PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Tyrannosauroidea

Reptilia

Taxonomy

Tyrannosauroidea was named by Walker (1964). It is not extant. Its type is Tyrannosaurus.

It was assigned to Carnosauria by Charig (1967); to Carnosauria by Walker (1964), Kuhn (1966), Haubold (1971) and Bonaparte et al. (1990); to Tyrannoraptora by Sereno (1999); to Maniraptoriformes by Sereno (1998) and Hutt et al. (2001); to Coelurosauria by Holtz (2004), Xu et al. (2004) and Xu et al. (2006); and to Coelurosauria by Rauhut (2003), Rauhut et al. (2010), Loewen et al. (2013), Hendrickx and Mateus (2014) and Williamson and Brusatte (2014).

Synonyms

Chingkankousaurus was named by Young (1958). Its type is Chingkankousaurus fragilis.

It was synonymized subjectively with Tarbosaurus by Holtz (2004); it was considered a nomen dubium by Dong (1992); it was considered a nomen nudum by Brusatte et al. (2013).

It was assigned to Theropoda by Young (1958); to Megalosauridae by Charig (1967), Steel (1970), Dong et al. (1978) and Carroll (1988); and to Tyrannosauridae by Romer (1966) and Molnar et al. (1990).
Deinodon was named by Leidy (1856). Its type is Deinodon horridus. It is the type genus of Dinodontidae, Deinodontidae, Deinodontinae, Deinodontoidea.

It was synonymized subjectively with Aublysodon by Cope (1870), Zittel (1890), Nopcsa (1928) and Romer (1956); it was synonymized subjectively with Megalosaurus by Nopcsa (1901); it was synonymized subjectively with Gorgosaurus by Romer (1966); it was synonymized subjectively with Albertosaurus by Molnar et al. (1990); it was considered a nomen vanum by Russell (1970); it was considered a nomen dubium by Lehman (1981) and Holtz (2004).

It was assigned to Sauria by Leidy (1856) and Leidy (1860); to Dryptosauridae by Lambe (1902); to Theropoda by Osborn (1905); to Coeluridae by von Zittel (1911); to Dinodontidae by Huene (1926) and Huene (1927); to Deinodontinae by Matthew and Brown (1922) and Hay (1930); to Carnosauria by Kuhn (1939); to Tyrannosauridae by Walker (1964) and Steel (1970); to Megalosauridae by Hay (1902), Lambe (1905), Huene (1909), Gilmore (1920) and Powell (1973); and to Deinodontidae by Brown (1914), Lull (1924), Russell (1930), Gilmore (1946), Tatarinov (1964) and Wolberg (1980).
Deinodon horridus was named by Leidy (1856). Its type specimen is ANSP 9533, 9534, a set of teeth, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Judith River badlands (USGS), which is in a Campanian/Campanian terrestrial horizon in the Judith River Formation of Montana. It is the type species of Deinodon.

It was recombined as Megalosaurus (Deinodon) horridus by Leidy (1857); it was recombined as Aublysodon horridus by Cope (1868), Cope (1870), Cope (1874), Cope (1875) and Cope (1877); it was recombined as Megalosaurus horridus by Nopcsa (1901); it was synonymized subjectively with Albertosaurus libratus by Molnar et al. (1990); it was considered a nomen vanum by Russell (1970); it was considered a nomen dubium by Holtz (2004).
Tyrannosaurus lanpingensis was named by Yeh (1975). It is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Lanping dinosaur site, which is in a Cretaceous estuary/bay mudstone/siltstone in the Jingxing Formation of China.

It was recombined as Tarbosaurus lanpingensis by Olshevsky (1992); it was considered a nomen dubium by Molnar et al. (1990); it was considered a nomen nudum by Dong (1992); it was considered a nomen dubium by Dong (1994) and Holtz (2004).
Chingkankousaurus fragilis was named by Young (1958). Its type specimen is IVPP AS V836 and is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is gully south of Chingkankou, Laiyang (field no. K7), which is in a Campanian terrestrial horizon in the Jingangkou Formation of China. It is the type species of Chingkankousaurus.

