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Bidentalia

Anomodontia

Synonyms
  • Dicynodon rectidens was named by Owen (1876). Its type specimen is NHMUK 47057, a partial skull, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Fort Beaufort, which is in a Wuchiapingian/Changhsingian terrestrial lime mudstone in South Africa.

    It was synonymized subjectively with Daptocephalus leoniceps by Broom (1932); it was synonymized subjectively with Dicynodon lacerticeps by Brink (1986); it was considered a nomen dubium by Kammerer et al. (2011).
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1876Bidentalia Owen
1876Dicynodon rectidens Owen
2009Bidentalia Kammerer and Angielczyk
2011Bidentalia Fröbisch and Reisz
2011Bidentalia Kammerer et al.

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
RankNameAuthor
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
subclassSynapsida
—Therapsida()
orderAnomodontiaOwen 1859
orderDicynodontia()
—Bidentalia()
—Bidentalia()

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Unr. †Bidentalia Owen 1876
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Unr. †Cryptodontia Owen 1859
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G. †Daqingshanodon Zhu 1989
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Unr. †Geikiidae Nopcsa 1923
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G. †Bulbasaurus Kammerer and Smith 2017
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†Bulbasaurus phylloxyron Kammerer and Smith 2017
Unr. †Geikiinae Nopcsa 1923
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G. †Aulacephalodon Seeley 1898
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†Aulacephalodon bainii Owen 1845
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Invalid names: Aulacocephalodon cadlei Broom 1948 [synonym], Aulacocephalodon hartzenbergi Broom 1937 [synonym], Aulacocephalodon haughtoni Broom 1921 [synonym], Aulacocephalodon latissimus Broom 1932 [synonym], Aulacocephalodon luckhoffi Broom 1937 [synonym], Aulacocephalodon peavoti Broom 1921 [synonym], Aulacocephalodon pricei Broom and George 1950 [synonym], Aulacocephalodon tigriceps Owen 1855 [synonym], Aulacocephalodon vanderhorsti Broom and George 1950 [synonym], Dicynodon bolorhinoides Watson 1960 [synonym], Dicynodon laticeps Broom 1912 [synonym], Proaulacocephalodon miltoni Toerien 1955 [synonym]
†Aulacephalodon cadlei Broom 1948
Invalid names: Proaulacocephalodon Toerien 1955 [synonym]
G. †Geikia Newton 1893
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†Geikia elginensis Newton 1893
†Geikia locusticeps von Huene 1942
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Invalid names: Pelanomodon tuberosus von Huene 1942 [synonym]
G. †Idelesaurus Kurkin 2006
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†Idelesaurus tataricus Kurkin 2006
G. †Odontocyclops Keyser and Cruickshank 1979
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†Odontocyclops whaitsi Broom 1913
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Invalid names: Rhachiocephalus dubius Boonstra 1938 [synonym]
Invalid names: Aulacocephalodontinae Toerien 1953 [empty]
G. †Keyseria Kammerer et al. 2011
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†Keyseria benjamini Broom 1948
Unr. †Oudenodontidae Cope 1871
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G. †Australobarbarus Kurkin 2000
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G. †Cteniosaurus Broom 1935
G. †Oudenodon Owen 1859
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†Oudenodon bainii Owen 1859
