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Zygolophodon
Taxonomy
Mastodon (Zygolophodon) was named by Vacek (1877).
It was reranked as Zygolophodon by Madden (1980), Carroll (1988), Shoshani and Tassy (1996), McKenna and Bell (1997), Lambert and Shoshani (1998), Sanders and Miller (2002), Shoshani and Tassy (2005), Sanders et al. (2010), von Koenigswald et al. (2023), Zhang et al. (2023).
It was assigned to Mastodon by Vacek (1877); to Palaeomastodontidae by Madden (1980); to Mastodontidae by Shoshani and Tassy (1996); to Mammutinae by McKenna and Bell (1997), Shoshani and Tassy (2005); and to Mammutidae by Carroll (1988), Lambert and Shoshani (1998), Sanders and Miller (2002), Sanders et al. (2010), von Koenigswald et al. (2023), Zhang et al. (2023).
It was reranked as Zygolophodon by Madden (1980), Carroll (1988), Shoshani and Tassy (1996), McKenna and Bell (1997), Lambert and Shoshani (1998), Sanders and Miller (2002), Shoshani and Tassy (2005), Sanders et al. (2010), von Koenigswald et al. (2023), Zhang et al. (2023).
It was assigned to Mastodon by Vacek (1877); to Palaeomastodontidae by Madden (1980); to Mastodontidae by Shoshani and Tassy (1996); to Mammutinae by McKenna and Bell (1997), Shoshani and Tassy (2005); and to Mammutidae by Carroll (1988), Lambert and Shoshani (1998), Sanders and Miller (2002), Sanders et al. (2010), von Koenigswald et al. (2023), Zhang et al. (2023).
Subtaxa
Species lacking formal opinion data
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1877 | Mastodon (Zygolophodon) Vacek p. 45 |
| 1922 | Miomastodon Osborn |
| 1926 | Turicius Osborn p. 3 |
| 1980 | Zygolophodon Madden p. 59 |
| 1988 | Miomastodon Carroll |
| 1988 | Zygolophodon Carroll |
| 1996 | Zygolophodon Shoshani and Tassy p. 352 |
| 1997 | Zygolophodon McKenna and Bell p. 499 |
| 1998 | Zygolophodon Lambert and Shoshani p. 610 |
| 2002 | Zygolophodon Sanders and Miller p. 397 |
| 2005 | Zygolophodon Shoshani and Tassy p. 9 figs. Table 2 |
| 2010 | Zygolophodon Sanders et al. p. 187 |
| 2023 | Zygolophodon Zhang et al. p. 144 |
| 2023 | Miomastodon Zhang et al. p. 147 |
| 2023 | Zygolophodon von Koenigswald et al. p. 8 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. †Zygolophodon Vacek 1877
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†Zygolophodon aegyptensis Sanders and Miller 2002
†Zygolophodon morotoensis Pickford and Tassy 1980
†Zygolophodon proavus Cope 1873
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Invalid names: Mastodon brevidens Cope 1889 [synonym], Mastodon merriami Osborn 1921 [synonym]
†Zygolophodon tapiroides Cuvier 1824
†Zygolophodon turicensis Schintz 1824
Invalid names: Miomastodon Osborn 1922 [synonym], Turicius Osborn 1926 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Lambert and Shoshani 1998, Hendy et al. 2009, Ji et al. 2002, Carroll 1988, Lillegraven 1979 | |||||
Collections (90 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chattian | Kenya | Z. sp. (27855) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene - Middle Miocene | Uganda | Eozygodon morotoensis (28293) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene - Middle Miocene | Namibia | Eozygodon morotoensis (70420 195404) | |
| Miocene | USA (Nevada) | Miomastodon sp. (18922) | |
| Miocene | Russian Federation | Mastodon tapiroides (75805) | |
| Miocene | North Macedonia | Z. turicensis (197463) | |
| Miocene | China (Nei Mongol) | Z. turicensis (230291) | |
| Miocene | China (Xinjiang) | Miomastodon tongxinensis (230347) | |
| Miocene | China (Shaanxi) | Z. turicensis (230346) | |
| Neogene | Ukraine | Mastodon tapiroides (184130) | |
| Burdigalian | Portugal (Lisbon) | Z. pyrenaicus (36619 36633) | |
| Burdigalian - Tortonian | France | Z. turicensis (187580) | |
