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Synechodus
Taxonomy
Synechodus was named by Woodward (1888) [Sepkoski's age data: K Apti T Dani Sepkoski's reference number: 884]. It is not extant.
It was assigned to Cestraciontidae by Woodward (1889), Chapman (1918), Leriche (1942); to Notidanidae by Casier (1958); to Heterodontidae by Jordan (1963); to Synechodontidae by Herman (1977), Case (1978); to Palaeoniscidae by Delsate and Godefroit (1995); to Galeomorphii by Sepkoski (2002); to Synechodontiformes by Duffin (1998), Underwood et al. (1999), Delsate (2003); to Paleospinacidae by Underwood (2002), Ginter et al. (2010); and to Palaeospinacidae by Cappetta (1975), Müller and Diedrich (1991), Duffin and Ward (1993), Johns (1997), Underwood and Mitchell (1999), Rees (2000), Peng et al. (2001), Delsate et al. (2002), Kriwet (2003), Underwood (2004), Yamagishi (2004), Underwood and Ward (2004), Rees (2005), Ivanov (2005), Klug (2008), Guinot et al. (2013), Guinot et al. (2014), Siversson et al. (2015), Siversson and Machalski (2017), Cappetta et al. (2019), Hoganson et al. (2019), Ebersole et al. (2022).
It was assigned to Cestraciontidae by Woodward (1889), Chapman (1918), Leriche (1942); to Notidanidae by Casier (1958); to Heterodontidae by Jordan (1963); to Synechodontidae by Herman (1977), Case (1978); to Palaeoniscidae by Delsate and Godefroit (1995); to Galeomorphii by Sepkoski (2002); to Synechodontiformes by Duffin (1998), Underwood et al. (1999), Delsate (2003); to Paleospinacidae by Underwood (2002), Ginter et al. (2010); and to Palaeospinacidae by Cappetta (1975), Müller and Diedrich (1991), Duffin and Ward (1993), Johns (1997), Underwood and Mitchell (1999), Rees (2000), Peng et al. (2001), Delsate et al. (2002), Kriwet (2003), Underwood (2004), Yamagishi (2004), Underwood and Ward (2004), Rees (2005), Ivanov (2005), Klug (2008), Guinot et al. (2013), Guinot et al. (2014), Siversson et al. (2015), Siversson and Machalski (2017), Cappetta et al. (2019), Hoganson et al. (2019), Ebersole et al. (2022).
Species
Hybodus bronnii, S. antiquus, S. clarki, S. dereki, S. dubrisiensis (syn. S. michaeli), S. duffini, S. egertoni, S. faxensis, S. filipi, S. incrementum, S. kessleri, S. lerichei, S. levis, S. multinodosus, S. nitidus, S. paludinensis, S. plicatus, S. prorogatus, S. rhaeticus, S. riegrafi, S. rotheliusi, S. seinstedtensis, S. streitzi, S. subulatus, S. subulatus, S. sulcatus, S. tenuis, S. triangulus, S. turneri, S. ungeri, S. validus, S. volaticus
Species lacking formal opinion data
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1845 | Hybodus bronnii Reuss |
1888 | Synechodus Woodward |
1889 | Synechodus Woodward p. 325 |
1918 | Synechodus Chapman p. 5 |
1942 | Synechodus Leriche p. 27 |
1958 | Synechodus Casier p. 15 |
1963 | Synechodus Jordan p. 596 |
1975 | Synechodus Cappetta p. 117 |
1977 | Synechodus Herman p. 26 |
1978 | Synechodus Case p. 184 |
1991 | Synechodus Müller and Diedrich p. 46 |
1993 | Synechodus Duffin and Ward p. 58 |
1995 | Synechodus Delsate and Godefroit p. 28 |
1997 | Synechodus Johns p. 33 |
1998 | Synechodus Duffin p. 250 |
1999 | Synechodus Underwood et al. p. 290 |
1999 | Synechodus Underwood and Mitchell |
2000 | Synechodus Rees p. 418 |
2001 | Synechodus Peng et al. p. 11 |
2002 | Synechodus Delsate et al. p. 12 |
2002 | Synechodus Sepkoski |