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Invalid names: Aulacocephalodon milletti Broom 1928 [synonym], Chelyrhynchus lachrymalis Haughton 1917 [synonym], Dicynodon allani Broom 1940 [synonym], Dicynodon andrewsi Broom 1921 [synonym], Dicynodon brachyrhynchus Broom 1948 [synonym], Dicynodon breviceps Haughton 1915 [synonym], Dicynodon corstorphinei Broom and Haughton 1917 [synonym], Dicynodon curtus Broom 1921 [synonym], Dicynodon cyclops Haughton 1917 [synonym], Dicynodon graaffi Broom 1940 [synonym], Dicynodon greyii Owen 1860 [synonym], Dicynodon kolbei Broom 1912 [synonym], Dicynodon lutriceps Broom 1912 [synonym], Dicynodon maccabei Broom 1940 [synonym], Dicynodon marlothi Broili and Schröder 1936 [synonym], Dicynodon megalops Owen 1876 [synonym], Dicynodon moutonae Broom 1948 [synonym], Dicynodon nesemanni Broom 1940 [synonym], Dicynodon prognathus Owen 1860 [synonym], Dicynodon richardi Broom 1940 [synonym], Dicynodon robertsi Broom 1948 [synonym], Dicynodon schwarzi Broom 1919 [synonym], Dicynodon truncatus Broom 1899 [synonym], Dicynodon vanderbyli Broom 1928 [synonym], Dicynodon wellwoodensis Broom 1936 [synonym], Oudenodon bolorhinus Broom 1911 [synonym], Oudenodon brevirostris Owen 1876 [synonym], Oudenodon glaucops Broom 1948 [synonym], Oudenodon halli Watson 1914 [synonym], Oudenodon latirostris Broom 1932 [synonym], Oudenodon luangwanensis Boonstra 1938 [synonym], Oudenodon mustoi Haughton 1915 [synonym], Oudenodon planus Broom 1913 [synonym], Oudenodon platyceps Broom 1913 [synonym], Oudenodon platyfrons Broom 1932 [synonym], Oudenodon robustus Broom 1932 [synonym], Oudenodon wilmanae Broom 1928 [synonym]
†Oudenodon grandis Haughton 1917
†Oudenodon sakamenensis Mazin and King 1991
Invalid names: Chelyrhynchus Haughton 1917 [synonym]
G. †Tropidostoma Seeley 1889
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†Tropidostoma dubium Owen 1876
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Invalid names: Tropidostoma microtrema Seeley 1889 [synonym]
G. †Pelanomodon Broom 1938
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†Pelanomodon moschops Broom 1913
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Invalid names: Dicynodon sidneyi Broom 1940 [synonym], Dicynodon tylorhinus Broom 1913 [synonym], Pelanomodon halli Broom 1950 [synonym], Pelanomodon rubidgei Broom 1938 [synonym], Propelanomodon devilliersi Toerien 1955 [synonym]
Invalid names: Propelanomodon Toerien 1955 [synonym]
Unr. †Rhachiocephalidae Maisch 2000
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G. †Kitchinganomodon Maisch 2002
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Invalid names: Platycyclops acutirostris Broom and George 1950 [synonym], Platycyclops pricei Broom and George 1950 [synonym]
G. †Rhachiocephalus Seeley 1898
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†Rhachiocephalus behemoth Maisch 2005
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Invalid names: Dicynodon scheepersi Broom 1948 [synonym], Eocyclops longus Broom 1913 [synonym], Kitchingia planifrons Broom and George 1950 [synonym], Megacyclops rugosus Haughton 1932 [synonym], Megacyclops usiliensis von Huene 1942 [synonym], Megacyclops whaitsi Broom 1931 [synonym], Neomegacyclops cyclops Boonstra 1953 [synonym], Pelanomodon wesselsi Broom 1948 [synonym], Rhachiocephalus angusticeps Broom 1937 [synonym], Rhachiocephalus haughtoni Broom 1932 [synonym]
Invalid names: Dicynodon tealei Haughton 1932 [nomen dubium]
G. †Rastodon Boos et al. 2016
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†Rastodon procurvidens Boos et al. 2016
Invalid names: Dicynodon rectidens Owen 1876 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
R. Owen 1876A long ever-groeing tusk in each maxillary; premaxillaries connate, forming with the lower jaw a beack-shaped mouth, probably sheathed with horn. Sacrum of more than two vertebrae amphicoelian; limbs ambulatory.
C. F. Kammerer and K. D. Angielczyk 2009Autapomorphies of Bidentalia recognized in common by Angielczyk (2007), Fröbisch (2007), and Fröbisch & Reisz (2008) are: (1) paired anterior palatal ridges that do not converge posteriorly present on the premaxilla; (2) postorbitals slope ventrolaterally and overlap parietals nearly completely.
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: terrestrialuc
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Diet: herbivoreo
Created: 2009-01-03 20:33:45
Modified: 2009-01-03 22:33:45
Source: o = order, c = class, subp = subphylum, uc = unranked clade
References: Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988, Benton 1983, Kiessling 2004