It was synonymized subjectively with Tarbosaurus bataar by Holtz (2004); it was considered a nomen nudum by Dong (1992) and Brusatte et al. (2013).
Tomodon was named by Leidy (1865) [non Tomodon Duméril (1853)]. Its type is Tomodon horrificus.

It was replaced with Diplotomodon by Leidy (1868) and Zittel (1890).

It was assigned to Sauria by Leidy (1865).
Tomodon horrificus was named by Leidy (1865). Its type specimen is ANSP 9680 and is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Mullica Hill, which is in a Campanian/Maastrichtian terrestrial horizon in New Jersey. It is the type species of Tomodon, Diplotomodon.

It was recombined as Diplotomodon horrificus by Leidy (1868), Cope (1870), Hay (1902) and Hay (1930); it was misspelled as Diplotomodon horrificas by Miller (1962); it was considered a nomen dubium by Holtz (2004) and Weishampel (2006).
Diplotomodon was named by Leidy (1868). Its type is Tomodon horrificus.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Holtz (2004) and Weishampel (2006).

It was assigned to Goniopoda by Cope (1870); to Megalosauridae by Zittel (1890); to Tylosaurinae by Hay (1902); to Saurischia by Huene (1909); to Theropoda by von Zittel (1911); to Mosasaurinae by Hay (1930); and to Mosasauridae by McDowell and Bogert (1954).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1856	Deinodon Leidy p. 72
1856	Deinodon horridus Leidy p. 72
1857	Megalosaurus (Deinodon) horridus Leidy p. 90
1860	Deinodon Leidy p. 143
1860	Deinodon horridus Leidy p. 143
1865	Tomodon Leidy p. 102 fig. 35
1865	Tomodon horrificus Leidy pp. 102-103 fig. 35
1865	Tomodon Leidy p. 119
1868	Aublysodon horridus Cope
1868	Dinodon horridus Leidy p. 197
1868	Diplotomodon Leidy p. 202
1868	Diplotomodon horrificus Leidy p. 202
1870	Aublysodon horridus Cope p. 120
1870	Diplotomodon Cope p. 120ff
1870	Diplotomodon horrificus Cope p. 120ff
1874	Aublysodon horridus Cope p. 26
1875	Aublysodon horridus Cope p. 249
1877	Aublysodon horridus Cope p. 572
1890	Diplotomodon Zittel p. 727
1899	Deinodon horridus Hay p. 347
1901	Megalosaurus horridus Nopcsa p. 201
1902	Diplotomodon Hay p. 473
1902	Diplotomodon horrificus Hay p. 473
1902	Deinodon Hay p. 488
1902	Deinodon horridus Hay p. 488
1902	Deinodon Lambe p. 49
1902	Deinodon horridus Lambe p. 49
1903	Deinodon horridus Lambe p. 137
1904	Deinodon horridus Lambe p. 6
1905	Deinodon horridus Lambe p. 23
1905	Deinodon Lambe p. 48
1905	Deinodon Osborn p. 259
1905	Deinodon horridus Osborn p. 259
1909	Deinodon Huene p. 15
1909	Diplotomodon Huene p. 16
1911	Deinodon von Zittel p. 281
1911	Diplotomodon von Zittel p. 283
1914	Deinodon Brown p. 377
1914	Deinodon horridus Brown p. 378
1920	Deinodon Gilmore p. 122
1922	Deinodon horridus Matthew and Brown pp. 377-379
1922	Deinodon Matthew and Brown p. 378
1924	Deinodon Lull p. 231
