PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Pholadoidea

Bivalvia - Pholadida

Taxonomy

Pholadoidea was named by Lamarck (1809). It is extant.

It was assigned to Pholadina by Ward (1992) and Coan et al. (2000); to Myoida by Bieler and Mikkelsen (2006) and Rosenberg et al. (2006); to Veneroida by Nevesskaja (2009); to Myida by Bouchet et al. (2010); and to Pholadida by Carter et al. (2011).

Subtaxa

Pholadidae (syn. Hypogaeidae), Teredinidae, Xylophagaidae

Synonyms

Pholadacea was named by Lamarck (1809) [m. kosnik taxon no: 6119].

It was replaced with Pholadoidea by Ride et al. (1999).

It was assigned to Pholadina by Newell (1965), Squires (1984), Ward and Blackwelder (1987) and Squires (1987); and to Myoida by Vokes (1980) and Kennedy (1993).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1809	Pholadacea Lamarck
1809	Pholadoidea Lamarck
1965	Pholadacea Newell p. 21
1980	Pholadacea Vokes p. 187
1984	Pholadacea Squires p. 53
1987	Pholadacea Squires p. 71
1987	Pholadacea Ward and Blackwelder p. 131
1992	Pholadoidea Ward p. 115
1993	Pholadacea Kennedy p. 397
2000	Pholadoidea Coan et al. p. 466
2006	Pholadoidea Bieler and Mikkelsen p. 235
2006	Pholadoidea Rosenberg et al.
2009	Pholadoidea Nevesskaja
2010	Pholadoidea Bouchet et al.
2011	Pholadoidea Carter et al. p. 17

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Protostomia
—	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca
class	Bivalvia
—	Eubivalvia
subclass	Autobranchia	(Groblen 1894)

Rank	Name	Author
infraclass	Heteroconchia	(Gray 1854)
—	Cardiomorphi	Ferussac 1822
—	Cardioni	Ferussac 1822
—	Cardiidia	Ferussac 1822
—	Cardiata	Ferussac 1822
superorder	Pholadiformii	Gray 1854
order	Pholadida	Gray 1854
superfamily	Pholadoidea	Lamarck 1809
superfamily	Pholadoidea	Lamarck 1809

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Superfm. Pholadoidea Lamarck 1809

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Fm. Pholadidae Lamarck 1809

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G. Cyrtopleura Tryon 1862

Subg. Cyrtopleura (Scobinopholas) Grant and Gale 1931

Cyrtopleura costata Linnaeus 1758

Cyrtopleura crucigera Sowerby 1834

†Cyrtopleura levesquei Watelet 1851

G. Dactylina Gray

Dactylina oblongata Say 1822

G. Diplothyra Tryon 1862

Diplothyra smithii Tryon 1862

Subfm. Jouannetiinae Tryon 1862

G. Jouannetia Des Moulins 1828

Subg. Jouannetia (Jouannetia) Des Moulins 1828

Jouannetia (Jouannetia) tournoueri Locard 1877

Subg. Jouannetia (Pholadopsis)

†Jouannetia cuneata Tate 1887

G. Netastoma

Netastoma rostratum Valenciennes 1846

†Netastoma squiresi Kennedy 1993

Invalid names: Nettastomella Carpenter 1865 [synonym]

G. Lignopholas Turner 1955

G. Martesia Sowerby 1824

Subg. Martesia (Martesia) Sowerby 1834

Subg. Martesia (Particoma)

†Martesia cazadoriana Wilckens 1907

†Martesia clausa Gabb 1864

Martesia cuneiformis Say 1822

†Martesia cylindrica Riedel 1933

†Martesia fragilis

†Martesia mcevoyi McLearn 1929

†Martesia meganosensis Clark and Woodford 1927

†Martesia oligocenica Maury 1912

†Martesia ovalis Say 1820

†Martesia sanctidominici Maury 1917

†Martesia sanctipauli Maury 1917

Martesia striata Linnaeus 1758

Subfm. Martesiinae Grant 1931

G. †Aspidopholas Fischer 1887

†Aspidopholas obtecta

G. Chaceia

†Chaceia fulcherae Kennedy 1993

Chaceia ovoidea Gould 1851

G. †Formosulus

G. †Goniochasma Meek 1864

†Turnus (Goniochasma) crockfordi Warren 1934

G. †Heteropholas

G. Parapholas Conrad 1848

Parapholas californica Conrad 1837

†Parapholas quadrizonata

†Parapholas satoi Nagao 1928

G. Penitella Valenciennes 1846

Penitella conradi Valenciennes 1846

Invalid names: Pholadidea parva Tryon 1865 [synonym]

