Basic info Taxonomic history Classification Included Taxa
Morphology Ecology and taphonomy External Literature Search Age range and collections

Limoidei

Bivalvia - Pectinida

Taxonomy
Limoida was named by Moore (1952). It is extant.

It was corrected as Limida by Bouchet et al. (2010); it was reranked as the unranked clade Limoidei by Carter et al. (2011).

It was assigned to Pteriomorphia by Coan et al. (2000), Todd (2001) and Scholz et al. (2008); to Pteriomorphia by Bouchet et al. (2010); to Anomiidina by Carter et al. (2011); and to Pteriomorphia by Giribet and Wheeler (2002), Bieler and Mikkelsen (2006) and Hickman (2023).

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1952Limoida Moore
2000Limoida Coan et al. pp. 125, 202
2001Limoida Todd
2002Limoida Giribet and Wheeler
2006Limoida Bieler and Mikkelsen p. 230
2008Limoida Scholz et al.
2010Limida Bouchet et al.
2011Limoidei Carter et al. p. 11
2023Limoida Hickman p. 36

Is something missing? Join the Paleobiology Database and enter the data

RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Protostomia
—Spiralia
superphylumLophotrochozoa
phylumMollusca
classBivalvia
—Eubivalvia
subclassAutobranchia(Groblen 1894)
RankNameAuthor
infraclassPteriomorphia(Beurlen 1944)
—OstreomorphiFerussac 1822
—OstreioniFerussac 1822
—OstreataFerussac 1822
superorderOstreiformiiFerussac 1822
orderPectinida(Gray 1854)
suborderAnomiidinaGray 1854
—Limoidei(Moore 1952)
—Limoidei(Moore 1952)

