PBDB Taxon

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Dugongidae (dugong)

Mammalia - Sirenia - Dugongidae

Taxonomy

Dugongidae was named by Gray (1821). It is extant.

It was assigned to Herbivorae by Gray (1821); to Dugongoidea by Heal (1973); to Trichechiformes by Simpson (1932), Kretzoi (1941), Pilleri et al. (1989) and Sach and Heizmann (2001); to Sirenia by Canto et al. (2010); to Sirenia by Rhoads (1903), Sherman (1952), Reinhart (1959), Scheffer and Rice (1963), Reinhart (1976), Husar (1978), Kurten and Anderson (1980), Barnes et al. (1985), de Muizon and Domning (1985), Takahashi et al. (1986), Domning (1988), PIlleri (1988), Carroll (1988), Toledo and Domning (1991), Domning (1991), Nowak (1991), Furusawa and Kohno (1994), Domning (1994), Aranda-Manteca et al. (1994), Domning and Furusawa (1995), Domning (1996), Domning (1997), Bajpai and Domning (1997), Rice (1998), Bergqvist et al. (1999), Sagne (2001), Rice (2002), Bianucci and Landini (2003), Pledge (2006), Voss (2008), Domning and Aguilera (2008), Domning (2008), Rice (2009), Thewissen and Bajpai (2009), Samonds and Zalmout (2009), Bajpai et al. (2010), Voss (2011), Domning (2011), Bianucci et al. (2011), Domning and Pervesler (2012), Velez-Juarbe et al. (2012), Zalmout and Gingerich (2012), Sorbi et al. (2012), Velez-Juarbe and Domning (2014), Velez-Juarbe and Domning (2015), Balaguer and Alba (2016), Voss et al. (2016), Voss et al. (2017), Voss and Hampe (2017), Domning (2018), Gol'din et al. (2018), Domning (2018) and Samonds et al. (2019); and to Sirenia by Berta (2017), Velez-Juarbe and Wood (2018), Pyenson et al. (2022) and Iliopoulos et al. (2022).

Synonyms

Halitherium schinzi lareolensis was named by Pilleri (1987). Its type specimen is M. G. 60, a mandible (mandible with 5 molars in place), and it is a 3D body fossil.

It was considered an invalid subgroup of Halitherium schinzii by Domning (1996); it was considered an invalid subgroup of Halitherium schinzi by Voss and Hampe (2017).
Halitherium was named by Kaup (1838) [Sepkoski's age data: T Ol-l T Ol-u]. Its type is Pugmeodon schinzii. It is the type genus of Halitheriinae, Pseudovespertiliavus.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Voss (2014).

It was assigned to Herbivora by Bronn (1853); to Manatidae by Scott (1873); to Sirenia by Depéret (1887) and Newton (1891); to Halicoridae by Trouessart (1898) and Trouessart (1904); to Sirenia by Zittel (1925); to Halitheriidae by Gill (1872), Lydekker (1887), Cope (1890), Hay (1930) and Kretzoi (1941); to Sirenia by Sepkoski (2002); to Dugongidae by Pictet (1853), Reinhart (1976), Carroll (1988), Clementz et al. (2006) and Voss (2008); to Halitheriinae by Simpson (1932), Domning (1979), Domning (1994), Domning (1996), Sagne (2001) and Domning (2008); and to Halitheriinae by Heal (1973), Voss (2011) and Domning (2018).
Hippopotamus dubius was named by Cuvier (1824) [syntypes consist of three molars (see Sickenberg, 1934, fig. 36)].

It was recombined as Halytherium dubium by Kaup (1838); it was recombined as Manatus dubius by Blainville (1844); it was recombined as Halitherium dubium by Kaup (1852), Scott (1873) and Woodward (1885); it was synonymized subjectively with Halitherium schinzi by Bronn (1853) and Trouessart (1898); it was recombined as Protosiren dubia by Sickenberg (1934); it was synonymized subjectively with Halitherium schinzii by Domning (1996).
Pugmeodon schinzii was named by Kaup (1838) [HLMD – Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt (Germany) Domning 2021 proposes a neotype [specimen (skull and associated skeleton) BSPG 1956 I 540 deposited in the Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und historische Geologie, München, Germany]]. Its type specimen is HLMD-WT Az 48, a tooth (premolar), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Flonheim, which is in a Rupelian marine horizon in the Alzey Formation of Germany. It is the type species of Halitherium, Pugmeodon.

