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Urodela (salamander)

Amphibia - Temnospondyli - Urodela

Taxonomy
Urodeles was named by Duméril (1805) [also attributed to Rafinesque 1815; spelt as "Urodelia" by Rafinesque and as Urodela by later authors: see Dundee 1989]. It is extant.

It was reranked as the family Urodela by Säve-Söderbergh (1934), Gardner (2001), Gao and Shubin (2001), Gao and Shubin (2003) and Böhme (2008); it was reranked as the suborder Urodela by Huene (1954); it was synonymized subjectively with Caudata by Dundee (1989); it was reranked as the order Urodela by Cope (1875), Gadow (1898), Hay (1902), Jaekel (1911), Swinton (1934), Kuhn (1946), Estes (1964), Haubold (1971), Haubold (1974), Gardiner (1982), Carroll (1988), Gauthier et al. (1989), Evans and Milner (1996), Wang (2000), Averianov and Voronkevich (2002), Zhang et al. (2009), Jia and Gao (2016) and Jia and Gao (2019).

It was assigned to Batrachia by Cope (1875) and Hay (1902); to Choanata by Säve-Söderbergh (1934); to Euamphibia by Kuhn (1946); to Pseudocentrophori by Huene (1954); to Amphibia by Jaekel (1911), Swinton (1934) and Estes (1964); to Urodelomorpha by Haubold (1971); to Urodelomorpha by Haubold (1974); to Paratoidea by Gardiner (1982); to Lepospondyli by Carroll (1988); to Lissamphibia by Gadow (1898) and Gauthier et al. (1989); to Caudata by Evans and Milner (1996), Wang (2000), Gardner (2001), Gao and Shubin (2001), Averianov and Voronkevich (2002) and Gao and Shubin (2003); to Amphibia by Böhme (2008); and to Caudata by Zhang et al. (2009), Jia and Gao (2016) and Jia and Gao (2019).

Subtaxa
Ambystomatoidea, Amphiumidae, Cryptobranchoidea, Hemitrypus, Hynobiidae, Iridotriton, Kiyatriton, Laccotriton, Liaoxitriton, Meantes, Menopomidae, Neocaudata, Nesovtriton, Nezpercius, Plethodontidae, Pleurodelidae, Polysemia, Proteidae, Rhyacotritonidae, Salamandra, Salamandridae, Salamandroidea, Seminobatrachus, Sinerpeton, Sirenidae, Thoriidae, Valdotriton
Sister taxa
Amphiumidae, Hynobiidae, Menopomidae, Plethodontidae, Pleurodelidae, Proteidae, Rhyacotritonidae, Salamandridae, Sirenidae, Thoriidae

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1875Urodela Cope p. 11
1898Urodela Gadow p. 13
1902Urodela Hay p. 424
1911Urodela Jaekel p. 129
1934Urodela Swinton p. 76
1934Urodela Säve-Söderbergh p. 17
1946Urodela Kuhn p. 53
1954Urodela Huene p. 7
1964Urodela Estes p. 62
1971Urodela Haubold p. 24
1974Urodela Haubold p. 26
1982Urodela Gardiner p. 228
1988Urodela Carroll
1989Urodela Gauthier et al. p. 349
1993Neocaudata Cannatella and Hillis
1996Neocaudata Evans and Milner p. 629
1996Urodela Evans and Milner p. 629
2000Urodela Wang p. 100
2001Urodela Gao and Shubin p. 574
2001Urodela Gardner p. 334 fig. 8
2002Urodela Averianov and Voronkevich p. 209
2003Urodela Gao and Shubin p. 424
2008Urodela Böhme p. 165
2009Urodela Zhang et al. p. 552
2016Urodela Jia and Gao
2019Urodela Jia and Gao

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
RankNameAuthor
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
classAmphibia
orderTemnospondyli()
—Lissamphibia()
—Batrachia(Macartney 1802)
—Caudata(Scopoli 1777)
familyUrodela()
familyUrodela()

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. Urodela Duméril 1805 [salamander]
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Subor. †Ambystomatoidea
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Fm. Ambystomatidae Hallowell 1856 [mole salamander]
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G. Amblystoma Tschudi 1838 [mole salamander]
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Amblystoma maculatum Shaw 1802 [Spotted salamander]
†Amblystoma minshalli Tihen and Chantell 1963
Ambystoma gracile Baird 1859 [Northwestern salamander]
†Ambystoma hibbardi Tihen 1955
†Ambystoma kansense Adams and Martin 1929
Ambystoma mexicanum Shaw 1789 [axolotl]
†Ambystoma minshalli Tihen and Chantell 1963
Ambystoma opacum Gravenhorst 1807 [Marbled salamander]
Ambystoma texanum Matthes 1855 [Small-mouth salamander]
Ambystoma tigrinum Green 1825 [tiger salamander]