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Unr. Limoidei Moore 1952
show all | hide all
G. †Gloverilima Newell 1999
hide
†Gloverilima pratti Newell 1999
Superfm. Limoidea Rafinesque 1815
hide
Fm. Limidae Rafinesque 1815 [file clam]
+
G. Acesta Adams and Adams 1858
+
Subg. Acesta (Acesta) Adams and Adams 1858
+
†Acesta (Acesta) goajira Olsson and Richards 1961
†Acesta bibbyi Stilwell and Zinsmeister 1992
†Acesta brycei Marwick 1953
Acesta excavata Fabricius 1780
Acesta maui Marshall 2001
†Acesta webbi Zinsmeister and Macellari 1988
†Lima (Acesta) beta Popenoe 1937
†Lima (Acesta) obsoleta Dujardin 1837
†Lima (Acesta) sameshimai Oyama and Mizuno 1958
G. †Anomolima Philippi 1901
G. Antarctolima Habe 1977
G. †Antiquilima Cox 1943
+
†Antiquilima antiquata Sowerby 1818
†Antiquilima atacamensis Hayami et al. 1977
†Antiquilima hians Hautmann 2001
†Antiquilima nodulosa Terquem 1855
†Antiquilima vallieri Newton et al. 1987
G. †Aviculolima Philippi 1900
+
†Aviculolima jaekeli Philippi 1900
G. †Badiotella Bittner 1890
+
†Badiotella concentrica Broili 1904
†Badiotella gracilis Broili 1904
†Badiotella schaurothiana Bittner 1895
†Badiotella subpunctata Broili 1904
G. Callolima Bartsch 1913
G. †Costellacesta Kauffman 1964
G. Ctenoides Mörch 1853
+
Subg. Ctenoides (Ctenoides) Mörch 1853
+
†Ctenoides (Ctenoides) floridana Olsson and Harbison 1953
†Ctenoides ales Finlay 1927
Ctenoides annulatus Lamarck 1819
Ctenoides annulatus Lamarck 1819
†Ctenoides spathulatus Lamarck 1806
†Ctenoides vogeli Dhondt 1983
†Lima (Ctenoides) rara Deshayes 1858
Invalid names: Divaricolima Rovereto 1898 [synonym]
G. †Ctenostreon Eichwald 1862
+
†Ctenostreon newelli Yin and McRoberts 2006
†Ctenostreon proboscideum Sowerby 1820
†Ctenostreon rugosum Smith 1817
+
Invalid names: Ctenostreon wrighti Bayle 1878 [synonym], Ostracites pectiniformis von Schlotheim 1820 [synonym]
G. †Dimorphoconcha Wasmer and Hautmann 2012
+
†Dimorphoconcha globosa Wasmer and Hautmann 2012
G. Divarilima Powell 1958
+
G. †Echinorbis Waterhouse 1987
+
†Echinorbis papillosa Waterhouse 1987
G. †Elimata Dickins 1963
+
†Elimata guppyi Dickins 1963
†Elimata permiana King 1850
†Elimata polita Newell 1955
†Elimata prima Wass and Gould 1968
†Elimata symmetrica Waterhouse 1987
G. †Escalima Iredale 1929
+
Escalima acclinis Hedley 1904
G. Gemellima Iredale 1929
+
G. †Latemaria Wilckens 1909
+
G. Lima Bruguière 1797
+
Subg. Lima (Lima) Bruguiére 1796
+
Lima (Lima) rembangensis Pannekoek 1936
†Lima (Lima) vedderi Moore 1977
†Lima (Lima) pelagica Morton 1833
Subg. Lima (Mantellum) Röding 1798
+
†Lima (Mantellum) duplicata Carle Sowerby 1827
†Mantellum inconspicuum Marwick 1926
Subg. †Lima (Regalilima) Cox 1943
Subg. †Lima (Tirolidia) Bittner 1895
+
†Lima (Tirolidia) cassiana Bittner 1895
†Lima acuta Hyatt 1892
†Lima aequilatera Buvignier 1852
†Lima alpissordidae Winkler 1864
†Lima alternans Bittner 1895
†Lima amaxensis Yokoyama 1911
†Lima appressa Gabb 1864
†Lima areolaris Bittner 1895
†Lima austriaca Bittner 1895
†Lima azzarolae Stoppani 1865
†Lima balatonica Bittner 1901
†Lima bassii Tenison Woods 1877
†Lima bela Dickerson 1917
†Lima bella Dickerson 1917
†Lima blackburnei Smith 1927
†Lima bulloides Lamarck 1806
†Lima canalifera Goldfuss 1836
†Lima cancellata Bittner 1895
Lima caribaea d'Orbigny 1853
†Lima cholla Stoyanow 1949
†Lima cinnabarensis Stanton 1899
†Lima clathrata Fang 1987
†Lima colorata Hutton 1873
†Lima connectens Gemmellaro 1896
†Lima coodei Damon 1860
†Lima costata Münster 1836
†Lima costulata Roemer 1839
†Lima cottaldina d'Orbigny 1847
†Lima delaunayi Cossmann 1907
†Lima densepunctata Roemer 1836
†Lima dilleri Hyatt 1892
†Lima discus Stoppani 1865
†Lima distincta Bittner 1901