It was recombined as Manatus schinzii by Blainville (1844); it was recombined as Halitherium schinzi by Bronn (1853), Woodward (1885), Lydekker (1887), Trouessart (1898), Trouessart (1904), Abel (1904), Zittel (1925), Fischer and Krumbiegel (1982) and Voss (2007); it was recombined as Halianassa schinzii by Domning (1987); it was recombined as Halitherium schinzii by International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1989), Domning (1994), Domning (1996), Sagne (2001), Voss (2008) and Domning (2008); it was misspelled as Pygmaeodon schinzii by Giebel (1847) and Sickenberg (1934); it was considered a nomen dubium by Voss (2014) and Voss and Hampe (2017).
Halitherium alleni was named by Simpson (1932). It is not extant. Its type specimen is MCZ 17142. Its type locality is Charleston, Oligocene unknown, which is in an Oligocene coastal horizon in South Carolina.

It was recombined as Felsinotherium alleni by Kellogg (1966); it was recombined as Metaxytherium alleni by Fondi and Pacini (1974); it was considered an invalid subgroup of Dugongidae by Voss and Hampe (2017).
Halitherium antillense was named by Matthew (1916) [No type specimen number listed by Matthew (1916).]. It is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Jacagnas River, which is in a Chattian marine shale in the Juana Diaz Formation of Puerto Rico.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Voss and Hampe (2017) and Voss (2020).
Halicoridae was named by Gray (1825). It is extant.

It was synonymized objectively with Dugongidae by Barnes et al. (1985), Domning (1996) and McKenna and Bell (1997).

It was assigned to Cetae by Gray (1825); to Halicoroidea by Gill (1872); to Sirenia by Flower (1883), Cope (1890) and Andrews (1906); to Sirenii by Jaekel (1911); and to Sirenia by Cope (1889), Flower and Lydekker (1891), Flores (1895), Trouessart (1898), Trouessart (1904), Turner (1912), Abel (1919) and Weber (1928).
Halytherium was named by Kaup (1838).

It was replaced with Halitherium by Kaup (1838), Domning (1987), International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1989) and Domning (1996).
Halitherium schinzii lareolensis was named by Pilleri (1987) [Pilleri misspelled the species Halitherium schinzi]. Its type specimen is M.G. 60 NHMB, a mandible, and it is not a trace fossil.

It was considered an invalid subgroup of Halitherium schinzii by Domning (1996).
Manatherium delheidi was named by Hartlaub (1886). It is not a trace fossil. Its type locality is Hoboken, which is in an Oligocene marine horizon in Belgium.

It was synonymized subjectively with Halitherium schinzii by Domning (1996).
Halitherium chouqueti was named by Gaudry (1884). It is not a trace fossil. Its type locality is Saint Cloud, which is in a Miocene marine horizon in France.

It was synonymized subjectively with Halitherium schinzii by Domning (1996).
Trachytherium was named by Gervais (1849).

It was synonymized subjectively with Halitherium by Trouessart (1898) and Domning (1996); it was considered a nomen dubium by Voss (2014).

It was assigned to Herbivora by Bronn (1853); to Dugongidae by Pictet (1853); to Manatidae by Scott (1873); and to Sirenia by Gervais (1849), Gill (1872) and Woodward (1885).
Trachytherium raulinii was named by Gervais (1849). It is a 3D body fossil.

It was corrected as Trachytherium raulini by Woodward (1885); it was recombined as Halitherium raulinii by Deperet (1895); it was synonymized subjectively with Halitherium schinzi by Trouessart (1898); it was synonymized subjectively with Halitherium schinzii by Domning (1996).
Halicorida was named by Brandt (1868). It is extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Dugongidae by Domning (1996).
Halicoroidea was named by Gill (1872). It is extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Dugongidae by Domning (1996).

