Synonym: Gymnospermophyta Cleal 1994 [replaced name]
Parent taxon: Spermatophytata according to M. A. Ruggiero et al. 2015
See also Hickey 1977, Hilton and Edwards 1999, Knowlton 1919, MacGinitie 1941, Meyen 1984 and Shoshani et al. 1989
Sister taxa: Cardioneura, Euspermatoclides, Hydraspermaceae, Medullosaceae
Subtaxa: Accintisporites Aethophyllum Alatocarpus Alisporites Allicospermum Amdrupia Antarcticoxylon Araucariales Arberiella Archaeosperma Ashmoripollis Barakaroxylon Belemnopteris Bennettitales Birsinghpuria Bulbospermum Cardiocarpum Carpodium Cedripites Cerebropollenites Collospermum Coniferae Coniferales Cordaitopsida Cornucarpus Cupressoconus Cycadinoxylon Damudoxylon Darneya Decussosporites Dinophyton Eddya Embergerixylon Entylissa Enzonalasporites Exesipollenites Falcisporites Galeacornea Gnetaceaepollenites Gondwanophyllites Indoxylon Indusiisporites Kamthioxylon Kaokoxylon Kryshtofovichiella Ktalenia Lagenospermopsida Lasiostrobus Lobatoxylon Lyginopteridopsida Maheshwariella Majsassia Megaporoxylon Menaispermae Minutosaccus Nandorioxylon Nidispermum Niponophyllum Nummulospermum Otofeistia Pakuriospermum Palaeocarpus Palispermum Pantiaspermum Paradoxospermum Paradoxoxylon Parapalaeoxylon Parataxopitys Parcisporites Perinopollenites Pilasporites Platycardia Polyloboxylon Polysolenoxylon Protocircoporoxylon Protopitys Protopolyporoxylon Prototaxodioxylon Prototaxopitys Prototaxoxylon Pteridospermaexylon Pteridospermopsida Pyriformispermum Reticulopitys Retortistoma Rotundaspermum Rugubivesiculites Savitrispermum Scirroma Sclerospiroxylon Scotoxylon Sertostrobus Shanbeipollenites Shivacarpus Sofrepites Solenoxylon Sonajorispermum Squamae Stephanostoma Stereocarpus Striomonosaccites Sujfunophyllum Surangephyllum Svalbardoxylon Taeniopitys Tanaidia Tanaidocarpidium Taxacites Taxaliospermum Taxineae Taxopitys Tordoxylon Triangulospermum Trigonomyelon Trisocladus Tungussocarpus Uesuguipollenites Voltziostrobus Yezonia Yorkoxylon Zalesskioxylon Zonallapollenites
Ecology: "photoautotroph"