†Lima eocenica Nagao 1928
†Lima ericensis De Gregorio 1930
†Lima espinal Stoyanow 1949
†Lima exilis Wood 1839
†Lima flexicostata Winckler 1861
†Lima fulgurans Martin 1933
†Lima geronimoensis Stephenson 1941
Lima glacialis Gmelin 1791
†Lima goliath Sowerby 1883
†Lima goyoni Fischer 1964
†Lima halensis Dall 1916
†Lima harrisiana Alrdrich 1910
†Lima incurvostriata Gümbel 1889
†Lima iraonensis Newton 1895
†Lima kennedyi Squires and Demetrion 1992
†Lima kimballi Smith 1927
†Lima klipsteini Cossmann and Lambert 1884
Lima lima Linnaeus 1758
†Lima lineata Schlotheim 1820
†Lima lineatopunctatus Stoppani 1857
†Lima linguliformis Tate 1886
†Lima loczyi Bittner 1901
†Lima martini Smith 1927
†Lima maxima D'Archiac 1837
†Lima microtis Gabb 1864
†Lima moeschi Loriol 1881
†Lima multilineata Stanton 1895
†Lima muralensis Stoyanow 1949
†Lima nana Fang 1987
†Lima oliva Stoppani 1865
†Lima packardi Weaver and Palmer 1922
†Lima pangymna Cossmann 1907
†Lima parallela Sowerby 1812
†Lima patagonica Wilckens 1907
†Lima paulula Bittner 1895
†Lima paupercula Bittner 1895
†Lima plicatula Wood 1839
†Lima polyactina Tate 1886
†Lima reniformis von Koenen 1897
†Lima retifera Bittner 1895
†Lima robertsae Durham 1944
†Lima sayrei Stephenson 1941
†Lima schardti de Loriol 1883
†Lima shastensis Gabb 1869
†Lima strigilis Bittner 1895
Lima subauriculata Montagu 1808
†Lima subdensepunctata Futterer 1897
†Lima subdistincta Kiparisova 1966
†Lima subdupla Stoppani 1865
†Lima subpunctata d'Orbigny 1849
†Lima subretifera Gemmellaro 1896
†Lima succincta Dumortier 1867
†Lima taylorensis Hyatt 1892
†Lima telleri Bittner 1895
†Lima tenuilineata Fang 1987
Lima tetrica Gould 1851
†Lima transversa Polubotko 1966
Lima vulgaris Link 1807
†Lima wacoensis Roemer 1849
†Lima williamsoni Marwick 1953
†Lima xiangnanensis Fang 1987
Lima zealandica Sowerby 1876
†Lima zitteli Broili 1904
Invalid names: Austrolima Iredale 1929 [synonym], Glaucion Oken 1815 [invalid subgroup], Limigenus Renier 1807 [invalid subgroup], Radula Mörch 1853 [synonym]
G. Limaria Link 1807
+
Subg. Limaria (Limaria) Link 1807
+
†Limaria (Limaria) clarki Nelson 1925
†Limaria (Limaria) orcutti Hertlein and Grant 1972
†Limaria (Limaria) smithvillensis Stenzel and Twining 1957
Limaria hemphilli Hertlein and Strong 1946
†Limaria labani Meznerics 1936
Limaria orientalis Adams 1850
Limaria pacifica d'Orbigny 1846
Limaria pellucida Adams 1846
Invalid names: Limatulella Sacco 1898 [synonym], Promantellum Iredale 1939 [synonym], Submantellum Olsson and Harbison 1953 [synonym], Winckworthia Glibert and Van de Poel 1965 [synonym]
G. Limatula Wood 1839
+
†Lima (Limatula) consobrina d'Orbigny 1845
†Lima (Limatula) elliptica Whiteaves 1861
†Lima (Limatula) pichleri Bittner 1895
†Lima (Limatula) suciensis Whiteaves 1903
†Lima (Limatula) woodsi Suter 1921
Subg. Limatula (Limatula) Wood 1839
+
+
Invalid names: Limatula californica Bernard 1988 [synonym], Limatula macleani Bernard 1988 [synonym]
†Limatula acutilineata Conrad 1858
†Limatula asymbleta Woodring 1982
†Limatula cerealis Douglas and Arkell 1932
†Limatula covacevichi Frassinetti 1997
†Limatula deceptionensis Preston 1916
†Limatula decussata Goldfuss 1835
†Limatula gerardi Vincent 1927
†Limatula jeffreysiana Tate 1885
†Limatula ovata Wood 1839
†Limatula persimilis Stoliczka 1871
†Limatula ponderi Fleming 1978
†Limatula punctatilla Lycett 1863
†Limatula siligo Fleming 1978
†Limatula strangei Sowerby 1872
†Limatula subaequilateralis d'Orbigny 1847
†Limatula tadena Iredale 1939
†Limatula trulla Marwick 1926
G. Limatuletta Sacco 1898
Subfm. Limatulinae Kasum-Zade 2003
+
Tr. †Calcicaniculariini Waterhouse 2008
+
G. †Calcicanicularia Waterhouse 1983
