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Xiphosura

Xiphosura

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1802Xiphosura Latreille
1802Xyphosures Latrielle
1829Gnathopoda Straus-Durkheim
1849Poecilopoda M'Coy
1852Merostomata Dana
1868Poecilopoda Claus
1955Xiphosura Størmer p. 10
1968Merostomata Bergström p. 489
1968Xiphosura Bergström p. 489
1992Merostomata Bengtson p. 1022
2002Merostomata Sepkoski
2010Xiphosura Krzemiński et al. p. 134
2012Xiphosura Nielsen p. 244 figs. Fig. 44.2
2013Xiphosura Lamsdell p. 19
2016Xiphosura Lamsdell p. 185
2020Xiphosura Lamsdell p. 10
2021Xiphosura Bicknell et al. p. 2
2022Xiphosura Bicknell et al. p. 306

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Protostomia
—EcdysozoaAguinaldo et al. 1997
—Panarthropoda
phylumArthropodaLatreille 1829
RankNameAuthor
—Deuteropoda
subphylumChelicerataHeymons 1901
—EuchelicerataWeygoldt and Paulus 1979
—Prosomapoda
classXiphosura()
classXiphosura()

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Cl. Xiphosura Latreille 1802
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Fm. †Kasibelinuridae Pickett 1993
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G. †Kasibelinurus Pickett 1993
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†Kasibelinurus amicorum Pickett 1993
G. †Pickettia Bicknell et al. 2019
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†Pickettia carteri Eller 1940
Invalid names: Elleriidae Raymond 1944 [synonym]
G. †Lunataspis Rudkin et al. 2008
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†Lunataspis aurora Rudkin et al. 2008
G. †Maldybulakia Tesakov and Alekseev 1998
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†Maldybulakia angusi Edgecombe 1998
†Maldybulakia malcolmi Edgecombe 1998
Invalid names: Lophodesmus Tesakov and Alekseev 1992 [replaced]
G. †Micrichnus Abel 1926
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†Micrichnus scotti Abel 1926
Invalid names: Artiodactylus Abel 1935 [synonym]
G. †Patesia Bicknell and Smith 2021
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†Patesia randalli Beecher 1902
+
Invalid names: Belinurus alleganyensis Eller 1938 [synonym]
G. †Willwerathia Størmer 1969
Or. Xiphosurida Latreille 1802
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Subor. †Belinurina Bergström 1975
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Fm. †Belinuridae Zittel and Eastman 1913
+
G. †Alanops Racheboeuf et al. 2002
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†Alanops magnificus Racheboeuf et al. 2002
G. †Anacontium Raymond 1944
+
†Anacontium carpenteri Raymond 1944
+
Invalid names: Anacontium brevis Raymond 1944 [synonym]
G. †Andersoniella Lamsdell 2020
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†Andersoniella longispina Packard 1885
G. †Belinurus Bronn 1839
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†Belinurus iswarinensis Chernyshev 1927
†Belinurus kiltorkensis Baily 1870
†Belinurus lacoei Packard 1885
†Belinurus metschetensis Chernyshev 1927
†Belinurus silesiacus Roemer 1883
†Belinurus stepanovi Chernyshev 1927
†Belinurus sustai Prantl and Přibyl 1955
†Belinurus trilobitoides Buckland 1837
+
Invalid names: Belinurus bellulus Pictet 1846 [objective synonym], Belinurus carwayensis Dix and Pringle 1929 [synonym], Belinurus concinnus Dix and Pringle 1929 [synonym], Belinurus koenigianus Woodward 1872 [synonym], Belinurus lunatus Martin 1809 [synonym], Belinurus morgani Dix and Pringle 1930 [synonym], Belinurus pustulosus Dix and Pringle 1929 [synonym], Belinurus reginae Baily 1859 [synonym], Belinurus truemani Dix and Pringle 1929 [synonym], Bellinurus baldwini Woodward 1907 [synonym], Bellinurus grandaevus Jones and Woodward 1899 [synonym], Bellinurus longicaudatus Woodward 1907 [synonym], Bellinurus trechmanni Woodward 1918 [synonym], Steropis arcuatus Baily 1858 [synonym]
Invalid names: Koenigiella Raymond 1944 [synonym], Macrobelinurus Lamsdell 2020 [synonym], Parabelinurus Lamsdell 2020 [synonym], Steropis Baily 1858 [synonym]
G. †Euproops Meek 1867
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†Euproops danae Meek and Worthen 1865
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Invalid names: Euproops amiae Woodward 1918 [synonym], Euproops colletti White 1884 [synonym], Euproops darrahi Raymond 1944 [synonym], Euproops graigolae Dix and Pringle 1929 [synonym], Euproops gwenti Dix and Pringle 1929 [synonym], Euproops islwyni Dix and Pringle 1929 [synonym], Euproops kilmersdonensis Ambrose and Romano 1972 [synonym], Euproops laevicula Raymond 1944 [synonym], Euproops laticephalus Raymond 1944 [synonym], Euproops meeki Dix and Pringle 1929 [synonym], Euproops nitida Dix and Pringle 1929 [synonym], Euproops packardi Willard and Jones 1935 [synonym], Euproops thompsoni Raymond 1944 [synonym], Prestwichia (Euproops) scheeleana Ebert 1892 [synonym], Prestwichianella zalesskii Chernyshev 1927 [synonym]
G. †Liomesaspis Raymond 1944
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†Liomesaspis laevis Raymond 1944
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Invalid names: Palatinaspis beimbaueri Malz and Poschmann 1993 [synonym], Pringlia bispinosa Raymond 1944 [synonym], Pringlia demaistrei Vandenberghe 1960 [synonym], Pringlia fritschi Remy and Remy 1959 [synonym], Pringlia leonardensis Tasch 1961 [synonym]