It was assigned to Sirenia by Gill (1872).
Halitherium taulannense was named by Sagne (2001). Its type specimen is RGHP Crane D040, a skull, and it is not a trace fossil. Its type locality is Castellane, which is in a Priabonian marine horizon in France.

It was considered an invalid subgroup of Dugongidae by Voss and Hampe (2017).
Manatus renggeri was named by Bronn (1838).

It was considered a nomen nudum by Domning (1996).
Manatus guettardi was named by Blainville (1844).

It was recombined as Metaxytherium guettardi by Laurillard (1846); it was recombined as Halitherium guettardi by Gervais (1847) and Scott (1873); it was synonymized subjectively with Halitherium schinzi by Trouessart (1898); it was synonymized subjectively with Halitherium schinzii by Domning (1996).
Halianassa collinii was named by Von Meyer (1846).

It was synonymized subjectively with Halitherium schinzi by Trouessart (1898); it was synonymized subjectively with Halitherium christoli by Spillman (1959); it was synonymized subjectively with Halitherium schinzii by Domning (1996).
Halitherium kaupi was named by Krauss (1858). It is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Flonheim, which is in a Rupelian marine horizon in the Alzey Formation of Germany.

It was synonymized subjectively with Halitherium schinzii by Domning (1996).
Halitherium uytterhoeveni was named by Abel (1925). Its type specimen is MNHB 3663, a partial skeleton, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Boom (Rupelian), which is in a Rupelian marine claystone in the Boom Formation of Belgium.