Invalid names: Echinorbinae Waterhouse 2008 [synonym], Limatulini Kasum-Zade 2003 [empty]
G. Limea Bronn 1831
+
†Limaea solida Dall 1898
Subg. †Limea (Eolimea) Cox 1969
Subg. Limea (Isolimea) Iredale 1929
+
Subg. Limea (Limea) Bronn 1831
+
†Limea (Limea) riparia Maxwell 1992
†Limea acuticostata Münster 1836
†Limea alticosta Tate 1886
†Limea delanouei Oppenheim 1902
†Limea margineplicata Klipstein 1843
†Limea nux Guembel 1861
†Limea strigilata Brocchi 1814
†Limea strigillata Brocchi 1814
†Limea tenuisculptata Cossmann 1887
†Limea transenna Tate 1886
G. †Mantellina Sacco 1904
G. †Meotolima Oyama 1943
G. †Mysidioptera Salomon 1895
+
Subg. †Mysidioptera (Pseudacesta) Waagen 1907
+
†Mysidioptera ambigua Bittner 1895
†Mysidioptera ampezzana Bittner 1895
†Mysidioptera baconica Bittner 1901
†Mysidioptera bassanii De Toni 1913
†Mysidioptera beneckei Bittner 1895
†Mysidioptera bittneri Broili 1904
†Mysidioptera cainalli Stoppani 1860
†Mysidioptera carinata Waagen 1907
†Mysidioptera cassiana Bittner 1895
†Mysidioptera cimbrianica Bittner 1901
†Mysidioptera compressa Broili 1904
†Mysidioptera densestriata Bittner 1901
†Mysidioptera dieneri Frech 1912
†Mysidioptera dinarica Bittner 1902
†Mysidioptera dubiosa Bittner 1895
+
Invalid names: Hinnites granulosus Klipstein 1843 [replaced]
†Mysidioptera elongata Broili 1904
†Mysidioptera emiliae Bittner 1900
†Mysidioptera fassaensis Salomon 1895
†Mysidioptera finkelsteini Salomon 1895
†Mysidioptera fornicata Bittner 1895
†Mysidioptera globosa Broili 1904
†Mysidioptera globularis Trechmann 1917
†Mysidioptera gracilis Broili 1904
†Mysidioptera gremblichii Bittner 1895
†Mysidioptera interrupta Broili 1904
†Mysidioptera intertexta Bittner 1895
†Mysidioptera inversa Bittner 1901
†Mysidioptera kittlii Bittner 1895
†Mysidioptera kochi Frech 1912
†Mysidioptera laczkoi Bittner 1901
†Mysidioptera latifissa Broili 1904
†Mysidioptera marginata Broili 1904
†Mysidioptera multicostata Bittner 1901
†Mysidioptera obliqua Broili 1904
†Mysidioptera oblonga Bittner 1895
†Mysidioptera obscura Bittner 1895
†Mysidioptera ornata Salomon 1895
†Mysidioptera planata Broili 1904
†Mysidioptera punctata Chen 1976
†Mysidioptera readi Broili 1904
†Mysidioptera reyeri Bittner 1895
†Mysidioptera riceae Waterhouse 1960
†Mysidioptera rotunda Broili 1904
†Mysidioptera silvatica Frech 1912
†Mysidioptera similis Bittner 1901
†Mysidioptera spinescens Bittner 1901
†Mysidioptera spinigera Bittner 1895
+
Invalid names: Mysidioptera acuta Broili 1904 [synonym]
†Mysidioptera striata Broili 1904
†Mysidioptera striatula Bittner 1895
†Mysidioptera tenella Bittner 1895
†Mysidioptera tenuicostata Bittner 1901
†Mysidioptera vixcostata Stoppani 1860
†Mysidioptera woehrmanni Salomon 1895
G. †Neoinoceramus Ihering 1902
G. Notolimea Iredale 1924
G. †Palaeolima Hind 1903
+
†Palaeolima afanasievi Muromtseva 1984
†Palaeolima anfuensis Li and Ding 1982
†Palaeolima antinaoensis González 1972
†Palaeolima badiotica Prinoth and Posenato 2023
†Palaeolima chekiangensis Ku and Chen 1963
†Palaeolima dieneri Frech 1911
†Palaeolima footei Waagen 1881
†Palaeolima hunanensis Zhang 1977
†Palaeolima jiaheensis Zhang 1981
†Palaeolima kasanensis Netschajew 1894
†Palaeolima krotowi Stuckenberg 1898
†Palaeolima laticostata Tschernyschew 1902
†Palaeolima middlemissi Nakazawa 1981
†Palaeolima minima Chen et al. 1974
†Palaeolima nakamurai Nakazawa 1999
†Palaeolima petaline Zhang 1981
†Palaeolima retifera Shumard and Swallow 1858
†Palaeolima simplex Phillips 1836
†Paleolima triplistriata Stevens 1858
+
Invalid names: Lima fasciculata Girty 1911 [synonym], Lima krotowi Mark 1912 [synonym]