1926	Dinodon Huene p. 101
1927	Deinodon Huene p. 259
1927	Deinodon horridus Huene p. 260
1930	Deinodon Hay p. 176
1930	Deinodon horridus Hay p. 177
1930	Diplotomodon Hay p. 264
1930	Diplotomodon horrificus Hay p. 264
1930	Deinodon Russell p. 142
1930	Deinodon horridus Russell p. 142
1939	Deinodon Kuhn p. 78
1939	Deinodon horridus Kuhn p. 78
1946	Deinodon Gilmore pp. 16-17
1946	Deinodon horridus Gilmore p. 17
1954	Diplotomodon McDowell and Bogert p. 132
1958	Chingkankousaurus Young pp. 101-102
1958	Chingkankousaurus fragilis Young p. 101 fig. 44
1962	Diplotomodon horrificas Miller p. 196
1964	Deinodon horridus Russell p. 10
1964	Deinodon Tatarinov p. 540
1964	Deinodon horridus Tatarinov p. 540
1964	Deinodon Walker p. 128
1964	Tyrannosauroidea Walker p. 128
1966	Tyrannosauroidea Kuhn p. 93
1966	Chingkankonsaurus Romer p. 369
1967	Tyrannosauroidea Charig p. 714
1967	Chingkankousaurus Charig p. 715
1967	Chingkankousaurus fragilis Charig p. 715
1970	Chingkankousaurus Steel p. 31
1970	Chingkankousaurus fragilis Steel p. 31
1970	Deinodon Steel p. 40
1970	Deinodon horridus Steel p. 41
1971	Tyrannosauroidea Haubold p. 75
1973	Deinodon Powell p. 118
1975	Tyrannosaurus lanpingensis Yeh
1978	Chingkankousaurus Dong et al.
1980	Chinkankousaurus fragilis Chao
1980	Deinodon Wolberg p. 42
1980	Deinodon horridus Wolberg p. 42
1986	Tyrannosaurus lanpingensis Hao p. 20
1986	Tyrannosaurus lanpingi Zhao p. 70
1988	Chingkankousaurus Carroll
1990	Tyrannosauroidea Bonaparte et al. p. 40
1990	Chingkankousaurus Molnar et al. p. 190
1990	Chingkankousaurus fragilis Molnar et al. p. 190
1992	Tarbosaurus lanpingensis Olshevsky p. 138
1998	Tyrannosauroidea Sereno p. 65
1999	Tyrannosauroidea Sereno p. 2139 fig. 2
2001	Tyrannosauroidea Hutt et al. p. 229
2003	Tyrannosauroidea Rauhut p. 149
2004	Tyrannosauroidea Holtz, Jr. p. 112
2004	Tyrannosauroidea Xu et al. p. 680
2006	Tyrannosauroidea Xu et al. p. 717 fig. 3
2010	Tyrannosauroidea Rauhut et al. p. 183 fig. 23
2013	Tyrannosauroidea Loewen et al. p. 2
2014	Tyrannosauroidea Hendrickx and Mateus
2014	Tyrannosauroidea Williamson and Brusatte p. 5

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
—	Sauropsida
class	Reptilia
subclass	Eureptilia	()

Rank	Name	Author
—	Romeriida
—	Diapsida	()
—	Archosauromorpha	(Huene 1946)
—	Crocopoda
—	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
—	Eucrocopoda
—	Archosauria	()
informal	Avemetatarsalia
—	Ornithodira
—	Dinosauromorpha
—	Dinosauriformes
—	Dinosauria	()
—	Theropoda	()
—	Neotheropoda
—	Averostra	Paul 2002
—	Tetanurae
—	Coelurosauria	()
superfamily	Tyrannosauroidea
superfamily	Tyrannosauroidea

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Superfm. †Tyrannosauroidea Walker 1964

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G. †Alectrosaurus Gilmore 1933