2002 | Synechodus Underwood |
2003 | Synechodus Delsate p. 21 |
2003 | Synechodus Kriwet p. 588 |
2004 | Synechodus Underwood p. 113 |
2004 | Synechodus Underwood and Ward p. 477 |
2004 | Synechodus Yamagishi p. 570 |
2005 | Synechodus Ivanov p. 134 |
2005 | Synechodus Rees p. 214 |
2008 | Synechodus Klug p. 231 |
2010 | Synechodus Ginter et al. p. 106 |
2013 | Synechodus Guinot et al. p. 594 |
2014 | Synechodus Guinot et al. p. 57 |
2015 | Synechodus Siversson et al. p. 264 |
2017 | Synechodus Siversson and Machalski p. 443 |
2019 | Synechodus Cappetta et al. p. 1168 |
2019 | Synechodus Hoganson et al. p. 31 |
2022 | Synechodus Ebersole et al. p. 376 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. †Synechodus Woodward 1888
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†Synechodus antiquus Ivanov 2005
†Synechodus clarki Eastman 1901
†Synechodus dereki Cappetta et al. 2019
†Synechodus duffini Underwood and Ward 2004
†Synechodus egertoni Woodward 1889
†Synechodus faxensis Davis 1890
†Synechodus filipi Siversson et al. 2015
†Synechodus incrementum Johns 1997
†Synechodus kessleri Sokolskyi and Guinot 2021
†Synechodus lerichei Herman 1977
†Synechodus levis Woodward 1889
†Synechodus multinodosus Johns 1997
†Synechodus nitidus Woodward 1912
†Synechodus paludinensis Delsate et al. 2002
†Synechodus plicatus Underwood 2002
†Synechodus prorogatus Kriwet 2003
†Synechodus rhaeticus Duffin 1982
†Synechodus riegrafi Thies 1983
†Synechodus rotheliusi Saugen et al. 2025
†Synechodus seinstedtensis Thies et al. 2014
†Synechodus streitzi Delsate et al. 2002
†Synechodus subulatus Leriche 1951
†Synechodus subulatus Rogovich 1861
†Synechodus sulcatus Davis 1888
†Synechodus tenuis Woodward 1889
†Synechodus triangulus Yamagishi 2004
†Synechodus turneri Case 1987
†Synechodus ungeri Klug 2009
†Synechodus validus Chapman 1918
†Synechodus volaticus Johns 1997
Invalid names: Hybodus bronnii Reuss 1845 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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Source: o = order, subp = subphylum | |||||
References: Wagner 2023, Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009 |
Collections (230 total)
Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
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Sakmarian | Russian Federation (Chelyabinsk) | S. antiquus (90288) | |
Artinskian | Russian Federation (Bashkortostan) | S. antiquus (90289) | |
Smithian | Russian Federation | S. sp. (149342) | |
Spathian | Japan (Ehime) | S. sp. (148441 148442 148443 148444 148445 148446 148447 148448 148449 148450 148451 148452 148453 148454 148455) | |
Spathian | China (Guangxi) | S. triangulus (230316) | |
Spathian | Svalbard and Jan Mayen | S. incrementum, S. rotheliusi (196857) | |
Spathian | Russian Federation | S. sp. (149340) | |
Anisian | Russian Federation | S. sp. (149341) | |
Anisian | Japan (Ehime) | S. sp. (148432 148434 148437 148438) S. sp., S. triangulus (148433 148436 148439 148440) | |
Illyrian | Bulgaria | S. sp. (149326) | |
Ladinian | Canada (British Columbia) | S. sp. (150049 150233) S. sp., S. volaticus (150040 150041 150042 150045 150048 150082) S. volaticus (150044) | |
Carnian | Canada (British Columbia) | S. multinodosus (150234) S. multinodosus, S. volaticus (150056) S. sp., S. multinodosus (150054 150055) S. volaticus (150075 150076 150235) | |