Invalid names: Palaeolima anshunensis Xu 1980 [nomen nudum], Palaeolima nodosocostata Xu 1980 [nomen nudum], Palaeolima planocosta Xu 1980 [nomen nudum], Palaeolima striatocostata Xu 1980 [nomen nudum]
G. †Plagiostoma Sowerby 1814
+
†Lima (Plagiostoma) anonii Greppin 1899
†Lima (Plagiostoma) bynei Cox and Arkell 1948
†Lima (Plagiostoma) hellica d'Orbigny 1850
†Lima (Plagiostoma) hoperi Mantell 1822
†Lima (Plagiostoma) mysica Bittner 1891
†Lima (Plagiostoma) notata de Loriol 1878
†Lima (Plagiostoma) paolii Stefanini 1939
†Lima (Plagiostoma) perplana von Koenen 1897
†Lima (Plagiostoma) rigida Sowerby 1815
†Plagiostoma angulatum Münster 1841
†Plagiostoma aurita Popov 1964
†Plagiostoma bellula Morris and Lycett 1853
†Plagiostoma delettrei Coquand 1852
†Plagiostoma deltoideum Girty 1909
†Plagiostoma euximium Bayle 1878
†Plagiostoma gigantea Boehm 1911
†Plagiostoma giganteum Sowerby 1814
†Plagiostoma harronis Dacque 1905
+
Invalid names: Lima (Plagiostoma) bianchii Jaboli 1959 [synonym]
†Plagiostoma hermanni Voltz 1830
†Plagiostoma hesione D'Orbigny 1850
†Plagiostoma hoperi Mantell 1822
†Plagiostoma immensum Repin 2013
†Plagiostoma inversa Waagen 1881
†Plagiostoma lenaensis Kurushin 1998
†Plagiostoma malinovskyi Bychkov et al. 1976
†Plagiostoma marticensis Matheron 1843
†Plagiostoma nudum Parona 1889
†Plagiostoma ootatoorensis Stoliczka 1871
†Plagiostoma popovi Kurushin 1985
†Plagiostoma praecursor Quenstedt 1856
†Plagiostoma pratzi Boehm 1881
†Plagiostoma punctata Sowerby 1818
†Plagiostoma punctatum Sowerby 1818
†Plagiostoma rigida Sowerby 1815
†Plagiostoma rodburgensis Whidborne 1883
†Plagiostoma semicircularis Goldfuss 1835
†Plagiostoma striatum Schlotheim 1820
†Plagiostoma sublaeviusculum Krumbeck 1905
†Plagiostoma subpunctatoides Krumbeck 1924
†Plagiostoma subsimplex Thomas and Peron 1891
†Plagiostoma subvaloniense Krumbeck 1923
†Plagiostoma tihensis Abbass 1962
G. Platilimaria Habe 1977
G. Plicacesta Vokes 1963
+
+
Invalid names: Lima perrini Waring 1914 [synonym]
G. †Pseudoctenostreon Burckhardt 1930
G. †Pseudolimea Douglas and Arkell 1932
+
†Lima kerri Stephenson 1923
†Lima kimbroensis Stephenson 1941
†Lima pelagica woolseyi Stephenson 1941
†Lima sellardsi Stephenson 1941
†Limea (Pseudolimea) cristata Dumortier 1869
†Pseudolimea chongi Hayami et al. 1977
†Pseudolimea composita Sowerby 1836
†Pseudolimea cumaunica Bittner 1899
†Pseudolimea dilatata von Koenen 1897
†Pseudolimea duplicata Sowerby 1814
†Pseudolimea fida Marwick 1953
†Pseudolimea hettangiensis Terquem 1855
†Pseudolimea inanis Marwick 1953
†Pseudolimea interplicosa Stoliczka 1871
+
Invalid names: Lima bleicheri Thomas and Peron 1890 [synonym]
†Pseudolimea itieriana Pictet and Roux 1852
†Pseudolimea kaplani Kurushin 1987
†Pseudolimea koninckana Chapuis and Dewalque 1853
†Pseudolimea liasina Gemmellaro 1874
†Pseudolimea naumanni Kobayashi and Ichikawa 1951
†Pseudolimea neglecta Tate 1867
†Pseudolimea reticulata Forbes 1845
†Pseudolimea riccardii Damborenea 2012
G. †Pseudolucina Wilckens 1909
G. †Roncania de Gregorio 1896
G. †Serania Krumbeck 1923
+
†Serania seranensis Krumbeck 1923
G. †Seymourtula Zinsmeister 1988
+
†Seymourtula antarctica Wilckens 1910
Invalid names: Ctenostreoninae Kasum-Zade 2003 [empty], Liminae Rafinesque 1815 [empty], Mysidiopterinae Waterhouse 2008 [empty], Plagiostominae Kasum-Zade 2003 [empty], Radulidae Adams and Adams 1858 [synonym]
Invalid names: Isolimeidae Kasum-Zade 2003 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: low Mg calciteo
Composition 2: aragoniteo
Environment: marineo
Locomotion: stationaryo
Life habit: epifaunalo
Diet: suspension feedero
Vision: blindc
Created: 2007-09-26 09:12:53
Modified: 2009-12-13 03:10:49
Source: o = order, c = class
References: Aberhan et al. 2004, Kiessling 2004

