PBDB Taxon

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Ichthyosauria (ichthyosaur)

Reptilia

Taxonomy

Ichthyosauria was named by de Blainville (1835). It is not extant. It was considered monophyletic by Motani (1999).

It was reranked as the subclass Ichthyosauria by Gadow (1898), Perrier (1928); it was corrected as Ichthyosauri by Jaekel (1910); it was reranked as the suborder Ichthyosauri by Jaekel (1911); it was synonymized subjectively with Ichthyopterygia by Swinton (1934); it was reranked as the unranked clade Ichthyosauria by Motani (1999), Sander (2000), Ji et al. (2016), Moon (2017), Moon (2019), Lomax et al. (2024).

It was assigned to Diaptosauria by Osborn (1904); to Enaliosauri by Jaekel (1910); to Gephyrostegi by Jaekel (1911); to Catacritosauria by Hay (1930); to Parapsida by Williston (1917), Roxo (1937); to Batrachomorphoidea by Huene (1954); to Ichthyopterygia by Sander (2000); to Diapsida by Motani et al. (1998), Maisch and Matzke (2000); to Reptilia by Zittel (1890), Gadow (1898), Hay (1902), Perrier (1928), Kuhn (1946), Sepkoski (2002); to Eoichthyosauria by Motani (1999), McGowan and Motani (2003), Moon (2017), Moon (2019); to Diapsida by Osborn (1903), Osborn (1903), Klein et al. (2020); to Ichthyopterygia by Zverkov (2022); and to Ichthyopterygia by Ji et al. (2016), Lomax et al. (2024).

Subtaxa

Baracromia, Cetarthrosaurus, Ghuizhouichthyosaurus, Grippiidae, Guanlingichthyosaurus, Hueneosauria, Ichthyosauroidea, Ichthyosaurus australis, Ichthyosaurus polyptychodon, Ichthyosaurus strombecki, Isfjordosaurus, Latipinnatoidea, Longipinnatoidea, Mixosauria, Naanchangasaurus, Omphalosauridae, Parvinatatoridae, Parvipelvia, Pessosaurus, Proteosauridae, Quasianosteosauridae, Rachitrema, Shastosauroidea, Sphaerodontes, Stenopterygius grandis, Thaisauridae, Thunnosauria, Utatsusauridae

Synonyms

Ichthyosaurus polyptychodon was named by Koken (1883). It is not extant. Its type locality is Spechtsbrink im Hils, which is in a Hauterivian marine shale in Germany.

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003), Fischer et al. (2016).
Stenopterygius grandis was named by Cabrera (1939). Its type specimen is MLP 39-VII-2–2, a partial skull (Fragment of rostrum), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Chacaico Sur-Charahuilla (icthyosaur locality), which is in a Bajocian marine horizon in Argentina.

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan (1976); it was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003), Fernández and Talevi (2013).
Ichthyosaurus polaris was named by Hulke (1873). It is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Saurie Hook, Ice Fjord, which is in a Spathian marine limestone in Svalbard and Jan Mayen.

It was recombined as Cymbospondylus polaris by Merriam (1908); it was recombined as Pessosaurus polaris by Wiman (1910), Callaway and Brinkman (1989); it was considered a nomen dubium by Sander and Faber (1998).
Pessosaurus suevicus was named by von Huene (1916).

It was considered a nomen dubium by Callaway and Massare (1989), Sander and Faber (1998), McGowan and Motani (2003).
Sphaerodontes was named by Torre and Cuervo (1939).

It was considered a nomen dubium by Iturralde-Vinent and Norell (1996).
Sphaerodontes caroli was named by Iturralde-Vinent and Norell (1996) [Lost specimen.]. Its type specimen is No specimen ID, a set of teeth, and it is a mold.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Iturralde-Vinent and Norell (1996).
Ichthyosaurus strombecki was named by Meyer (1862).

