugnathoides, Thomasinotus divisus, Parasemionotus labordei, Devillersia sp., Devillersia madagascariensis, Icarealcyon malagasium (153683) Icarealcyon malagasium (153677) Jacobulus novus, Thomasinotus divisus, Parasemionotus labordei, Watsonulus eugnathoides (153373) Lehmanotus markubai (153680) Piveteaunotus ifasiensis (153682) Stensionotus intercessus, Jacobulus novus, Parasemionotus labordei, Watsonulus eugnathoides (153378) | |
| Smithian | Canada (Alberta) | Elonichthys cupidineus (122018) | |
| Smithian | Canada (British Columbia) | Parasemionotidae indet., Albertonia cupidinia (90301) | |
| Smithian | China (Jiangsu) | Jurongia fusiformis, Qingshania cercida, Suius brevis, Peia jurongensis, Stensionotus dongchangensis (117942) | |
| Smithian | China (Anhui) | Jurongia fusiformis, Qingshania cercida, Suius brevis (117945) | |
| Olenekian | Russian Federation (Volgograd) | Watsonulus sp. (27343) | |
| Pelsonian | Slovenia | Sangiorgioichthys sp. (166628) | |
| Pelsonian | China (Yunnan) | Gymnoichthys inopinatus (97946 146382) | |
| Illyrian | Switzerland (Ticino) | Ticinolepis sp. (86831) | |
| Illyrian | Switzerland | Ticinolepis sp. (122063 180478 180479 190025) | |
| Fassanian | Switzerland | Ticinolepis crassidens (153631 180480 180490) Ticinolepis longaeva (122066 180484 180488 180492 180493 180495 180496 180497 180504 180508 180509 180512 180688 180689) Ticinolepis sp. (180481 180482 180486 180487) Ticinolepis sp., Ticinolepis crassidens (141614 180483 180485 180489) | |