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Late/Upper Famennian to the top of the Holocene or 364.70000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 360.7 Ma

Collections (3340 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Famennian372.2 - 358.9Germany (Sauerland) Palaeolima sp. (235206)
Late/Upper Famennian364.7 - 360.7Germany (Nordrhein-Westfalen) Palaeolima sp. (38266 162207)
Late/Upper Famennian364.7 - 360.7China Palaeolima sp. A (162314)
Tournaisian358.9 - 346.7China Palaeolima sp. A (162313)
Jiusian346.7 - 335.2China (Guangdong) Palaeolima sp. (55694)
Asbian340.0 - 336.0United Kingdom (England) Palaeolima sp. (5995)
Brigantian336.0 - 330.9United Kingdom (England) Palaeolima simplex (162351)
Chesterian335.5 - 323.2USA (Arizona) Paleolima chesterensis (124256)
Pendleian330.9 - 327.0United Kingdom (England) Palaeolima simplex (162352)
Serpukhovian330.9 - 323.2USA (West Virginia) Palaeolima sp. (56143)
Serpukhovian330.9 - 323.2USA (Oklahoma) Paleolima inequicostata (5611)
Arnsbergian327.0 - 323.7United Kingdom (England) Palaeolima simplex (162360 162361 162363) Palaeolima sp. (8428)
Bashkirian - Moscovian323.2 - 307.0Argentina (Chubut) Palaeolima antinaoensis (39936)
Bashkirian - Moscovian323.2 - 307.0Argentina Palaeolima antinaoensis (88682 88684 88686)
Alportian322.8 - 321.8United Kingdom (England) Palaeolima simplex (162353)
Westphalian318.7 - 307.5Spain Lima retifera (73298)
Moscovian315.2 - 307.0Svalbard and Jan Mayen Palaeolima sp. (212497)
Moscovian315.2 - 307.0Argentina (La Rioja) Palaeolima sp. (39939)
Moscovian315.2 - 307.0USA (Kentucky) Lima retifera (195795)
Kashirian - Myachkovian313.8 - 307.0USA (New Mexico) Paleolima sp. (46548)