It was synonymized subjectively with Halitherium schinzii by Domning (1996).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1821	Dugongidae Gray p. 309
1824	Hippopotamus dubius Cuvier
1825	Halicoridae Gray p. 340
1838	Manatus renggeri Bronn p. 840
1838	Halytherium Kaup p. 319
1838	Halytherium dubium Kaup p. 319 figs. Plate II
1838	Pugmeodon schinzii Kaup p. 319
1838	Halitherium Kaup p. 536
1844	Manatus dubius Blainville
1844	Manatus schinzii Blainville
1844	Manatus guettardi Blainville pp. 122-124
1846	Metaxytherium guettardi Laurillard p. 172
1846	Halianassa collinii Von Meyer p. 328
1847	Halitherium guettardi Gervais p. 221
1847	Pygmaeodon schinzii Giebel p. 230
1849	Trachytherium Gervais p. 644
1849	Trachytherium raulinii Gervais p. 644
1849	Trachytherium Gervais p. 645
1852	Halitherium dubium Kaup p. 145
1853	Halitherium Bronn p. 777
1853	Halitherium schinzi Bronn p. 780
1853	Trachytherium Bronn p. 789
1853	Trachytherium raulini Bronn p. 789
1853	Halitherium Pictet p. 373
1853	Trachytherium Pictet p. 374
1858	Halitherium kaupi Krauss p. 528
1868	Halicorida Brandt p. 344
1872	Halicoroidea Gill p. 91
1872	Halicoridae Gill p. 92
1872	Halicoroidea Gill p. 92
1872	Halitherium Gill p. 92
1872	Trachytherium Gill p. 92
1873	Halitherium Scott p. 54
1873	Halitherium dubium Scott p. 55
1873	Halitherium guettardi Scott p. 55
1873	Trachytherium Scott p. 55
1873	Trachytherium raulinii Scott p. 55
1883	Halicoridae Flower p. 184
1884	Halitherium chouqueti Gaudry p. 373 figs. Plate XVII
1885	Halitherium dubium Woodward p. 425
1885	Halitherium schinzi Woodward p. 425
1885	Trachytherium Woodward p. 425
1885	Trachytherium raulini Woodward p. 425
1886	Manatherium delheidi Hartlaub p. 378
1887	Halitherium Depéret p. 273
1887	Halitherium Lydekker p. 5
1887	Halitherium schinzi Lydekker p. 7
1889	Halicoridae Cope p. 876
1890	Halicoridae Cope p. 698
1890	Halitherium Cope p. 698
1891	Halicoridae Flower and Lydekker p. 89
1891	Halitherium Newton p. 48
1895	Halitherium raulinii Deperet p. 410
1895	Halicoridae Flores p. 15
1898	Manatherium delheidi Trouessart p. 999
1898	Halicoridae Trouessart p. 1003
1898	Halitherium Trouessart p. 1004
1898	Halitherium schinzi Trouessart p. 1004
1903	Dugongidae Rhoads p. 246
1904	Halitherium schinzi Abel p. 215
1904	Manatherium delheidi Trouessart p. 748
1904	Halicoridae Trouessart p. 749
1904	Halitherium Trouessart p. 749
1904	Halitherium schinzi Trouessart p. 749
1904	Halitherium chouqueti Trouessart p. 750
1906	Halicoridae Andrews p. 197
1911	Halicoridae Jaekel p. 245
1912	Halicoridae Turner p. 145
1916	Halitherium antillense Matthew p. 25
1919	Halicoridae Abel p. 833
1925	Halitherium uytterhoeveni Abel p. 39
1925	Halitherium Zittel p. 265
1925	Halitherium schinzi Zittel p. 265
1928	Halicoridae Weber p. 495
1930	Halitherium Hay p. 656
1932	Dugongidae Simpson p. 423
1932	Halitherium Simpson p. 424
1932	Halitherium alleni Simpson p. 445
1934	Protosiren dubia Sickenberg p. 190
1934	Halitherium schinzi Sickenberg p. 271
1941	Dugongidae Kretzoi p. 154
1941	Halitherium Kretzoi p. 154
1952	Dugongidae Sherman p. 98
1959	Dugongidae Reinhart p. 63
1963	Dugongidae Scheffer and Rice p. 4
1966	Felsinotherium alleni Kellogg p. 91
1973	Dugongidae Heal p. 89
1973	Halitherium Heal p. 199
1974	Metaxytherium alleni Fondi and Pacini p. 45
1976	Dugongidae Reinhart p. 199
1976	Halitherium Reinhart p. 236
1978	Dugongidae Husar p. 1
1979	Halitherium Domning
1980	Dugongidae Kurten and Anderson p. 340
1982	Halitherium schinzi Fischer and Krumbiegel
1985	Dugongidae Barnes et al. p. 33
1985	Dugongidae de Muizon and Domning p. 192
1986	Dugongidae Takahashi et al. p. 300
1987	Halianassa schinzii Domning p. 123
1987	Halitherium schinzi lareolensis Pilleri p. 46
1987	Halitherium schinzii lareolensis Pilleri p. 46 figs. Plate XXVII
1988	Dugongidae Carroll
1988	Halitherium Carroll
1988	Dugongidae Domning p. 399
1988	Dugongidae PIlleri p. 46
1989	Halitherium schinzii International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature p. 83
1989	Dugongidae Pilleri et al. p. 17
1991	Dugongidae Domning p. 398
1991	Dugongidae Nowak
1991	Dugongidae Toledo and Domning p. 122
1994	Dugongidae Aranda-Manteca et al. p. 192
1994	Dugongidae Domning p. 189
1994	Halitherium Domning p. 189
1994	Halitherium schinzii Domning p. 189
1994	Dugongidae Furusawa and Kohno p. 27
1995	Dugongidae Domning and Furusawa p. 506
1996	Dugongidae Domning p. 382
1996	Halitherium Domning p. 384
1996	Halitherium alleni Domning p. 384
1996	Halitherium antillense Domning p. 384
1996	Halitherium schinzii Domning p. 384
1997	Dugongidae Bajpai and Domning p. 219
1997	Dugongidae Domning p. 398
1998	Dugongidae Rice
1999	Dugongidae Bergqvist et al. p. 31
2001	Dugongidae Sach and Heizmann p. 42
2001	Dugongidae Sagne p. 473
2001	Halitherium Sagne p. 473
2001	Halitherium schinzii Sagne p. 473
2001	Halitherium taulannense Sagne p. 473 figs. Figure 1
2002	Dugongidae Rice p. 232 figs. Table 1
2002	Halitherium Sepkoski
2003	Dugongidae Bianucci and Landini p. 567
2006	Halitherium Clementz et al. p. 360
2006	Halitherium taulannense Clementz et al. p. 360
2006	Dugongidae Pledge p. 295
2007	Halitherium schinzi Voss p. 45
2008	Dugongidae Domning
2008	Halitherium Domning
2008	Halitherium alleni Domning
2008	Halitherium antillense Domning
2008	Halitherium schinzii Domning
2008	Dugongidae Domning and Aguilera p. 480
2008	Dugongidae Voss p. 259
2008	Halitherium Voss p. 259
2008	Halitherium schinzii Voss p. 259
2009	Dugongidae Rice p. 235 figs. Table 1
2009	Dugongidae Samonds and Zalmout p. 1235
2009	Dugongidae Thewissen and Bajpai p. 7
2010	Dugongidae Bajpai et al. p. 42
2010	Dugongidae Canto et al. p. 20
2011	Dugongidae Bianucci et al. p. 574
2011	Dugongidae Domning p. 1340
2011	Dugongidae Voss
2011	Halitherium Voss
2012	Dugongidae Domning and Pervesler p. 136
2012	Dugongidae Sorbi et al. p. 688
2012	Dugongidae Velez-Juarbe et al. p. 587
2012	Dugongidae Zalmout and Gingerich p. 37
2014	Dugongidae Velez-Juarbe and Domning p. 951
2015	Dugongidae Velez-Juarbe and Domning p. 2
2016	Dugongidae Balaguer and Alba
2016	Dugongidae Voss et al. p. 6
2017	Dugongidae Berta p. 170
2017	Dugongidae Voss and Hampe p. 341
2017	Dugongidae Voss et al. p. 165
2018	Dugongidae Domning p. 246
2018	Halitherium Domning p. 857 figs. Fig. 1
2018	Dugongidae Gol'din et al.
2018	Dugongidae Velez-Juarbe and Wood
2019	Dugongidae Samonds et al. p. 2
2022	Dugongidae Iliopoulos et al. p. 397
2022	Dugongidae Pyenson et al. p. 4