| Hemingfordian | USA (Nevada) | Z. sp. (18961) | |
| MN 4 | Pakistan (Balochistan) | Z. metachinjiensis (69540) | |
| MN 4 | Egypt | Z. aegyptensis (53970) | |
| Barstovian | Canada (Saskatchewan) | Z. proavus (18794 18799) | |
| Barstovian | USA (Colorado) | Miomastodon sp. (18203) | |
| Barstovian | USA (Nebraska) | Z. sp. (18192 18250 18275 18284 18442) | |
| Barstovian | USA (California) | Miomastodon sp. (19542 160739 160742) Z. proavus (231901) | |
| Barstovian | USA (Nevada) | Miomastodon merriami (19103) | |
| Early/Lower Barstovian | USA (Colorado) | Miomastodon proavus, Z. proavus (231902) | |
| Early/Lower Barstovian | USA (Montana) | Z. proavus (231898) | |
| early Late Barstovian | USA (Florida) | Z. proavus (231900) | |
| Langhian | Pakistan (Sind) | Z. sp. (71444) | |
| Langhian | Germany (Bavaria) | Z. turicensis (34615) | |
| Langhian | France (Maine-et-Loire) | Z. turicensis (148396) | |
| Langhian | France | Z. turicensis (148395) | |
| MN 5 | France (Midi-Pyrenees Region) | Z. turicensis (32071 32072) | |
| Langhian - Serravallian | France (Midi-Pyrenees Region) | Z. pyrenaicus (32078) | |
| Langhian - Serravallian | France (Midi-Pyrenees) | Turicius turicensis (32191) | |
| Langhian - Serravallian | India (Gujarat) | Z. sp. (203629 230661) | |
| Langhian - Serravallian | Kenya | Z. sp. (22303) | |
| Middle Miocene | Spain (Madrid) | Z. turiciensis (197673) | |
| Middle Miocene | China (Nei Mongol) | Z. turicensis (230292 230293) | |
| Middle Miocene - Serravallian | China (Hubei) | Z. neimonguensis, Z. turicensis (42248) | |
| Langhian - Tortonian | France (Midi-Pyrenees Region) | Z. turicensis (31776) | |
| Langhian - Tortonian | France (Maine-et-Loire) | Z. turicensis (142149) | |
| Middle Miocene - Late/Upper Miocene | China (Nei Mongol) | Mastodontidae indet. (28781) | |
| MN 6 | Slovakia (Bratislava) | Z. turicensis (69711) | |
| Serravallian | Moldova (Chișinău) | Z. turicensis (210536) | |
| Serravallian | Pakistan (Sind) | Z. sp. (71447) | |
| Serravallian | Slovakia (Bratislava) | Z. luricensis, Z. turicensis (58983) | |
| Serravallian | Ukraine (Dnepropetrovsk) | Z. tapiroides (60263) | |
| MN 6 - MN 7 + 8 | Slovakia | Z. turicensis (69712) | |
| Sarmatian | Serbia (Serbia) | Mastodon tapiroides (39678 39712) | |
| MN 7 + 8 | Slovakia | Z. turicensis (69715) | |
| Clarendonian | USA (oregon) | Z. proavus (231897) | |
| Vallesian | Spain (Catalonia) | Turicius turicensis (176268) | |
| Tortonian | China (Yunnan) | Z. lufengensis (11798) | |
| Tortonian | Russian Federation | Mastodon tapiroides (75806) | |
| Tortonian | Ukraine (Odessa) | Mastodon turicensis (75794) | |
| Tortonian | Moldova | Mastodon turicensis (75802 75803) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Algeria (Oran) | Turicius sp. (136913) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Ukraine | Mastodon tapiroides (75809 75852) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Türkiye | Z. turicensis (214688) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Algeria | Z. turicensis (34642) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Greece (Aegean) | Mastodon turicensis (202120) | |
| Baodean | China (Yunnan) | Z. sp. (183982) | |
| MN 12 | Ukraine (Odessa) | Z. turicensis (167995) | |
| Messinian | Bulgaria | Z. borsoni (215636) | |
| Early/Lower Pliocene | Kazakhstan | Mastodon tapiroides (76289) | |
| Pliocene | China (Shanxi) | Z. sp. (42559) | |
| Pliocene | Romania | Z. borsoni (39681 39685 40113 40114 40123 41919) | |
| MN 14 | Ukraine | Z. borsoni (50913) | |
| MN 14 - MN 15 | Ukraine | Z. borsoni (50914) | |
| Ruscinian | China (Hebei) | Z. sp. (42478) | |
| MN 15 | Moldova | Z. borsoni (50942) | |
| MN 16 | France | Z. borsoni (47099 47100) |