It was considered a nomen dubium by McGowan and Motani (2003), Kolb and Sander (2009).
Rachitrema was named by Sauvage (1883). Its type is Rachitrema pellati.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Fischer et al. (2014).

It was assigned to Dinosauria by Sauvage (1883); to Zanclodontidae by Zittel (1890); and to Anchisauridae by Nopcsa (1901).
Rachitrema pellati was named by Sauvage (1883). Its type specimen is Composite type series: neural arch (PLV 1939), ribs (PLV 1951, 1952), scapula (PLV 1942), humerus (PLV 1940), plesiosaur propodial (PLV 1938), coracoid (PLV 1943), surangular (PLV 1934), ?mandibular fragments (PLV 1941, 1950), an other (Composite specimen), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Antully bonebed, Autun, which is in a Rhaetian marine horizon in France. It is the type species of Rachitrema.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Fischer et al. (2014).
Ichthyosaurus australis was named by Hector (1878). It is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Mount Potts, which is in a Carnian marine sandstone/conglomerate in New Zealand.

It was replaced with Ichthyosaurus pottsi by Hector (1886); it was replaced with Ichthyosaurus hectori by Lydekker (1889), Chapman (1914); it was considered a nomen dubium by Etheridge (1888), Zammit (2010).
Pessosaurus was named by Wiman (1910) [Sepkoski's age data: Tr m]. It is not extant.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Sander and Faber (1998), Maisch and Matzke (2000).

It was assigned to Cymbospondylidae by Kuhn (1971); to Shastasauridae by von Huene (1951), Carroll (1988), Callaway and Brinkman (1989); and to Ichthyosauria by Sepkoski (2002).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1835	Ichthyosauria de Blainville
1862	Ichthyosaurus strombecki Meyer
1873	Ichthyosaurus polaris Hulke p. 3
1878	Ichthyosaurus australis Hector
1883	Ichthyosaurus polyptychodon Koken
1883	Rachitrema Sauvage p. 5
1883	Rachitrema pellati Sauvage p. 5 figs. Pl. VI:4, VII:2-5, IX:5-6
1890	Ichthyosauria Zittel p. 449
1890	Rachitrema Zittel p. 722
1898	Ichthyosauria Gadow p. 24
1901	Rachitrema Nopcsa p. 198
1901	Rachitrema pellati Nopcsa p. 198
1902	Ichthyosauria Hay p. 461
1903	Ichthyosauria Osborn p. 276
1904	Ichthyosauria Osborn p. 113
1908	Cymbospondylus polaris Merriam p. 149
1910	Ichthyosauri Jaekel p. 334
1910	Pessosaurus Wiman
1910	Pessosaurus polaris Wiman
1911	Ichthyosauri Jaekel p. 140
1916	Pessosaurus suevicus von Huene p. 33 figs. Plate 7, Fig. 1-2
1917	Ichthyosauria Williston p. 420
1928	Ichthyosauria Perrier p. 3118
1930	Ichthyosauria Hay p. 122
1937	Ichthyosauria Roxo p. 43
1939	Stenopterygius grandis Cabrera p. 497 figs. 1-3
1939	Sphaerodontes Torre and Cuervo
1946	Ichthysauria Kuhn p. 59
1951	Pessosaurus von Huene p. 90
1954	Ichthyosauria Huene p. 14
1971	Pessosaurus Kuhn p. 22
1971	Pessosaurus suevicus Kuhn p. 22
1980	Stenopterygius grandis Bonaparte p. 92
1988	Pessosaurus Carroll
1989	Pessosaurus Callaway and Brinkman p. 1492
1989	Pessosaurus polaris Callaway and Brinkman p. 1492
1996	Sphaerodontes caroli Iturralde-Vinent and Norell
1998	Ichthyosauria Motani et al. p. 255
1999	Ichthyosauria Motani fig. 1
2000	Ichthyosauria Maisch and Matzke p. 93
2000	Ichthyosauria Sander
2002	Ichthyosauria Sepkoski
2002	Pessosaurus Sepkoski
2003	Ichthyosauria McGowan and Motani
2016	Ichthyosauria Ji et al. p. 7
2017	Ichthyosauria Moon
2019	Ichthyosauria Moon p. 144
2020	Ichthyosauria Klein et al.
2022	Ichthyosauria Zverkov p. 465
2024	Ichthyosauria Lomax et al. p. 8