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota

Rank	Name	Author
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Afrotheria	Stanhope et al. 1998
—	Tethytheria
order	Sirenia	()
family	Dugongidae
family	Dugongidae

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. Dugongidae Gray 1821 [dugong]

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G. †Anisosiren Kordos 1979

†Anisosiren pannonica Kordos 1979

G. †Caribosiren Reinhart 1959

†Caribosiren turneri Reinhart 1959

Subfm. Dugonginae Gray 1821

G. †Bharatisiren Bajpai and Domning 1997

†Bharatisiren indica Bajpai et al. 2006

†Bharatisiren kachchhensis Bajpai et al. 1987

G. †Callistosiren Velez-Juarbe and Domning 2015

†Callistosiren boriquensis Velez-Juarbe and Domning 2015

G. †Corystosiren Domning 1990

†Corystosiren varguezi Domning 1990

G. †Crenatosiren Domning 1991

†Crenatosiren olseni Reinhart 1976

Invalid names: Halitherium olsenensis Reinhart 1972 [invalid subgroup]

G. †Culebratherium Velez-Juarbe and Wood 2018

†Culebratherium alemani Velez-Juarbe and Wood 2018

G. †Dioplotherium Cope 1883

†Dioplotherium allisoni Kilmer 1965

†Dioplotherium manigaulti Cope 1883

G. †Domningia Thewissen and Bajpai 2009

†Domningia sodhae Thewissen and Bajpai 2009

G. Dugong Lacépède 1799 [dugong]

Dugong dugon Illiger 1811 [dugong]

Invalid names: Dugong indicus Lacépède 1799 [synonym], Halicore australis Owen 1847 [synonym], Halicore cetacea Heuglin 1877 [synonym], Halicore hemprichii Ehrenberg 1832 [synonym], Halicore lottum Ehrenberg 1832 [synonym], Halicore tabernaculi Ruppell 1843 [synonym], Trichechus dugung Erxleben 1777 [synonym]