Age range: base of the Early/Lower Severodvinian to the top of the Changhsingian or 264.28000 to 251.90200 Ma

Collections (129 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Wordian - Capitanian266.9 - 259.51Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) Rastodon procurvidens (185751)
Capitanian264.28 - 259.51South Africa (Northern Cape) Oudenodon sp. (189248) Tropidostoma dubium (176246)
Early/Lower Severodvinian264.28 - 259.51Russian Federation (Kirov) Australobarbarus platycephalus, Australobarbarus kotelnitshi (119783)
Late/Upper Severodvinian264.28 - 259.51Russian Federation (Tatarstan) Idelesaurus tataricus (80712)
Capitanian - Wuchiapingian264.28 - 254.14South Africa (Eastern Cape) Dicynodon dubius (174422)
Capitanian - Wuchiapingian264.28 - 254.14South Africa (Western Cape) Dicynodon latirostris (176922)
Wuchiapingian259.51 - 254.14India (Andhra Pradesh) Oudenodon sp. (80572)
Wuchiapingian259.51 - 254.14Zambia (Eastern) Aulacephalodon sp. (86257)
Wuchiapingian259.51 - 254.14Malawi (Northern Region) Dicynodon indet. (176292) Dicynodon sp. A, Dicynodon grandis (176291)
Wuchiapingian259.51 - 254.14Tanzania (Ruvuma) Dicynodon locusticeps, Rhachiocephalus behemoth, Pelanomodon tuberosus, Platypodosaurus magnus (181520) Dicynodon tealei, Megacyclops usiliensis, Neomegacyclops cyclops (178128) Megacyclops rugosus (180461) Rhachiocephalus magnus (135700)
Wuchiapingian259.51 - 254.14South Africa (Graaff-Reinet) Aulacephalodon bainii, Oudenodon megalops (171378)
Wuchiapingian259.51 - 254.14South Africa (Limpopo) Dicynodon laticeps, Dicynodon whaitsi (178198)
Wuchiapingian259.51 - 254.14South Africa (Eastern Cape) Aulacephalodon baini (178740) Aulacocephalodon hartzenbergi (176310) Bainia haughtoni (180677) Dicynodon corstorphinei (176501) Dicynodon cyclops (176504) Dicynodon platyfrons (178053) Dicynodon scheepersi, Dicynodon whaitsi (178113) Dicynodon schwarzi (176830) Dicynodon wellwoodensis (174717) Oudenodon bainii (178109 178127 180880) Oudenodon bainii, Aulacephalodon bainii (176339) Oudenodon bainii, Aulacephalodon bainii, Oudenodon brevirostris, Dicynodon graaffi, Dicynodon moutonae, Dicynodon robustus, Megacyclops whaitsi, Chelyrhynchus lachrymalis (80826) Oudenodon bainii, Aulacephalodon bainii, Platycyclops crassus, Platycyclops haughtoni (144272) Oudenodon bainii, Aulacephalodon bainii, Platycyclops haughtoni (179335) Oudenodon bainii, Aulacephalodon cadlei (174622) Oudenodon bainii, Dicynodon allani, Dicynodon richardi, Platycyclops latirhinus, Aulacephalodon rubidgei (174626) Oudenodon magnus (177585) Oudenodon marlothi (177587) Oudenodon prognathus (178105) Platycyclops pricei (179482)
Wuchiapingian259.51 - 254.14South Africa (Northern Cape) Aulacephalodon baini (179590) Aulacephalodon baini, Oudenodon bainii, Rhachiocephalus magnus, Pelanomodon moschops (178523) Bainia peavoti, Dicynodon andrewsi, Dicynodon curtus, Dicynodon wilmanae (174666) Dicynodon cavifrons (131112) Oudenodon baini (178478) Oudenodon sp. (190568) Oudenodon truncatus (176916)