†Ambystoma tiheni Holman 1968
G. †Amphitriton Rogers 1976
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†Amphitriton brevis Rogers 1976
G. †Plioambystoma Adams and Martin 1929
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†Plioambystoma kansensis Adams and Martin 1929
Fm. Dicamptodontidae Tihen 1958 [giant salamander]
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G. Dicamptodon Strauch 1870 [Pacific giant salamander]
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†Dicamptodon antiquus Naylor and Fox 1993
Dicamptodon ensatus Eschscholtz 1833 [California giant salamander]
Subfm. †Dicamptodontinae Tihen 1958
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G. †Ambystomichnus Peabody 1954
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G. †Bargmannia Herre 1955
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†Bargmannia wettsteini Herre 1955
G. †Chrysotriton Estes 1981
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†Chrysotriton tiheni Estes 1981
G. †Geyeriella Herre 1950
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†Geyeriella mertensi Herre 1950
G. †Wolterstorffiella Herre 1950
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Invalid names: Rhyacotritoninae Tihen 1958 [empty]
Fm. †Scapherpetontidae Auffenberg and Goin 1959
+
+
G. †Horezmia Nessov 1981
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†Horezmia gracile Nessov 1981
G. †Lisserpeton Estes 1965
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†Lisserpeton bairdi Estes 1965
G. †Piceoerpeton Meszoely 1967
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†Piceoerpeton naylori Gardner 2012
†Piceoerpeton willwoodense Meszoely 1967
G. †Scapherpeton Cope 1876
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†Scapherpeton tectum Cope 1876
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Invalid names: Hedronchus sternbergii Cope 1876 [synonym], Hemitrypus jordanianus Cope 1876 [synonym], Scapherpeton excisum Cope 1876 [synonym], Scapherpeton favosum Cope 1876 [synonym], Scapherpeton laticolle Cope 1876 [synonym]
Fm. Amphiumidae Gray 1825
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G. Amphiuma Garden 1821 [amphiuma]
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†Amphiuma jepseni Estes 1969
Amphiuma means Garden 1821 [two-toed amphiuma]
Amphiuma pholeter Neill 1964 [one-toed amphiuma]
Amphiuma tridactylum Cuvier 1827 [three-toed amphiuma]
Invalid names: Amphiuma antica Holman 1977 [nomen dubium]
G. Muraenopsis Fitzinger
G. †Paleoamphiuma Rieppel and Grande 1998
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†Paleoamphiuma tetradactylum Rieppel and Grande 1998
G. †Proamphiuma Estes 1969
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†Proamphiuma cretacea Estes 1969
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G. †Chunerpeton Gao and Shubin 2003
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†Chunerpeton tianyiensis Gao and Shubin 2003
Fm. Cryptobranchidae Cope 1889 [hellbender]
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G. Andrias Tschudi 1837 [giant salamander]
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†Andrias bohemicus Laube 1897
Andrias davidianus Blanchard 1871 [Chinese giant salamander]
Andrias japonicus Temminck 1836 [Japanese giant salamander]
†Andrias matthewi Cook 1917
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Invalid names: Cryptobranchus mccalli Tihen and Chantell 1963 [synonym]
†Andrias scheuchzeri Tschudi 1837
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Invalid names: Andrias tschudi von Meyer 1859 [synonym]
Invalid names: Megalobatrachus Tschudi 1837 [synonym]
Subfm. †Aviturinae Gubin 1991
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G. †Aviturus Gubin 1991
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†Aviturus exsecratus Gubin 1991
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Invalid names: Ulanurus fractus Gubin 1991 [synonym]
Invalid names: Ulanurus Gubin 1991 [synonym]
G. †Zaissanurus Tschernov 1959