Invalid names: Amblychilus Fischer von Waldheim 1814 [synonym], Dugongidus Gray 1821 [synonym], Dugungus Tiedemann 1808 [synonym], Halicora Fleming 1822 [synonym], Halicore [synonym], Platystomus Fischer von Waldheim 1803 [synonym]

G. †Italosiren Voss et al. 2017

†Italosiren bellunensis de Zigno 1875

G. †Kutchisiren Bajpai et al. 2010

†Kutchisiren cylindrica Bajpai et al. 2010

Invalid names: Kotadasiren gracillis Das and Basu 1994 [replaced]

Invalid names: Kotadasiren Das and Basu 1994 [nomen nudum]

G. †Norosiren Samonds et al. 2019

†Norosiren zazavavindrano Samonds et al. 2019

G. †Rytiodus Lartet 1866

†Rytiodus capgrandi Lartet 1866

Invalid names: Thelriope capgrandi Lartet 1866 [synonym]

†Rytiodus heali Domning 2011

Invalid names: Thelriope Pilleri 1987 [objective synonym]

G. †Xenosiren Domning 1989

†Xenosiren yucateca Domning 1989

Invalid names: Halicorinae Abel 1913 [synonym], Rhytiodinae Abel 1914 [synonym], Rytiodontinae Kretzoi 1941 [synonym], Thelriopiinae Pilleri 1987 [synonym]

G. †Eotheroides Palmer 1899

†Eotheroides aegyptiacum Owen 1875

Invalid names: Eotherium majus Zdansky 1938 [synonym], Manatus coulombi Filhol 1878 [synonym], Masrisiren abeli Kretzoi 1941 [synonym]

†Eotheroides babiae Bajpai et al. 2006

†Eotheroides clavigerum Zalmout and Gingerich 2012

†Eotheroides lambondrano Samonds and Zalmout 2009

†Eotheroides sandersi Zalmout and Gingerich 2012

†Eotheroides waghapadarensis Das and Basu 1994

Invalid names: Eotherium Owen 1875 [synonym], Masrisiren Kretzoi 1941 [synonym]

Subfm. †Halitheriinae Gill 1872

G. †Eosiren Andrews 1902

†Eosiren abeli Sickenberg 1934

†Eosiren imenti Domning et al. 1994

†Eosiren libyca Andrews 1902

†Eosiren stromeri Abel 1913

Invalid names: Archaeosiren Abel 1913 [synonym]

G. †Metaxytherium de Christol 1840

†Metaxytherium albifontanum Velez-Juarbe and Domning 2014

†Metaxytherium aquitaniae Pilleri 1987

†Metaxytherium arctodites Aranda-Manteca et al. 1994

†Metaxytherium crataegense Simpson 1932

Invalid names: Metaxytherium calvertense Kellogg 1966 [synonym]

†Metaxytherium floridanum Hay 1922

Invalid names: Felsinotherium ossivallense Simpson 1932 [synonym]

†Metaxytherium krahuletzi Depéret 1895

Invalid names: Halianassa studeri Meyer 1837 [synonym], Metaxytherium argoviense Pilleri 1987 [synonym], Metaxytherium christoli Fitzinger 1899 [synonym], Metaxytherium krahuletzi excelsum Pilleri 1987 [invalid subgroup]

†Metaxytherium lovisati Capellini 1886

†Metaxytherium medium Desmarest 1822

Invalid names: Halitherium cuvieri de Christol 1832 [synonym], Haplosiren leganyii Kretzoi 1951 [synonym], Hippopotamus intermedius Holl 1829 [synonym], Manatus fossilis Holl 1829 [synonym], Metaxytherium catalaunicum Pilleri et al. 1989 [synonym], Metaxytherium cordieri de Christol in de Blainville 1844 [synonym], Metaxytherium petersi Abel 1904 [synonym]

†Metaxytherium riveroi Varona 1972

†Metaxytherium serresii Gervais 1847

Invalid names: Halitherium minor Cope 1883 [synonym]

†Metaxytherium subapenninum Bruno 1839

Invalid names: Cheirotherium brochii de Blainville 1844 [synonym], Felsinotherium forestii Capellini 1872 [synonym], Felsinotherium gastaldi de Zigno 1878 [synonym], Felsinotherium gervaisi Capellini 1872 [synonym], Felsinotherium subalpinum Isel 1910 [synonym]