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria

Rank	Name	Author
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
—	Sauropsida
class	Reptilia
subclass	Eureptilia	()
—	Romeriida
—	Diapsida	()
—	Ichthyosauromorpha
—	Ichthyosauriformes
—	Ichthyopterygia	(Owen 1840)
—	Eoichthyosauria
—	Ichthyosauria	(de Blainville 1835)
—	Ichthyosauria	(de Blainville 1835)

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Unr. †Ichthyosauria de Blainville 1835 [ichthyosaur]

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Unr. †Baracromia Fischer et al. 2013

G. †Chacaicosaurus Fernandez 1994

†Chacaicosaurus cayi Fernandez 1994

Fm. †Ophthalmosauridae Andrews 1910

G. †Apatodonosaurus Mehl 1928

†Apatodonosaurus grayi Mehl 1928

G. †Argovisaurus Miedema et al. 2024

†Argovisaurus martafernandezi Miedema et al. 2024

G. †Arthropterygius Maxwell 2010

†Arthropterygius chrisorum Russell 1993

†Arthropterygius hoybergeti Druckenmiller et al. 2012

†Arthropterygius lundi Robert et al. 2014

†Arthropterygius thalassonotus Campos et al. 2020

†Arthropterygius volgensis Kasansky 1903

G. †Baptanodon Seeley 1874

†Baptanodon discus Marsh 1879

Invalid names: Sauranodon Marsh 1879 [replaced]

G. †Catutosaurus Fernández et al. 2021

†Catutosaurus gaspariniae Fernández et al. 2021

G. †Gengasaurus Paparella et al. 2017

†Gengasaurus nicosiai Paparella et al. 2017

G. †Keilhauia Delsett et al. 2017

†Keilhauia nui Delsett et al. 2017

G. †Muiscasaurus Maxwell et al. 2015

†Muiscasaurus catheti Maxwell et al. 2015

G. †Nannopterygius Huene 1923

†Nannopterygius enthekiodon Hulke 1871

†Nannopterygius saveljeviensis Arkhangelsky 1997

Invalid names: Nannopterygius kabanovi Efimov 1999 [synonym]

Subfm. †Ophthalmosaurinae Baur 1887

G. †Acamptonectes Fischer et al. 2012

†Acamptonectes densus Fischer et al. 2012

G. †Cryopterygius Druckenmiller et al. 2012

†Cryopterygius kielanae Tyborowski 2016

†Cryopterygius kristiansenae Druckenmiller et al. 2012

G. †Jabalisaurus Barrientos-Lara and Alvarado-Ortega 2021

†Jabalisaurus meztli Barrientos-Lara and Alvarado-Ortega 2021

G. †Janusaurus Robert et al. 2014

G. †Leninia Fischer et al. 2013

†Leninia stellans Fischer et al. 2013

G. †Mollesaurus Fernandez 1999

†Mollesaurus periallus Fernandez 1999

G. †Ophthalmosaurus Seeley 1874

†Ophthalmosaurus discus Marsh 1879

Invalid names: Microdontosaurus petersonii Gilmore 1902 [synonym]

†Ophthalmosaurus icenicus Seeley 1874

Invalid names: Ancanamunia mendozana Rusconi 1940 [synonym], Ophthalmosaurus pleydelli Lydekker 1890 [synonym]