†Alectrosaurus olseni Gilmore 1933

G. †Appalachiosaurus Carr et al. 2005

†Appalachiosaurus montgomeriensis Carr et al. 2005

G. †Bagaraatan Osmólska 1996

†Bagaraatan ostromi Osmólska 1996

G. †Bistahieversor Carr and Williamson 2010

†Bistahieversor sealeyi Carr and Williamson 2010

G. †Calamosaurus Lydekker 1891

†Calamosaurus foxi Lydekker 1889

G. †Dilong Xu et al. 2004

†Dilong paradoxus Xu et al. 2004

G. †Dryptosaurus Marsh 1877

†Dryptosaurus aquilunguis Cope 1866

Invalid names: Laelaps Cope 1866 [synonym]

G. †Eotyrannus Hutt et al. 2001

†Eotyrannus lengi Hutt et al. 2001

G. †Gualicho Apesteguia et al. 2016

†Gualicho shinyae Apesteguia et al. 2016

G. †Jinbeisaurus Wu et al. 2020

†Jinbeisaurus wangi Wu et al. 2020

G. †Juratyrant Brusatte and Benson 2013

†Juratyrant langhami Benson 2008

G. †Labocania Molnar 1974

†Labocania anomala Molnar 1974

G. †Moros Zanno et al. 2019

†Moros intrepidus Zanno et al. 2019

Fm. †Proceratosauridae Rauhut et al. 2010

G. †Guanlong Xu et al. 2006

†Guanlong wucaii Xu et al. 2006

G. †Kileskus Averianov et al. 2010

†Kileskus aristotocus Averianov et al. 2010

G. †Proceratosaurus Huene 1926

†Proceratosaurus bradleyi Woodward 1910

G. †Sinotyrannus Ji et al. 2009

†Sinotyrannus kazuoensis Ji et al. 2009

G. †Yutyrannus Xu et al. 2012

†Yutyrannus huali Xu et al. 2012

G. †Raptorex Sereno et al. 2009

†Raptorex kriegsteini Sereno et al. 2009

G. †Santanaraptor Kellner 1999

†Santanaraptor placidus Kellner 1999

G. †Stokesosaurus Madsen 1974

†Stokesosaurus clevelandi Madsen 1974

G. †Suskityrannus Nesbitt et al. 2019

†Suskityrannus hazelae Nesbitt et al. 2019

G. †Teihivenator Yun 2017

†Teihivenator macropus Cope 1868

G. †Theroplantigrada Casanovas Cladellas et al. 1993

†Theroplantigrada encisensis Casanovas Cladellas et al. 1993

G. †Timimus Rich and Vickers-Rich 1994

†Timimus hermani Rich and Vickers-Rich 1994

G. †Timurlengia Brusatte et al. 2016

†Timurlengia euotica Brusatte et al. 2016

Fm. †Tyrannosauridae Osborn 1906 [tyrannosaurid]

G. †Albertosaurus Osborn 1905 [Alberta lizard]

†Albertosaurus sarcophagus Osborn 1905

Invalid names: Albertosaurus arctunguis Parks 1928 [synonym]

G. †Gorgosaurus Lambe 1914

†Gorgosaurus libratus Lambe 1914

Invalid names: Dryptosaurus kenabekides Hay 1899 [synonym], Gorgosaurus sternbergi Matthew and Brown 1922 [synonym], Laelaps falculus Cope 1876 [synonym], Laelaps hazenianus Hay 1902 [synonym], Laelaps incrassatus Cope 1876 [synonym]

G. †Tarbosaurus Maleev 1955

†Tarbosaurus bataar Maleev 1955

Invalid names: Albertosaurus periculosus Riabinin 1930 [synonym], Gorgosaurus lancinator Maleev 1955 [synonym], Gorgosaurus novojilovi Maleev 1955 [synonym], Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis Dong 1977 [synonym], Tarbosaurus efremovi Maleev 1955 [synonym], Tyrannosaurus luanchuanensis Dong 1979 [synonym]

Invalid names: Jenghizkhan Olshevsky 1995 [synonym], Maleevosaurus Carpenter 1992 [synonym], Shanshanosaurus Dong 1977 [synonym]

Subfm. †Tyrannosaurinae Matthew and Brown 1922 [tyrannosaurine]