Invalid names: Cheirotherium Bruno 1839 [synonym], Felsinotherium Capellini 1872 [synonym], Felsinotherium gunteri Simpson 1932 [nomen nudum], Fucotherium Kaup 1840 [synonym], Halianassa [synonym], Halysiren Kretzoi 1941 [synonym], Haplosiren Kretzoi 1951 [synonym], Hesperosiren Simpson 1932 [synonym], Metaxytherium beaumontii de Christol 1844 [nomen dubium], Metaxytherium meyeri Abel 1904 [nomen dubium], Pontotherium Kaup 1840 [synonym], Thalattosiren Sickenberg 1928 [synonym]

G. †Prototherium de Zigno 1887

†Prototherium ausetanum Balaguer and Alba 2016

†Prototherium intermedium Bizzotto 1983

Invalid names: Prototherium montserratense Pilleri et al. 1989 [synonym], Prototherium solei Pilleri et al. 1989 [synonym]

†Prototherium veronense de Zigno 1875

Invalid names: Halitherium angustifrons de Zigno 1875 [synonym], Halitherium curvidens de Zigno 1875 [synonym], Paraliosiren suessi Abel 1906 [synonym], Protosiren dolloi Abel 1904 [synonym]

Invalid names: Mesosiren Abel 1906 [synonym], Paraliosiren Abel 1906 [synonym]

G. †Stegosiren Domning and Beatty 2019

†Stegosiren macei Domning and Beatty 2019

Invalid names: Archaeosireninae Abel 1914 [synonym], Eotherioidinae Kretzoi 1941 [synonym], Halianassinae Reinhart 1959 [synonym], Halitherida Carus 1868 [objective synonym], Metaxytheriinae Kretzoi 1941 [synonym], Pachyspondylus Brandt 1873 [nomen vanum], Prototheriidae Kretzoi 1941 [invalid subgroup]

Subfm. †Hydrodamalinae Palmer 1895

G. †Dusisiren Domning 1978

†Dusisiren dewana Takahashi et al. 1986

†Dusisiren jordani Kellogg 1925

Invalid names: Halianassa vanderhoofi Reinhart 1959 [synonym]

†Dusisiren reinharti Domning 1978

†Dusisiren takasatensis Kobayashi et al. 1995

G. †Hydrodamalis Retzius 1794 [Steller's sea cow]

†Hydrodamalis cuestae Domning 1978 [Cuesta sea cow]

Invalid names: Hydrodamalis spissa Furusawa 1988 [synonym]

†Hydrodamalis gigas Zimmermann 1780 [Steller's sea cow]

Invalid names: Hydrodamalis stelleri Retzius 1794 [synonym], Manati balaenurus Boddaert 1785 [synonym], Rhytina borealis Brandt 1849 [synonym], Rhytina stellerus Brandt 1849 [synonym], Rytina cetacea Illiger 1815 [synonym]

Invalid names: Dystomus Fischer von Waldheim 1813 [synonym], Haligyna Billberg 1827 [synonym], Manati Steller 1774 [replaced], Nepus Fischer von Waldheim 1814 [synonym], Rhytina Berthold 1827 [synonym], Rhytine Burmeister 1837 [objective synonym], Rytina Illiger 1811 [synonym], Sirene Link 1794 [synonym], Stellerus Desmarest 1822 [synonym]

Invalid names: Rhytinea Brandt 1846 [synonym], Rytinadae Gray 1843 [synonym], Rytineae Brandt 1833 [synonym], Rytinidae Girard 1852 [synonym]

G. †Indosiren von Koenigswald 1952

†Indosiren javanensis von Koenigswald 1952

†Indosiren koeningswaldi Sahni and Mishra 1975

G. †Kaupitherium Voss and Hampe 2017

†Kaupitherium bronni Krauss 1858

†Kaupitherium gruelli Voss and Hampe 2017

G. †Lentiarenium Voss et al. 2016

†Lentiarenium christolii Fitzinger 1842

Invalid names: Halitherium abeli Spillman 1959 [synonym], Metaxytherium pergense Toula 1899 [synonym]