†Ophthalmosaurus marshi Knight 1903

†Ophthalmosaurus monocharactus Appleby 1956

†Ophthalmosaurus natans Marsh 1879

†Ophthalmosaurus reedi Gilmore 1907

†Ophthalmosaurus robustus Gilmore 1905

†Ophthalmosaurus undorensis Efimov 1991

†Ophthalmosaurus yasykovi Efimov 1999

Invalid names: Ancanamunia Rusconi 1942 [synonym], Khudiakovia Arkhangelsky 1999 [synonym], Microdontosaurus Gilmore 1902 [synonym], Yasykovia Efimov 1999 [synonym]

G. †Palvennia Druckenmiller et al. 2012

G. †Paraophthalmosaurus Arkhangelsky 1997

†Paraophthalmosaurus kabanovi Efimov 1999

Invalid names: Paraophthalmosaurus saratoviensis Arkhangelsky 1998 [nomen dubium]

G. †Undorosaurus Efimov 1999

†Undorosaurus gorodischensis Efimov 1999

†Undorosaurus khorlovensis Efimov 1999

†Undorosaurus nessovi Efimov 1999

†Undorosaurus trautscholdi Arkhangelsky and Zverkov 2014

Invalid names: Ichthyosaurus brunsvicensis Broili 1909 [nomen dubium], Ophthalmosaurus cantabrigiensis Lydekker 1888 [nomen dubium]

Subfm. †Platypterygiinae Arkhangelsky 2001

G. †Acuetzpalin Barrientos-Lara and Alvarado-Ortega 2020

†Acuetzpalin carranzai Barrientos-Lara and Alvarado-Ortega 2020

G. †Aegirosaurus Bardet and Fernandez 2000

†Aegirosaurus leptospondylus Wagner 1853

Invalid names: Macropterygius posthumus Barthel 1990 [synonym], Macropterygius trigonus Owen 1840 [synonym]

G. †Athabascasaurus Druckenmiller and Maxwell 2010

†Athabascasaurus bitumineus Druckenmiller and Maxwell 2010

G. †Brachypterygius Huene 1922

†Brachypterygius alekseevi Arkhangelsky 2001

†Brachypterygius extremus Boulenger 1904

Invalid names: Grendelius mordax McGowan 1976 [synonym]

†Brachypterygius mordax McGowan 1976

†Brachypterygius pseudoscythica Efimov 1998

Invalid names: Brachypterygius cantabrigiensis Lydekker 1888 [nomen dubium], Grendelius McGowan 1976 [synonym], Ochevia Arkhangelsky 2001 [synonym], Otschevia Efimov 1998 [synonym]

G. †Caypullisaurus Fernández 1997

†Caypullisaurus bonapartei Fernández 1997

G. †Maiaspondylus Maxwell and Caldwell 2006

†Maiaspondylus lindoei Maxwell and Caldwell 2006

G. †Parrassaurus Barrientos-Lara and Alvarado-Ortega 2021

†Parrassaurus yacahuitztli Barrientos-Lara and Alvarado-Ortega 2021

G. †Pervushovisaurus Arkhangelsky 1998

†Pervushovisaurus bannovkensis Arkhangelsky 1998

†Pervushovisaurus campylodon Carter 1846

G. †Platypterygius von Huene 1922

†Platypterygius americanus Nace 1939

Invalid names: Myopterygius petersoni Nace 1941 [synonym]

†Platypterygius australis McCoy 1867

Invalid names: Myopterygius australis McCoy 1867 [synonym], Myopterygius marathonensis Etheridge 1888 [synonym], Platypterygius longmani Wade 1990 [synonym]

†Platypterygius bedengensis Efimov 1997

†Platypterygius compylodon Carter 1846

†Platypterygius hauthali von Huene 1927

†Platypterygius hercynicus Kuhn 1946

†Platypterygius kiprijanoffi Romer 1968

†Platypterygius ochevi Arkhangelsky et al. 2008

†Platypterygius platydactylus Broili 1907

Invalid names: Ichthyosaurus hercynicus Kuhn 1946 [synonym]