Penitella fitchi Turner 1955

†Penitella gabbii Tryon 1863

Penitella penita Conrad 1837

Invalid names: Penitella speloeum Conrad 1855 [synonym]

Penitella richardsoni Kennedy 1989

G. Pholadidea Turton 1819

Subg. Pholadidea (Hatasia)

†Pholadidea increnata Marwick 1929

†Pholadidea patagonica Philippi 1887

G. †Ramsetia Stephenson 1941

G. †Xylophomya

G. †Opertochasma Stephenson 1953

Subfm. Pholadinae Lamarck 1809

G. Barnea Leach 1826

Subg. Barnea (Anchomasa) Leach 1852

†Barnea (Anchomasa) saulae Kennedy 1993

Subg. Barnea (Barnea) Leach 1826

Barnea (Barnea) cylindrica Sowerby 1818

Subg. Barnea (Umitakea) Habe 1952

†Barnea australasiae

†Barnea dilatata

Barnea pacifica Stearns 1871

†Barnea shihchoensis Wang 1983

Barnea subtruncata Sowerby I 1834

†Barnea tiara Tate 1887

Barnea truncata Say 1822

G. †Clavipholas Conrad 1868

G. Cyrtopleuropsis Pacaud 1998

Tr. †Euxinibarneini Zhgenti 1991

G. †Euxinibarnea Zhgenti 1966

G. Monothyra Tryon 1862

G. Nipponopholas Okamato and Habe 1987

G. Pholas Linnaeus 1758

Subg. †Pholas (Monothyra)

Subg. Pholas (Pholas) Linnaeus 1758

†Pholas (Pholas) memmingeri Tuomey and Holmes 1858

Subg. Pholas (Thovana) Gray 1847

Pholas (Thovana) campechiensis Gmelin 1791

Pholas (Thovana) chiloensis Molina 1782

†Pholas (Thovana) producta Conrad 1863

†Pholas arcuata Conrad 1841

†Pholas baudoni Deshayes 1857

Pholas dactylus Linnaeus 1758

†Pholas intermedia Wood 1879

†Pholas mackiana Maury 1912

†Pholas pectorosa Conrad 1852

†Pholas triquetra Conrad 1848

Invalid names: Hypogaea Poli 1791 [synonym]

G. †Zirlona

Invalid names: Pholadini Lamarck 1809 [empty], Zirfaeinae Gray 1851 [synonym]

G. †Teredina

†Teredina personata Lamarck 1806

Subfm. Xylophaginae Purchon 1941

G. †Xylophagella Meek 1864

†Xylophagella crassula Stoliczka 1870

†Xylophagella littlei Hryniewicz 2019

G. Xylopholas Turner 1972

G. Xyloredo Turner 1972

G. †Zirphaea Gray 1840

†Zirphaea dentata Gabb 1866

†Zirphaea plana White 1889

Invalid names: Hypogaeidae Rafinesque 1815 [synonym], Martesinae Grant and Gale 1931 [empty]

Fm. Teredinidae Rafinesque 1815

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Subfm. Kuphinae Tryon 1862

G. Kuphus Guettard 1770

†Kuphus fistula Lea 1843

†Kuphus incrassatus Gabb 1873

Invalid names: Teredo circula Aldrich 1886 [synonym]

Kuphus polythalamia Linnaeus 1767

Invalid names: Clossonnaria Ferussac 1821 [synonym], Furcella Lamarck 1801 [synonym], Succinodon Huene 1941 [synonym]

G. †Terebrimya Stephenson 1953

Subfm. Teredininae Rafinesque 1815

G. †Bactronophorus Tapparone-Canefri 1877

Subfm. Bankiini Turner 1966

G. Bankia Gray 1842

Subg. Bankia (Lyrodobankia)

†Bankia lincolnensis Durham and Zullo 1961

Bankia setacea Tryon 1863

G. Nausitora Wright 1864

†Nausitora wrigleyi Gale 1995

G. Nototeredo Bartsch 1923

†Nototeredo globosa Meek and Hayden 1858

Invalid names: Teredo selliformis Meek and Hayden 1860 [synonym]