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†Zaissanurus beliajevae Chernov 1959
G. Cryptobranchus Leuckart 1821 [hellbender]
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Cryptobranchus alleganiensis Daudin 1803 [hellbender]
†Cryptobranchus guildayi Holman 1977
Invalid names: Plicagnathus Cook 1917 [synonym], Sieboldia Blanchard 1871 [synonym]
G. †Eoscapherpeton Nessov 1981
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†Eoscapherpeton asiaticum Nessov 1981
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Invalid names: Mynbulakia surgayi Nessov 1981 [synonym]
†Eoscapherpeton superum Nessov 1997
Invalid names: Mynbulakia Nessov 1981 [synonym]
G. †Linglongtriton Jia and Gao 2019
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†Linglongtriton daxishanensis Jia and Gao 2019
G. †Nuominerpeton Jia and Gao 2016
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†Nuominerpeton aquilonaris Jia and Gao 2016
G. †Hemitrypus Cope 1876
Fm. Hynobiidae Cope 1866
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G. Batrachuperus Boulenger 1878 [Mountain salamanders]
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Batrachuperus mustersi Smith 1940 [Paghman mountain salamander]
G. Hynobius Tschudi 1838 [Asian salamanders]
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Hynobius boulengeri Thompson 1912 [Boulengers oriental salamander]
Hynobius formosanus Maki 1922 [Taiwan salamander]
Hynobius leechii Boulenger 1887 [Gensan salamander]
Hynobius naevius Temminck and Schlegel 1838 [Sagami salamander]
Hynobius nebulosus Temminck and Schlegel 1838 [Mitsjama salamander]
Hynobius retardatus Dunn 1923 [Noboribetsu salamander]
G. Liua Zhao and Hu 1983 [Sichuan salamanders]
+
Liua shihi Liu 1950 [Sichuan salamander]
G. Onychodactylus Tschudi 1838 [Clawed salamanders]
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Onychodactylus fischeri Boulenger 1886 [Fischer's clawed salamander]
Onychodactylus japonicus Houttuyn 1782 [Japanese clawed salamander]
G. †Parahynobius Venczel 1999
G. Ranodon Kessler 1866 [Siberian salamanders]
+
Ranodon tsinpaensis Liu and Hu 1966 [Shaanxi salamander]
G. †Iridotriton Evans et al. 2005
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†Iridotriton hechti Evans et al. 2005
G. †Kiyatriton Averianov and Voronkevich 2002
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†Kiyatriton krasnolutskii Skutchas 2016
†Kiyatriton leshchinskiyi Averianov and Voronkevich 2002
G. †Laccotriton Gao et al. 1998
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†Laccotriton subsolanus Gao et al. 1998
G. †Liaoxitriton Dong and Wang 1998
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†Liaoxitriton zhongjiani Dong and Wang 1998
Fm. Menopomidae Cope 1875
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G. Menopoma Harlan
G. †Nesovtriton Skutschas 2009
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†Nesovtriton mynbulakensis Skutschas 2009
G. †Nezpercius Blob et al. 2001
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†Nezpercius dodsoni Blob et al. 2001
Fm. Plethodontidae Gray 1850 [lungless salamander]
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G. Aneides Baird 1849
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Aneides lugubris Baird 1849 [Arboreal salamander]
G. Batrachoseps Bonaparte 1839
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Batrachoseps attenuatus Escholtz 1833 [California slender salamander]
Batrachoseps relictus Brame and Murray 1968 [Relictual slender salamander]
Subfm. †Desmognathinae Gray 1850
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G. Desmognathus Baird 1850
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Desmognathus aeneus Brown and Bishop 1947 [Seepage salamander]
Desmognathus auriculatus Holbrook 1838 [Southern dusky salamander]
Desmognathus fuscus Rafinesque 1820 [Northern dusky salamander]
Desmognathus monticola Dunn 1916 [Seal salamander]
Desmognathus quadramaculatus Holbrook 1840 [Blackbelly salamander]
Desmognathus wrighti King 1936 [Pigmy salamander]
G. †Eurycea
G. Gyrinophilus Cope 1869
+
G. Hemidactylium Tschudi