G. †Alioramus Kurzanov 1976

†Alioramus remotus Kurzanov 1976

Invalid names: Alioramus altai Brusatte 2009 [synonym]

†Alioramus sinensis Lü et al. 2014

Invalid names: Qianzhousaurus Lü et al. 2014 [synonym]

G. †Asiatyrannus Zheng et al. 2024

†Asiatyrannus xui Zheng et al. 2024

Unr. †Daspletosaurini Voris et al. 2020

G. †Daspletosaurus Russell 1970

†Daspletosaurus horneri Carr et al. 2017

†Daspletosaurus torosus Russell 1970

†Daspletosaurus wilsoni Warshaw and Fowler 2022

G. †Thanatotheristes Voris et al. 2020

†Thanatotheristes degrootorum Voris et al. 2020

G. †Dynamoterror McDonald et al. 2018

†Dynamoterror dynastes McDonald et al. 2018

G. †Lythronax Loewen et al. 2013

†Lythronax argestes Loewen et al. 2013

G. †Nanuqsaurus Fiorillo and Tykoski 2014

†Nanuqsaurus hoglundi Fiorillo and Tykoski 2014

G. †Teratophoneus Carr et al. 2011

†Teratophoneus curriei Carr et al. 2011

G. †Tyrannosaurus Osborn 1905 [tyrant lizard]

†Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis Dalman et al. 2024

†Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn 1905 [tyrant lizard king]

Invalid names: Albertosaurus megagracilis Paul 1988 [synonym], Aublysodon molnaris Paul 1988 [synonym], Dynamosaurus imperiosus Osborn 1905 [synonym], Manospondylus gigas Cope 1892 [synonym], Nanotyrannus lancensis Gilmore 1946 [synonym], Tyrannosaurus imperator Paul et al. 2022 [synonym], Tyrannosaurus regina Paul et al. 2022 [synonym]

Invalid names: Dinotyrannus Olshevsky 1995 [synonym], Dynamosaurus Osborn 1905 [synonym], Manospondylus Cope 1892 [synonym], Nanotyrannus Bakker et al. 1988 [synonym], Stygivenator Olshevsky 1995 [synonym], Tyrannosauripus Lessertisseur 1955 [nomen nudum], Tyrannosaurus turpanensis Zhai et al. 1978 [nomen dubium]

G. †Zhuchengtyrannus Hone et al. 2011

†Zhuchengtyrannus magnus Hone et al. 2011

Invalid names: Shanshanosaurinae Olshevsky 1995 [synonym], Tarbosaurini Olshevsky et al. 1995 [empty], Tyrannosaurini Olshevsky et al. 1995 [empty], Tyrannosaurus zhuchengensis Hu et al. 2001 [nomen dubium]

Unr. †Tyrannosauripodidae McCrea et al. 2014

G. †Bellatoripes McCrea et al. 2014

†Bellatoripes fredlundi McCrea et al. 2014

G. †Tyrannosauripus Lockley and Hunt 1994

†Tyrannosauripus pillmorei Lockley and Hunt 1994

G. †Yezosaurus Muramoto and Obata 1977

†Yezosaurus mikasaensis Caldwell et al. 2008

Invalid names: Albertosaurinae Currie et al. 2003 [empty], Aublysodon Leidy 1868 [nomen dubium], Deinodontidae Brown 1914 [synonym], Ornithomimus grandis Marsh 1890 [nomen dubium]

G. †Xiongguanlong Li et al. 2009

†Xiongguanlong baimoensis Li et al. 2009

Invalid names: Alioramini Lü et al. 2014 [empty], Chingkankousaurus Young 1958 [nomen nudum], Deinodon Leidy 1856 [nomen dubium], Diplotomodon Leidy 1868 [nomen dubium], Tomodon horrificus Leidy 1865 [nomen dubium], Tyrannosaurus lanpingensis Yeh 1975 [nomen dubium]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

hydroxyapatiteo

Entire body:

yeso

Adult length:

