Reptilia - Squamata - Colubridae
Full reference: M. Oppel. 1811. Die Ordnungen, Familien und Gattungen der Reptilien als Prodom einer Naturgeschichte Derselben. Joseph Lindauer, München xii-86
Parent taxon: Colubridae according to T. Ikeda et al. 2016
See also Böhme 2008, Cernansky et al. 2015, Kuhn 1946, Kuhn 1966, Mlynarski 1962, Parmley and Holman 1995, Parmley and Hunter 2010, Perrier 1928 and Underwood 1967
Sister taxa: Abastor, Aglypha, Alsophis, Apostolepis, Bascanium, Carphophis, Cemophora, Chilomeniscus, Chionactis, Coluber owenii, Coniophanes, Contia, Cyclophis, Dendrelaphis, Diadophis, Dipsadinae, Dromicus, Dryinoides, Drymarchon, Eutaenia, Farancia, Gyalopion, Haldea, Helicops, Hierophis, Hispanophis, Homalopsinae, Hypsiglena, Leioheterodon, Lodia, Lycodon, Malpolon, Mionatrix, Natricinae, Natrix, Ophibolus, Opisthoglypha, Osceola, Palaelaphis, Palaeomalpolon, Palaeonatrix, Paleofarancia, Pantherophis, Paraoxybelis, Paraxenophis, Periergophis, Phimothyra, Pollackophis, Proteroglypha, Pseudoboa, Pseudocemophora, Pylmophis, Rhinechis, Rhinocheilus, Sibon, Sonora, Spilotes, Storeria, Tachyophis, Tantilla, Thamnophis, Tretanorhinus, Trimorphodon, Tropidoclonium, Tropidonotus, Xenodontinae, Zamenis
Subtaxa: Ameiseophis Arizona Coluber Coluber etruriae Coronella Cyclophiops Dakotaophis Dinodon Drymobius Elaphe Ficimia Floridaophis Lampropeltis Liochlorophis Macroprotodon Masticophis Miocoluber Nebraskophis Opheodrys Oxybelis Paracoluber Phyllorhynchus Pituophis Salvadora Stilosoma Telescopus Texasophis Zelceophis Zilantophis
Ecology: ground dwelling carnivore
Distribution:
• Quaternary of Austria (2 collections), Bolivia (1), Bulgaria (1), China (2), Croatia (1), France (15), Georgia (2), Germany (8), Greece (8), Italy (9), Japan (1), Mexico (2), Poland (13), Romania (1), Serbia and Montenegro (1), Spain (14), Turkey (1), the United Kingdom (4), United States (67: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Maryland, Missouri, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia)
• Blancan of Mexico (2), United States (12: Idaho, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Washington)
• Pliocene to Pleistocene of France (1)
• Pliocene of Austria (3), China (2), France (2), Germany (1), Greece (2), Hungary (5), Italy (2), Japan (1), Kenya (1), Moldova (6), Morocco (1), Poland (8), Slovakia (1), Spain (4), Ukraine (2)
• MN 13 of Hungary (1)
• Hemphillian of United States (11: Arizona, Indiana, Kansas, Nebraska, Nevada, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas)
• Miocene of Austria (5), Canada (1: Saskatchewan), the Czech Republic (4), France (6), Germany (14), Greece (4), Hungary (13), Italy (7), Moldova (2), Mongolia (1), Namibia (4), Poland (3), Portugal (1), Romania (4), the Russian Federation (4), Slovakia (1), Spain (8), Turkey (6), Ukraine (2), United States (36: Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Texas, Wyoming)
• Oligocene of France (11), Germany (2), United States (2: Colorado, Florida)
• Eocene of United States (1: Georgia)
Total: 363 collections including 723 occurrences