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| Morphology | Ecology and taphonomy | External Literature Search | Age range and collections |
Taxonomy
Pholidota was named by Weber (1904). It is extant.
It was reranked as the suborder Pholidota by Ameghino (1906), McKenna and Bell (1997).
It was assigned to Anicanodonta by Ameghino (1906); to Edentata by Gregory (1910); to Mesotheria by Jaekel (1911); to Preptotheria by McKenna (1975); to Eutheria by Nowak (1991); to Cimolesta by McKenna and Bell (1997); to Zooamata by Waddell et al. (1999); to Laurasiatheria by Madsen et al. (2001); to Mammalia by Wilson and Reeder (2005); to Ferae by Waddell et al. (2001), Asher and Helgen (2010); and to Pholidotamorpha by Kondrashov and Agadjanian (2012).
It was reranked as the suborder Pholidota by Ameghino (1906), McKenna and Bell (1997).
It was assigned to Anicanodonta by Ameghino (1906); to Edentata by Gregory (1910); to Mesotheria by Jaekel (1911); to Preptotheria by McKenna (1975); to Eutheria by Nowak (1991); to Cimolesta by McKenna and Bell (1997); to Zooamata by Waddell et al. (1999); to Laurasiatheria by Madsen et al. (2001); to Mammalia by Wilson and Reeder (2005); to Ferae by Waddell et al. (2001), Asher and Helgen (2010); and to Pholidotamorpha by Kondrashov and Agadjanian (2012).
Subtaxa
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1872 | Squamata Huxley p. 287 |
| 1904 | Pholidota Weber |
| 1906 | Pholidota Ameghino p. 91 |
| 1910 | Pholidota Gregory p. 465 |
| 1911 | Pholidota Jaekel p. 226 |
| 1975 | Pholidota McKenna p. 43 |
| 1991 | Pholidota Nowak |
| 1997 | Pholidota McKenna and Bell p. 220 |
| 1999 | Pholidota Waddell et al. p. cover |
| 2001 | Pholidota Madsen et al. p. 610 |
| 2001 | Pholidota Waddell et al. p. 148 |
| 2005 | Pholidota Wilson and Reeder |
| 2010 | Pholidota Asher and Helgen p. 3 figs. Figure 1 |
| 2012 | Pholidota Kondrashov and Agadjanian |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Or. Pholidota Weber 1904 [pangolin]
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Unr. †Eupholidota Gaudin et al. 2009
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Unr. †Manoidea Gaudin et al.
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Fm. Manidae Gray 1821
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G. Manis Linnaeus 1758 [pangolin]
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Subg. Manis (Uromanis) Pocock 1924
Manis crassicaudata Gray 1827 [Indian pangolin]
Manis javanica Desmarest 1822 [Sunda pangolin]
†Manis sindiensis Lydekker 1876
Manis temminckii Smuts 1832 [ground pangolin]
Manis tetradactyla Linnaeus 1766 [long-tailed pangolin]
G. Phataginus Rafinesque 1821
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Manis (Phataginus) tricuspis Rafinesque 1821 [tree pangolin]
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Invalid names: Manis multiscutata Gray 1843 [synonym], Manis tridentata Focillon 1850 [synonym]
Phataginus tetradactyla Linnaeus 1766
Invalid names: Manina Gray 1825 [empty], Maninae Gray 1821 [empty], Smutsiinae Gray 1873 [empty]
Fm. †Patriomanidae Szalay and Schrenk 1998
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G. †Necromanis Filhol 1894
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†Necromanis parva Königswald 1969
†Necromanis quercyi Filhol 1894
Invalid names: Teutomanis Ameghino 1905 [synonym]
Invalid names: Eomanidae Storch 2003 [empty], Squamata Huxley 1872 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: o = order, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Nowak 1999, Hendy et al. 2009, Ji et al. 2002, Carroll 1988, Lillegraven 1979 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Middle Eocene to the top of the Holocene or 48.07000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 37.71 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 37.71 Ma
Collections (23 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Middle Eocene | China (Nei Mongol) | Cryptomanis gobiensis (61229) | |
| Chadronian | USA (Wyoming) | Patriomanis americanus (16961 16962 16963) | |
| Rupelian | Egypt | Manidae indet. (108726) | |
| Rupelian | Egypt (Fayum) | Manidae indet. (12960) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene - Middle Miocene | Spain (Castile-La Mancha) | Teutomanis sp. (136269) | |
| Miocene | France | Teutomanis sp. (200296) | |
| Miocene - Pliocene | Pakistan (Sindh) | Manis sindiensis (232182) | |
| MN 3 | Germany (Bavaria) | Necromanis parva (68040) | |
| Messinian | Italy (Ravenna) | Squamata indet. (144566) | |
| Messinian - Piacenzian | South Africa (Cape) | Manis sp. (59167) | |
| Early/Lower Pliocene | South Africa (Western Cape) | Manis gigantea (73552) | |
| Pliocene | Uganda | Smutsia gigantea (22253) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | Romania | Manis sp. (39846) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | South Africa (Langebaanweg) | Manis sp. (21713) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Indonesia | Manis palaeojavanica (93522) | |
| Pleistocene | South Africa | Manis sp. (21828) | |
| Pleistocene - Holocene | South Africa | Manis sp. (21711) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | South Africa | Manis temmincki (96974) | |
| Holocene | South Africa (Orange Free) | Manis temmincki (21912) | |
| Holocene | Eswatini | Manis temmincki (21955) | |
| Holocene | Indonesia (Java) | Manis javanicus (13738) |