G. †Dicyathifer Iredale 1932

G. †Lyrodus Gould 1870

G. Teredora Bartsch 1921

G. †Uperotus Guettard 1770

Invalid names: Teredinini Rafinesque 1815 [empty]

G. †Teredinopsis

G. Teredo Linnaeus 1758

Subg. †Teredo (Psiloteredo) Bartsch 1922

Subg. Teredo (Teredo) Linnaeus 1758

†Teredo (Teredo) davisi Gale 1995

†Teredo alpina Traub 1938

†Teredo dendrolestes Brown and Pilsbry 1911

†Teredo mississippiensis Conrad 1854

†Teredo pugetensis White 1889

†Teredo simplex Lea 1833

†Teredo simplexopsis de Gregorio 1890

†Teredo virginiana Clark 1895

G. Teredothyra Bartsch 1921

G. †Turnus Gabb 1864

†Turnus gregarius Anderson 1938

†Turnus lacombi McLearn 1933

†Turnus plenus Gabb 1864

G. Xylotrya Blainville 1828

Teredo (Xylotrya) palmulatus Lamarck 1818

Invalid names: Teredolithus Bartsch 1930 [invalid subgroup]

Fm. Xylophagaidae Purchon 1941

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G. Xylophaga Turton 1822

†Xylophaga mississippiensis Meyer 1886

Invalid names: Pholadacea Lamarck 1809 [replaced]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

aragonitec

Locomotion:

stationarysuperf

Life habit:

boringsuperf

Diet:

suspension feedersuperf

Vision:

blindc

Comments:

LIFE HISTORY: WB, SE/IM, UN, SU according to Todd (2001).superf

Created:

2009-09-09 13:51:52

Modified:

2009-09-09 15:51:52

Source: superf = superfamily, c = class

References: Aberhan et al. 2004, Sanchez Roig 1926

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Sinemurian to the top of the Holocene or 199.30000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 190.8 Ma

Collections (871 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Sinemurian	199.3 - 190.8	Peru	Bankia sp. (36961)
Pliensbachian - Aalenian	190.8 - 170.3	Peru (Junín)	Martesia sp. (202438)
Callovian	166.1 - 163.5	India	Turnus callovensis (61467)
Middle Oxfordian	161.2 - 155.7	France	Jouannetia gelyana (11084)
Middle Oxfordian	161.2 - 155.7	Germany (Niedersachsen)	Jouannetia sp. (31435)
Tithonian	152.1 - 145.0	Greenland	Xylophagainae indet. (1227)
Berriasian	145.0 - 139.8	Russian Federation	Teredo sp. (2499)
Early/Lower Barremian	130.0 - 125.45	South Africa	Teredo sp. (65839)
Late/Upper Barremian	130.0 - 125.45	Greenland	Turnus sp. (55728 55730 55731)
Aptian	125.0 - 113.0	United Kingdom (England)	Goniochasma dallasi (1859)
Aptian	125.0 - 113.0	Japan (Iwate)	Teredo matsushimaensis (40315 40316 40553 40554)
Late/Upper Aptian	122.46 - 113.0	South Africa	Teredo sp. (65837 65963)
Late/Upper Aptian	122.46 - 113.0	New Zealand	Martesia sp. (65630 65634 65635)
Late/Upper Aptian - Early/Lower Albian	122.46 - 109.0	USA (California)	Turnus gregarius (225527)
Early/Lower Aptian	121.4 - 122.46	Switzerland	Pholas cornueliana (2175)
Albian	113.0 - 100.5	Canada (Alberta)	Turnus lacombi (87418)
Albian	113.0 - 100.5	Switzerland	Pholas sanctae-crucis (2167)
Early/Lower Albian	112.03 - 109.0	United Kingdom (England)	Martesia sp., Terebrimya sp., Xylophagella sp. (1785) Terebrimya sp. (1834)
Motuan	103.3 - 99.5	New Zealand	Teredo sp. (83507)
Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	USA (Texas)	Opertochasma subconicum (4648) Opertochasma subconicum, Terebrimya lamarana (6578 6604 6635) Opertochasma venustum (6498 6513 6525) Pholas scaphoides (4641 6548) Terebrimya lamarana (6508 6646)