Wuchiapingian259.51 - 254.14South Africa (Western Cape) Aulacephalodon baini (178805) Aulacephalodon baini, Oudenodon bainii (178742) Aulacephalodon bainii, Dicynodon scheepersi, Pelanomodon wesselsi (180462) Aulacephalodon bainii, Eocyclops longus (180347) Aulacocephalodon vanderhorsti (178734) Bulbasaurus phylloxyron (185746 185747 185748 185749 185750) Dicynodon dunnii, Dicynodon microtrema (174454) Dicynodon grandis, Dicynodon mustoi (171377) Dicynodon lutriceps, Dicynodon bolorhinoides, Oudenodon bolorhinus, Dicynodon halli, Dicynodon planus (175565) Dicynodon milletti (176923) Dicynodon rogersi (174392) Kitchingia planifrons (179072) Oudenodon baini, Dicynodon whaitsi (181803) Oudenodon bainii (86284 86286 86302 178744) Oudenodon bainii, Dicynodon breviceps (175566) Oudenodon bainii, Platycyclops rubidgei (174736) Oudenodon bainii, Rhachiocephalus magnus (181609) Oudenodon bainii, Tropidostoma microtrema (86298) Oudenodon kolbei (177008) Tropidostoma microtrema (86276 86297 86300) Tropidostoma microtrema, Dicynodon acutirostris, Dicynodon validus (22661) Tropidostoma sp. (190331)
Wuchiapingian259.51 - 254.14Zambia Aulacephalodon sp. (184660 184662) Dicynodon breviceps, Dicynodon corstorphinei, Odontocyclops whaitsi (184599) Dicynodon lutriceps, Dicynodon corstorphinei, Dicynodon luangwanensis, Dicynodon euryceps, Dicynodon helenae, Dicynodon latirostris, Dicynodon milletti, Dicynodon parabreviceps, Rhachiocephalus dubius (184600) Kitchinganomodon crassus (185603) Odontocyclops whaitsi (185600) Oudenodon bainii (184675 184676 185599 185601 185602)
Lopingian259.51 - 251.902Madagascar (Ihorombe) Oudenodon sakamenensis (171355)
Lopingian259.51 - 251.902China (Batou) Daqingshanodon limbus (177555)
Wuchiapingian - Changhsingian259.51 - 251.902South Africa (Western Cape) Dicynodon benjamini (175332) Oudenodon baini (181811 181812) Oudenodon bainii (88342 89859 174623 175567 176924 180463) Oudenodon bainii, Aulacocephalodon pricei, Pelanomodon halli (80176) Oudenodon bainii, Proaulacocephalodon miltoni (178477)
Wuchiapingian - Changhsingian259.51 - 251.902South Africa (Eastern Cape) Aulacephalodon baini, Oudenodon bainii (171337) Aulacephalodon bainii, Dicynodon glaucops (80216) Aulacephalodon bainii, Dicynodon nesemanni (177601) Dicynodon halli, Oudenodon marlothi, Pelanomodon kitchingi (177563) Dicynodon maccabei (176917) Dicynodon moschops (174663) Dicynodon platyceps (80219) Dicynodon sidneyi (80226 176330) Dicynodon tigriceps, Oudenodon bainii, Dicynodon bainii, Dicynodon rectidens (174747) Dicynodon tylorhinus, Propelanomodon devilliersi (176312) Dicynodon vanderbyli (176336) Oudenodon bainii (86258 171147 176667 179646 180808) Oudenodon bainii, Aulacephalodon bainii, Pelanomodon moschops (80174) Oudenodon bainii, Dicynodon brachyrhynchus, Pelanomodon moschops (174741) Oudenodon greyii (176918) Pelanomodon halli (180678) Pelanomodon rubidgei (114905 179588) Platycyclops acutirostris (89863)
Wuchiapingian - Changhsingian259.51 - 251.902South Africa (Northern Cape) Oudenodon bainii (178871)
Wuchiapingian - Changhsingian259.51 - 251.902South Africa (Free State) Rhachiocephalus angusticeps (179328)
Changhsingian254.14 - 251.902South Africa (Western Cape) Oudenodon bainii (80223)
Changhsingian254.14 - 251.902United Kingdom (Scotland) Geikia elginensis (92323)