†Platypterygius sachicarum Paramo 1997

Invalid names: Ichthyosaurus marathonensis Etheridge 1888 [nomen dubium], Longirostria Arkhangelsky 1998 [synonym], Myobradypterygius von Huene 1927 [synonym], Myopterygius Huene 1922 [synonym], Plutoniosaurus Efimov 1997 [synonym], Tenuirostria Arkhangelsky 1998 [synonym]

G. †Simbirskiasaurus Otschev and Efimov 1985

†Simbirskiasaurus birjukovi Otschev and Efimov 1985

G. †Sisteronia Fischer et al. 2014

†Sisteronia seeleyi Fischer et al. 2014

G. †Sveltonectes Fischer et al. 2011

†Sveltonectes insolitus Fischer et al. 2011

Invalid names: Baptanodontidae Marsh 1879 [synonym], Brachypterygiidae Cortes et al. 2021 [empty], Ichthyosaurus doughtyi Seeley 1869 [nomen dubium], Platypterygiidae Bardet 1995 [empty]

G. †Cetarthrosaurus Seeley 1873

†Cetarthrosaurus walkeri Seeley 1869

G. †Ghuizhouichthyosaurus Cao and Luo 2000

Fm. †Grippiidae Wiman 1929

G. †Chaohusaurus Young and Dong 1972

†Chaohusaurus brevifemoralis Huang et al. 2019

†Chaohusaurus chaoxianensis Chen 1985

†Chaohusaurus geishanensis Young and Dong 1972

Invalid names: Chensaurus faciles Chen 1985 [objective synonym]

†Chaohusaurus zhangjiawanensis Chen et al. 2013

Invalid names: Anhuisaurus Chen 1985 [synonym], Anhuisaurus Chen 1985 [synonym], Chaohusaurus brevifemoralis Huang et al. 2019 [valid], Chaohusaurus chaoxianensis Chen 1985 [valid], Chaohusaurus geishanensis Young and Dong 1972 [valid], Chaohusaurus zhangjiawanensis Chen et al. 2013 [valid], Chensaurus Mazin Suteethora et al. 1991 [synonym], Chensaurus Mazin Suteethora et al. 1991 [synonym]

G. †Grippia Wiman 1929

†Grippia longirostris Wiman 1929

G. †Guanlingichthyosaurus Yin et al. 2000

Unr. †Hueneosauria Maisch and Matzke 2000

Subor. †Longipinnati Huene 1948

Fm. †Cymbospondylidae von Huene 1948

G. †Blezingeria von Huene 1951

†Blezingeria ichthyospondylus Fraas 1896

G. †Cymbospondylus Leidy 1868

†Cymbospondylus buchseri Sander 1989

†Cymbospondylus duelferi Klein et al. 2020

†Cymbospondylus natans Merriam 1908

†Cymbospondylus nevadanus Merriam 1908

†Cymbospondylus nichollsi Fröbisch et al. 2006

†Cymbospondylus petrinus Leidy 1868

†Cymbospondylus piscosus Leidy 1868

Invalid names: Chonespondylus Leidy 1868 [synonym], Cymbospondylus germanicus von Huene 1916 [nomen dubium], Cymbospondylus parvus von Huene 1916 [nomen dubium]

G. †Phantomosaurus Maisch and Matzke 2000

†Phantomosaurus neubigi Sander 1997

Fm. †Toretocnemidae Maisch and Matzke 2000

G. †Qianichthyosaurus Li 1999

†Qianichthyosaurus xingyiensis Yang et al. 2013

†Qianichthyosaurus zhoui Li 1999

G. †Toretocnemus Merriam 1903

†Toretocnemus californicus Merriam 1903

†Toretocnemus zitteli Merriam 1903

Invalid names: Merriamia zitteli Merriam 1903 [synonym]

Invalid names: Leptocheirus Merriam 1903 [replaced], Merriamia Boulanger 1904 [synonym]