G. †Prestwichianella Woodward 1918
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†Prestwichianella anthrax Prestwich 1840
†Prestwichianella bifida Siegfried 1972
†Prestwichianella cambrensis Dix and Pringle 1929
†Prestwichianella mariae Crônier and Courville 2005
†Prestwichianella orientalis Kobayashi 1933
†Prestwichianella rotundata Prestwich 1840
Invalid names: Prestwichia Woodward 1867 [replaced]
G. †Pringlia Raymond 1944
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†Pringlia birtwelli Woodward 1872
Invalid names: Palatinaspis Malz and Poschmann 1993 [synonym]
G. †Prolimulus Fritsch 1899
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†Prolimulus woodwardi Fritsch 1899
G. †Protolimulus Packard 1886
G. †Stilpnocephalus Selden et al. 2019
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†Stilpnocephalus pontebbanus Selden et al. 2019
G. †Xiphosuroides Shpinev and Vasilenko 2018
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†Xiphosuroides khakassicus Shpinev and Vasilenko 2018
Invalid names: Euproopidae Eller 1938 [synonym], Liomesaspididae Raymond 1944 [synonym]
Superfm. †Eolimulacea Bergström 1968
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Fm. †Eolimulidae Bergström 1968
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G. †Eolimulus Bergström 1968
Invalid names: Belinuracea Zittel and Eastman 1913 [invalid subgroup], Euproopacea Eller 1938 [invalid subgroup]
Subor. Limulina Richter and Richter 1929
+
+
†Bellinuroopsis rossicus Chernyshev 1933
Invalid names: Neobelinuropsis Eller 1938 [objective synonym]
Superfm. Limuloidea Leach 1819
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Fm. †Austrolimulidae Riek 1955
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G. †Attenborolimulus Bicknell and Shcherbakov 2021
G. †Austrolimulus Riek 1955
G. †Batracholimulus Lamsdell 2020
G. †Boeotiaspis Lamsdell 2020
G. †Dubbolimulus Pickett 1984
G. †Franconiolimulus Bicknell et al. 2021
G. †Panduralimulus Allen and Feldmann 2005 [horseshoe crab]
G. †Psammolimulus Lange 1923
G. †Tasmaniolimulus Bicknell 2019
G. †Vaderlimulus Lerner et al. 2017
Invalid names: Dubbolimulidae Pickett 1984 [synonym]
Fm. Limulidae Leach 1819 [horseshoe crab]
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G. †Albalimulus Bicknell and Pates 2019
G. †Allolimulus Lamsdell 2020
G. †Casterolimulus Holland et al. 1975
G. †Guangyuanolimulus Hu and Huang 2022
G. †Heterolimulus Vía Boada and Villalta 1966
G. †Keuperlimulus Lamsdell 2020
Subfm. Limulinae Leach 1819
G. †Limulitella Størmer 1952
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Invalid names: Limulites Schimper 1853 [replaced]
G. †Mesolimulus Størmer 1952
G. †Sloveniolimulus Bicknell et al. 2019
Subfm. Tachypleinae Pocock 1902
G. †Tarracolimulus Romero and Vía 1977
G. †Victalimulus Riek and Gill 1971
G. †Volanalimulus Lamsdell 2020
G. †Yunnanolimulus Zhang et al. 2009
Invalid names: Heterolimulidae Vía Boada and Villalta 1966 [synonym], Limulus priscus Münster 1839 [nomen dubium], Mesolimulidae Størmer 1952 [synonym], Xiphosuridae Pocock 1902 [synonym]
G. †Shpineviolimulus Bicknell et al. 2020
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†Shpineviolimulus jakovlevi Glushenko and Ivanov 1961
G. †Valloisella Racheboeuf 1992
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†Valloisella lievinensis Racheboeuf 1992
Fm. †Paleolimulidae Raymond 1944
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G. †Moravurus Přibyl 1967
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†Moravurus rehori Přibyl 1967
G. †Norilimulus Lamsdell 2020
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†Norilimulus woodae Lerner et al. 2016
G. †Paleolimulus Dunbar 1923
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†Paleolimulus kunguricus Naugolnykh 2017
†Paleolimulus mazonensis Bicknell et al. 2022 [horseshoe crab]
†Paleolimulus signatus Beecher 1904
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Invalid names: Paleolimulus avitus Dunbar 1923 [synonym]
G. †Xaniopyramis Siveter and Selden 1987
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†Xaniopyramis linseyi Siveter and Selden 1987
Invalid names: Moravuridae Přibyl 1967 [synonym], Paleolimulus juresanensis Chernyshev 1933 [nomen dubium]
Fm. †Rolfeiidae Selden and Siveter 1987
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G. †Rolfeia Waterston 1985
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†Rolfeia fouldenensis Waterston 1985
Invalid names: Limulacea Leach 1819 [empty]
Invalid names: Bellinurina Zittel and Eastman 1913 [empty], Omoptilus Pruvost 1919 [nomen dubium], Omoptilus hispidus Pruvost 1919 [nomen dubium], Paleolimuloidea Anderson and Selden 1997 [empty]
Invalid names: Gnathopoda Straus-Durkheim 1829 [synonym], Merostomata Dana 1852 [synonym], Poecilopoda Claus 1868 [synonym], Xyphosures Latrielle 1802 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Life habit: nektobenthicc
Diet: carnivorec
Created: 2009-09-21 12:33:59
Modified: 2010-02-05 01:20:45
Source: c = class
Reference: Bambach et al. 2007