G. Manculus Cope 1869
G. †Palaeoplethodon Poinar and Wake 2015
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†Palaeoplethodon hispaniolae Poinar and Wake 2015
G. Plethodon Tschudi 1838 [woodland salamander]
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Plethodon cinereus Green 1818 [Redback salamander]
Plethodon glutinosus Green 1818 [northern slimy salamander]
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G. Pseudotriton Tschudi 1838
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Pseudotriton ruber Sonnini 1802 [Red salamander]
G. Spelerpes Rafinesque 1832
G. Stereochilus Cope 1869
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Fm. Pleurodelidae Gray 1850
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G. Diemyctylus Rafinesque 1820
G. †Polysemia Meyer 1860
Fm. Proteidae Hogg 1838 [mudpuppy]
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G. †Euronecturus Macaluso et al. 2021
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†Euronecturus grogu Macaluso et al. 2021
G. †Mioproteus Estes and Darevsky 1978
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†Mioproteus caucasicus Estes and Darevsky 1978
†Mioproteus gardneri Venczel and Codrea 2019
G. Necturus Rafinesque
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Necturus alabamensis Viosca 1937 [Alabama waterdog]
Necturus beyeri Viosca 1937 [Gulf Coast waterdog]
†Necturus krausei Naylor 1978
Necturus lewisi Brimley 1934 [Neuse River wtaerdog]
Necturus maculosus Rafinesque 1818 [mudpuppy]
Necturus punctatus Gibbes 1850 [Dwarf waterdog]
G. †Orthophyia von Meyer 1845
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†Orthophyia longa Meyer 1845
G. †Paranecturus DeMar, Jr. 2013
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†Paranecturus garbanii DeMar, Jr. 2013
G. Proteus Laurenti 1768 [Old World blind cave salamander]
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Proteus anguinus Laurenti 1768 [olm]
†Proteus bavaricus Brunner 1956
Fm. Rhyacotritonidae Tihen 1958 [torrent salamander]
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G. Rhyacotriton Dunn 1920 [torrent salamander]
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Rhyacotriton olympicus Gaige 1917 [Olympic torrent salamander]
G. Salamandra Laurenti 1768
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†Salamandra goussardiana Lartet 1851
Salamandra lanzai Nascetti et al. 1988 [Lanzas fire salamander]
†Salamandra mimula Brunner 1957
Salamandra opaca Gravenhorst 1807
Salamandra salamandra Linnaeus 1758 [Fire salamander]
†Salamandra sansaniensis Lartet 1851
Fm. Salamandridae Gray 1825 [newt]
+
G. †Archaeotriton von Meyer 1860
+
G. †Brachycormus von Meyer 1860
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†Brachycormus noachius Goldfuss 1831
G. †Carpathotriton Venczel 2008
G. †Chelotriton Pomel 1853
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†Chelotriton ogygius Goldfuss 1831
†Chelotriton paradoxus Pomel 1853
†Chelotriton robustus Westphal 1979
G. Chioglossa Bocage 1868
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Chioglossa lusitanica Bocage 1864 [Gold-striped salamander]
†Chioglossa meini Estes and Hoffstetter 1976
G. Euproctus Gené 1838 [European brook salamander]
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Euproctus rusconii Gene 1838 [Sardinian brook salamander]
G. Ichthyosaura Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille 1801
G. †Koaliella Herre 1950
G. †Koalliella Herre 1950
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†Koalliella genzeli Herre 1950
G. Lissotriton Bell 1839
G. †Megalotriton Zittel 1890
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†Megalotriton filholi Zittel 1890
†Megalotriton portisi De Stefano 1903
G. Mertensiella Wolterstorff 1925 [Caucasian salamander]
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Mertensiella caucasica Waga 1876 [Caucasian salamander]
Mertensiella luschani Steindachner 1891 [Luschans salamander]
G. Notophthalmus Rafinesque 1820
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†Notophthalmus crassus Tihen 1974