10 to < 100o

Adult width:

1.0 to < 10o

Adult height:

1.0 to < 10o

Maximum body mass:

10000 kgg

Minimum body mass:

30 kgg

Architecture:

compact or denseo

Ontogeny:

accretion, modification of partso

Grouping:

solitaryo

Environment:

terrestrialo

Locomotion:

actively mobileo

Life habit:

ground dwellingo

Diet:

carnivoresubo

Reproduction:

oviparouso

Dispersal:

direct/internalo

Dispersal 2:

mobileo

Created:

2009-01-03 20:39:15

Modified:

2009-01-03 22:39:15

Source: g = genus, subo = suborder, o = order

References: Benton 1983, Peczkis 1995, Marsh 1875

Age range: base of the Middle Bathonian to the top of the Late/Upper Maastrichtian or 167.70000 to 66.00000 Ma

Collections (558 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Bathonian	168.3 - 166.1	Madagascar (Mahajanga)	Tyrannosauroidea indet. (55391 55393)
Bathonian	168.3 - 166.1	Russian Federation (Krasnoyarsk)	Kileskus aristotocus, Dromaeosauridae indet. (61891)
Middle Bathonian - Late/Upper Bathonian	167.7 - 164.7	United Kingdom (England)	Megalosaurus bradleyi (45883)
Oxfordian	163.5 - 157.3	China (Xinjiang)	Guanlong wucaii (58489)
Kimmeridgian	157.3 - 152.1	Germany (Lower Saxony)	Tyrannosauroidea indet. (213293)
Kimmeridgian - Tithonian	157.3 - 145.0	USA (South Dakota)	Stokesosaurus clevelandi (49631)
Kimmeridgian - Tithonian	157.3 - 145.0	USA (Wyoming)	Stokesosaurus clevelandi (12816)
Late/Upper Kimmeridgian	155.7 - 150.8	Germany (Niedersachsen)	Tyrannosauroidea indet. (149723)
Late/Upper Kimmeridgian - Early/Lower Tithonian	155.7 - 145.0	USA (Colorado)	Stokesosaurus clevelandi (45975)
Tithonian	152.1 - 145.0	USA (Utah)	Stokesosaurus clevelandi, Stokesosaurus sp. (46439)
Youngest occurrences
Time interval	Ma	Country or state	PBDB collection number
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	USA (New Jersey)	Laelaps aquilunguis (48570)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	USA (Montana)	Tyrannosauridae indet. (60169 142326) Tyrannosaurus rex (49005 157187 183109) Tyrannosaurus rex, Gorgosaurus lancensis (14674) Tyrannosaurus sp. (88990 142753 162855 189003)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	USA (South Dakota)	Nanotyrannus lancensis, Tyrannosaurus rex (224484) Tyrannosauridae indet., Tyrannosaurus rex (47034) Tyrannosaurus rex (45388 45389 45390 157189)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	Canada (Alberta)	Deinodontidae indet. (46090 46091) Laelaps incrassatus (11898) Tyrannosauridae indet. (14569) Tyrannosaurus rex (11917 11918 157188)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	USA (Texas)	Tyrannosauridae indet. (68009 68010 68011 156122) Tyrannosaurus rex (69210)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	USA (Colorado)	Theropoda indet. (49527) Tyrannosauridae indet., Tyrannosaurus rex (49539) Tyrannosaurus rex (49535 49538 49547) Tyrannosaurus sp., Theropoda indet. (49523)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	Canada (Saskatchewan)	Tyrannosaurus rex (54105) Tyrannosaurus sp. (225845)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	China (Henan)	Tyrannosaurus luanchuanensis (49800)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	USA (South Carolina)	Appalachiosaurus montgomeriensis (201601)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	USA (New Mexico)	Deinodon sp. (62529 62534) Tyrannosauridae indet. (54100 59068 97795 138833 171027)