Tuvalian | Canada (British Columbia) | S. multinodosus (47324 150053) | |
Tuvalian - Lacian | Canada (British Columbia) | S. multinodosus (47325 47326 47327) S. multinodosus, S. volaticus (47328) S. volaticus (47330) | |
Lacian | Canada (British Columbia) | S. incrementum (47355) | |
Norian | Canada (British Columbia) | S. incrementum (150063 150064 150073 150101 150149 150151 150220) | |
Alaunian | Canada (British Columbia) | S. incrementum (47376 47378) | |
Rhaetian | Belgium | S. rhaeticus (131525) | |
Rhaetian | United Kingdom (England) | Palaeospinax rhaeticus (120898 122363) | |
Rhaetian | United Kingdom | S. rhaeticus (131523) | |
Rhaetian | France (Jura) | S. rhaeticus (60567 60568) | |
Rhaetian | Luxembourg | S. rhaeticus (67895) | |
Rhaetian | Germany | S. seinstedtensis (232091) | |
Hettangian | France | S. sp. (149424) | |
Liasicus | Belgium | S. sp., S. streitzi, S. paludinensis (40087) | |
Sinemurian | France | S. sp. (149425) | |
Late/Upper Pliensbachian | Sweden (Scania) | S. sp. (90692) | |
Late/Upper Pliensbachian | France | S. sp. (149426) | |
Margaritatus | France (Ardennes) | S. sp. (149431) | |
Early/Lower Toarcian | Germany | Palaeospinax egertoni (122170) | |
Toarcian | Germany | S. sp. (148936) | |
Variabilis | Luxembourg | S. sp. (141383) | |
Thouarsense | Luxembourg | S. sp. (141389) | |
Early/Lower Bajocian | France (Grand Est) | S. duffini, S. levis (179498) | |
Bathonian | United Kingdom (England) | S. duffini, S. levis (91450) S. levis (91453) | |
Late/Upper Callovian | Poland | S. sp., S. prorogatus (117993) | |
Late/Upper Callovian | Luxembourg | S. prorogatus (91447) | |
Middle Callovian | Poland | S. sp., S. prorogatus (97035) | |
Oxfordian | Germany | Palaeospinax riegrafi (137169) | |
Late/Upper Oxfordian | Spain | S. ungeri (151897 151898 151899 151900 151901) | |
Early/Lower Kimmeridgian | Spain | S. ungeri (151902) | |
Kimmeridgian | Germany | S. sp. 1 morphotype 7 (117195 117204 117206) S. sp. 1 morphotype 7, S. sp. 1 morphotype 8 (117196 117197) S. sp. 2 morphotype 9 (117194) | |
Late/Upper Kimmeridgian | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | S. ungeri (154138) | |
Late/Upper Kimmeridgian - Early/Lower Tithonian | United Kingdom (England) | S. plicatus (140224) | |
Early/Lower Valanginian | France (Gard) | S. ungeri (213631) | |
Late/Upper Valanginian | Poland | S. nitidus (213518 213519) | |
Early/Lower Hauterivian | United Kingdom (England) | S. dubrisiensis (66422) S. sp., S. dubrisiensis (66421) | |
Late/Upper Hauterivian | Germany | S. sp. (241406) | |
Late/Upper Hauterivian | United Kingdom (England) | S. dubrisiensis (66418 66419 66420) | |
Late/Upper Barremian | Germany | S. sp. (241404 241405 241407) | |
Late/Upper Barremian | United Kingdom (England) | S. dubrisiensis (213572) | |
Early/Lower Aptian | United Kingdom (England) | S. dubrisiensis (213576 213577) S. dubrisiensis, S. tenuis (241434) S. sp. (235313) S. tenuis (52568) | |
Late/Upper Aptian | France | S. sp., S. nitidus (214869) | |
Late/Upper Aptian | United Kingdom (England) | S. dubrisiensis (241435 241436 241437 241459) S. tenuis (241458) | |
Early/Lower Albian | United Kingdom (England) | S. dubrisiensis (213319 213320 213321 213322) S. dubrisiensis, S. nitidus (213324) | |
Early/Lower Albian | France (Marne) | S. dubrisiensis (235560) | |
Albian | Algeria (Adrar) | S. sp. (59690) | |