†Notophthalmus robustus Estes 1963
†Notophthalmus slaughteri Holman 1966
Notophthalmus viridescens Rafinesque 1820 [Eastern newt]
G. †Oligosemia Longinos Navás 1922
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†Oligosemia spinosa Longinos Navás 1922
G. Ommatotriton Owen 1850
G. †Palaeopleurodeles Herre 1941
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G. †Phosphotriton Tissier et al. 2016
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†Phosphotriton sigei Tissier et al. 2016
G. Pleurodeles Michahelles 1830
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Pleurodeles waltl Michahelles 1830 [Iberian ribbed newt]
G. †Procynops Young 1965
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†Procynops miocenicus Young 1965
G. Salamandrina Fitzinger 1826 [spectacled salamander]
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Salamandrina perspicillata Savi 1821 [Northern spectacled salamander]
Salamandrina terdigitata Lacepede 1788 [Southern spectacled salamander]
G. Taricha Gray 1850 [Roughskin newts]
+
Subg. †Taricha (Palaeotaricha) van Frank 1955
+
Taricha granulosa Skilton 1849 [Roughskin newt]
†Taricha lindoei Naylor 1979
†Taricha miocenica Tihen 1974
†Taricha oligocenica van Frank 1955
Taricha torosa Rathke 1833 [California newt]
G. Triturus Rafinesque 1815
+
Triturus cristatus Fitzinger 1843
+
Invalid names: Triton cristatus Laurenti 1768 [replaced]
†Triturus lacasianum Lartet 1851
Triturus marmoratus Latreille 1800 [marbled newt]
†Triturus minimus Giebel 1847
†Triturus montandoni Boulenger 1880
†Triturus opalinus Meyer 1851
†Triturus roehrsi Herre 1955
†Triturus sansaniense Lartet 1851
†Triturus schnaitheimi Herre and Lunau 1950
Triturus vulgaris Linnaeus 1758 [smooth newt]
†Triturus wintershofi Lunau 1950
Invalid names: Triton Laurenti 1768 [replaced]
G. Tylototriton Anderson 1871 [crocodile salamander]
+
Tylototriton kweichowensis Fang and Chang 1932 [Kweichow crocodile newt]
Tylototriton taliangensis Liu 1950 [Pusakang crocodile newt]
Tylototriton verrucosus Anderson 1871 [Himalayan newt]
†Tylototriton weigelti Herre 1935
Subor. Salamandroidea Noble 1931
+
G. †Balveherpeton Skutschas et al. 2020
+
†Balveherpeton hoennetalensis Skutschas et al. 2020
G. †Beiyanerpeton Gao and Shubin 2012
+
†Beiyanerpeton jianpingensis Gao and Shubin 2012
G. †Jeholotriton Wang 2000
+
G. †Nasopus Marsh 1894
G. †Pangerpeton Wang and Evans 2006
+
†Pangerpeton sinensis Wang and Evans 2006
G. †Qinglongtriton Jia and Gao 2016
+
†Qinglongtriton gangouensis Jia and Gao 2016
G. †Regalerpeton Zhang et al. 2009
+
†Regalerpeton weichangensis Zhang et al. 2009
Invalid names: Necturidae Fitzinger 1843 [empty]
G. †Seminobatrachus Skutschas and Gubin 2012
+
†Seminobatrachus boltyschkensis Skutschas and Gubin 2012
G. †Sinerpeton Gao and Shubin 2001
+
†Sinerpeton fengshanensis Gao and Shubin 2001
Fm. Sirenidae Gray 1825 [siren]
+
G. †Adelphesiren Goin and Auffenberg 1958
G. †Habrosaurus Gilmore 1928
+
†Habrosaurus dilatus Gilmore 1928
+
Invalid names: Adelphesiren olivae Goin and Auffenberg 1958 [synonym]
†Habrosaurus prodilatus Gardner 2003
G. †Kababisha Evans et al. 1996
+
†Kababisha humarensis Evans et al. 1996
†Kababisha sudanensis Evans et al. 1996
G. †Noterpeton Rage et al. 1993
+
†Noterpeton bolivianum Rage et al. 1993
G. Pseudobranchus Gray 1825 [dwarf siren]
+
†Pseudobranchus robustus Goin and Auffenberg 1955 [dwarf siren]
Pseudobranchus striatus Le Conte 1824 [Northern dwarf siren]
†Pseudobranchus vetustus Goin and Auffenberg 1955 [dwarf siren]
G. Siren Linnaeus 1766 [siren]
+
†Siren dunni Goin and Auffenberg 1957
†Siren hesterna Goin and Auffenberg 1955 [siren]
Siren lacertina Linnaeus 1766 [greater siren]
†Siren miotexana Holman 1977
†Siren simpsoni Goin and Auffenberg 1955 [Simpson's siren]
G. †Valdotriton Evans and Milner 1996 [Wealden newt]
+
†Valdotriton gracilis Evans and Milner 1996
Invalid names: Meantes Linnaeus 1766 [empty], Neocaudata Cannatella and Hillis 1993 [invalid subgroup], Thoriidae Cope 1869 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available