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Early/Lower Cambrian to the top of the Late/Upper Pliocene or 538.80000 to 2.58000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 506.5 Ma

Collections (216 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Early/Lower Cambrian538.8 - 506.5Sweden (Öland) Eolimulus alata (210576)
Franconian497.0 - 486.85USA (Idaho) Merostomata indet. (184601)
Tremadoc486.4 - 477.1USA (Montana) Merostomata indet. (275)
Tulean481.7 - 475.3USA (Montana) Merostomata indet. (287)
Sarka469.4 - 463.3Czechia Archeolimulus hanusi (3857)
Darriwilian469.4 - 458.2United Kingdom (Wales) Xiphosura indet. (230215)
Katian452.8 - 445.2Canada (Manitoba) Lunataspis aurora (216760 216761)
Llandovery - Wenlock443.1 - 426.7United Kingdom (Scotland) Xiphosurida indet. (26886 26889)
Telychian438.6 - 432.9USA (Wisconsin) Xiphosurida indet. (91415)
Rootsikula428.6 - 426.7Norway Xiphosurida indet. (14308 26928)
Pridoli422.7 - 419.62USA (New York) Xiphosurida indet. (26087 26089)
Lochkovian419.62 - 413.02Russian Federation (Siberia) Xiphosura indet. (60391)
Lochkovian419.62 - 413.02France Merostomata indet. (26117 26118)
Lochkovian - Pragian419.62 - 410.62Australia (New South Wales) Maldybulakia angusi (161259)
Early/Lower Emsian410.62 - 399.5Russian Federation Belinurus sp. (24775)
Early/Lower Emsian410.62 - 399.5Germany (Alken) Willwerathia laticeps (27049)
Givetian387.95 - 382.31Australia (New South Wales) Maldybulakia malcolmi (161258)
Early/Lower Famennian - Middle Famennian372.15 - 365.2Australia (New South Wales) Kasibelinurus amicorum (216647)
Middle Famennian368.5 - 365.2USA (New York) Belinurus alleganyensis (216398)
Middle Famennian368.5 - 365.2Russian Federation (Lipetsk) Bellinuroopsis rossicus (216277)