Middle Albian | France (Haute-Marne) | S. dubrisiensis, S. tenuis (235569) | |
Middle Albian | United Kingdom (England) | S. dubrisiensis (213367) S. nitidus (213326) | |
Middle Albian | France (Marne) | S. dubrisiensis (169108 235564 235567) S. dubrisiensis, S. tenuis (235563) | |
Late/Upper Albian | Lithuania | S. nitidus (213709 213710) | |
Late/Upper Albian | Poland | S. sp. (213375) | |
Late/Upper Albian | Ukraine | S. kessleri, S. subulatus (214239) S. subulatus (214236 214238 214240 214241 214242) | |
Late/Upper Albian | United Kingdom (England) | S. dubrisiensis (213327 213328 213329 213330 213331 213332 213335 213336 213337 213339 213343 213345 213346 213348 213350 213368 213369 213370 213371 213373 213374) S. dubrisiensis, S. nitidus (213340 213347 213372) | |
Late/Upper Albian - Cenomanian | Russian Federation (Belgorod) | S. sp. (32314) | |
Late/Upper Albian - Early/Lower Cenomanian | Kazakhstan | S. dubrisiensis (175010) | |
Cenomanian | Lithuania | S. nitidus (213716) | |
Cenomanian | Germany (Westphalia) | S. dubrisiensis (210063) | |
Early/Lower Cenomanian | United Kingdom (England) | S. dubrisiensis (213361 213362) S. dubrisiensis, S. tenuis (213567) S. nitidus (213364) | |
Early/Lower Cenomanian | Russian Federation (Moscow) | S. sp. (138814) | |
Late/Upper Cenomanian | Lithuania | S. nitidus (213711 213713 213719 213720) | |
Middle Cenomanian | United Kingdom (England) | S. dubrisiensis (213365) S. dubrisiensis, S. tenuis (213569 213570) | |
Late/Upper Turonian | USA (South Dakota) | S. sp. (213291) | |
Early/Lower Santonian | Lithuania | S. nitidus (90733 213712) | |
Early/Lower Santonian | Japan | S. sp. (219958) | |
Middle Santonian | United Kingdom (England) | S. lerichei (213376) | |
Santonian | Russian Federation (Orenburg) | S. sp. (232890) | |
Santonian | Japan | S. dubrisiensis (235546) | |
Campanian | New Zealand (South Island) | Odontaspis sulcata, S. validus (101382) | |
Early/Lower Campanian | Sweden | S. sp. 2 (102885) | |
Early/Lower Campanian | Sweden (Götaland) | S. sp. 1, S. sp. 2 (102886) | |
Early/Lower Campanian | Sweden (Skane) | S. sp. 1, S. sp. 2 (106411) | |
Early/Lower Campanian | France (Somme) | S. lerichei (213566) | |
Early/Lower Campanian | Russian Federation (Saratov) | S. sp. (224997) | |
Early/Lower Campanian | Sweden (Skåne) | S. sp. 1, S. sp. 2 (102883) S. sp. 1, S. sp. 2, S. filipi (74334) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | USA (New Mexico) | S. sp. (14472) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | France (Marne) | S. lerichei (157588) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | Canada (British Columbia) | S. dereki (221571 221572) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | USA (Wyoming) | S. turneri (70253 70268 70269 70451 70453 70454 70455 70488 70499 70501) | |
Middle Campanian | Canada (Alberta) | S. turneri (45561) | |
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian | USA (New Jersey) | S. sp. (221052) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | USA (North Dakota) | S. turneri (213582 213584 213589) | |
Danian | Denmark | S. faxensis (241429) | |
Late/Upper Paleocene | USA (Maryland) | S. clarki (84046) | |
Thanetian | USA (Maryland) | S. clarkia (124191) | |
Ypresian | USA (California) | S. sp. (122337) | |
Lutetian | Barbados | S. sp. (221164) | |
Lutetian | USA (Alabama) | S. sp. (13346) |