G. †Miodugong Deraniyagala 1969

†Miodugong brevicranius Deraniyagala 1969

G. †Nanosiren Domning and Aguilera 2008

†Nanosiren garciae Domning and Aguilera 2008

†Nanosiren sanchezi Domning and Aguilera 2008

G. †Paralitherium Kordos 1977

†Paralitherium tarkanyense Kordos 1977

G. †Priscosiren Velez-Juarbe and Domning 2014

†Priscosiren atlantica Velez-Juarbe and Domning 2014

G. †Prohalicore Flot 1887

†Prohalicore dubaleni Flot 1887

G. †Sirenavus Kretzoi 1941

†Sirenavus hungaricus Kretzoi 1941

Invalid names: Halicorida Brandt 1868 [synonym], Halicoridae Gray 1825 [synonym], Halicoroidea Gill 1872 [synonym], Halitherium Kaup 1838 [nomen dubium], Halitherium alleni Simpson 1932 [invalid subgroup], Halitherium antillense Matthew 1916 [nomen dubium], Halitherium taulannense Sagne 2001 [invalid subgroup], Rytiodinae Simpson 1932 [empty], Trachytherium Gervais 1849 [nomen dubium]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

marinef

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

aquaticf

Diet:

herbivoref

Reproduction:

viviparousf

Created:

2005-06-08 10:11:09

Modified:

2005-06-08 12:11:09

Source: f = family, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988, Domning 1979, Nowak 1991

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Lutetian to the top of the Holocene or 47.80000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 41.3 Ma

Collections (555 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Paleogene	66.0 - 23.03	Libya	Halitherium sp. (76981)
Eocene	56.0 - 33.9	Hungary	Sirenavus sp. (49958 49960)
Lutetian	47.8 - 41.3	Jordan	Dugongidae indet. (64351)
Lutetian	47.8 - 41.3	Spain	Dugongidae indet. (94579 133618) Halitherium sp. (140180)
Lutetian	47.8 - 41.3	Spain (Boltana)	Dugongidae indet. (189780)
Lutetian	47.8 - 41.3	Togo	Dugongidae indet. (32991)
Lutetian	47.8 - 41.3	India (Kutch)	Eosiren sp., Eotheroides babiae, Eotheroides waghapadarensis (45590)
Lutetian	47.8 - 41.3	Hungary	Anisosiren pannonica (48072) Sirenavus hungaricus (49887)
Lutetian	47.8 - 41.3	Egypt	Eosiren abeli, Eotheroides aegyptiacum, Manatus coulombi (58456)
Lutetian - Bartonian	47.8 - 38.0	France	Eotheroides sp., Eotherium sp. (49935)
Lutetian - Bartonian	47.8 - 38.0	Spain	Dugongidae indet. (94594) Halitherium sp. (49933) Metaxytherium cuvieri (140178)
Middle Eocene	47.8 - 37.71	Madagascar	Eotheroides lambondrano (93587)
Middle Eocene	47.8 - 37.71	Somalia	Prototherium sp. (49940)
Lutetian - Priabonian	47.8 - 33.9	France	Eotheroides sp. (49936)
Bartonian	41.3 - 38.0	France (Gironde)	Eotherium sp. (78246)
Bartonian	41.3 - 38.0	Italy (Verona)	Halitherium veronense, Paraliosiren suessi, Halitherium angustifrons, Halitherium curvidens (48159)
Bartonian	41.3 - 38.0	Spain	Halitherium sp., Prototherium sp. (65272) Prototherium ausetanum (49689) Prototherium sp. (65260 65262 65263 65266 65267 65268 65273) Prototherium sp., Prototherium montserratense (65259) Prototherium sp., Prototherium solei (61240)
Bartonian	41.3 - 38.0	Spain (Navarre)	Dugongidae indet. 1 (80238)
Bartonian	41.3 - 38.0	Spain (Catalonia)	Prototherium sp., Prototherium ausetanum (65271)
Priabonian	38.0 - 33.9	Romania	Halitherium sp., Dugongidae indet. (65135)