Unr. †Merriamosauria Motani 1999

Fm. †Besanosauridae McGowan and Motani 2003

G. †Besanosaurus Dal Sasso and Pinna 1996

†Besanosaurus leptorhynchus Dal Sasso and Pinna 1996

Fm. †Californosauridae Von Huene 1948

G. †Californosaurus Kuhn 1934

†Californosaurus perrini Merriam 1902

Invalid names: Shastasaurus perrini Merriam 1902 [replaced]

Invalid names: Delphinosaurus Merriam 1905 [synonym]

G. †Callawayia Maisch and Matzke 2000

†Callawayia neoscapularis Mcgowan 1994

Fm. †Guanlingsauridae Yin et al. 2000

G. †Mikadocephalus Maisch and Matzke 1997

†Mikadocephalus gracilirostris Maisch and Matzke 1997

Fm. †Merriamosauridae Maisch and Matzke 2003

G. †Merriamosaurus Maisch and Matzke 2002

†Merriamosaurus hulkei Maisch and Matzke 2000

G. †Pessopteryx Wiman 1910

†Pessopteryx nisseri Wiman 1910

Invalid names: Omphalosaurus nisseri Wiman 1910 [synonym]

Fm. †Shastasauridae Merriam 1902

G. †Guanlingsaurus Yin et al. 2000

†Guanlingsaurus liangae Yin et al. 2000

G. †Guizhouichthyosaurus Cao and Luo 2000

†Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae Cao et al. 2000

Invalid names: Cymbospondylus asiaticus Li and You 2002 [synonym], Panjiangsaurus epicharis Chen and Cheng 2003 [synonym]

†Guizhouichthyosaurus wolonggangense Chen et al. 2007

G. †Ichthyotitan Lomax et al. 2024

†Ichthyotitan severnensis Lomax et al. 2024

G. †Metashastasaurus Nicholls and Manabe 2001

†Metashastasaurus neoscapularis Mcgowan 1994

G. †Shastasaurus Merriam 1895

†Shastasaurus alexandrae Merriam 1902

†Shastasaurus careyi Merriam 1902

†Shastasaurus pacificus Merriam 1895

Invalid names: Shastasaurus altispinus Merriam 1902 [synonym], Shastasaurus osmonti Merriam 1902 [synonym]

†Shastasaurus sikkaniensis Nicholls and Manabe 2004

Invalid names: Shastasaurus carinthiacus von Huene 1925 [nomen dubium], Shastasaurus merriami von Huene 1916 [nomen dubium], Shastasaurus nordensis Ochev 1972 [nomen dubium]

G. †Shonisaurus Camp 1976

†Shonisaurus popularis Camp 1976

Invalid names: Shonisaurus mulleri Camp 1976 [nomen dubium], Shonisaurus silberlingi Camp 1976 [nomen dubium]

Invalid names: Ichthyosaurus carinatus Sauvage 1876 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus rheticus Sauvage 1876 [nomen dubium], Shastasaurinae Merriam 1908 [empty], Shastasaurus sieversi Riabinin 1946 [nomen dubium]

Fm. †Shonisauridae Camp 1980

G. †Himalayasaurus Dong 1972

†Himalayasaurus tibetensis Dong 1972

G. †Thalattoarchon Fröbisch et al. 2013

†Thalattoarchon saurophagis Fröbisch et al. 2013

Invalid names: Euichthyosauria Motani 1999 [empty], Shastasauria Motani 1999 [empty]

Fm. †Mixosauridae Baur 1887

G. †Barracudasauroides Maisch 2010

†Barracudasauroides panxianensis Jiang et al. 2006

G. †Barracudasaurus Jiang et al. 2005

†Barracudasaurus maotaiensis Young 1965

G. †Mixosaurus Baur 1887

†Mixosaurus cornalianus Bassani 1886

†Mixosaurus kuhnschneyderi Brinkmann 1998

†Mixosaurus luxiensis Fang et al. 2024

†Mixosaurus xindianensis Chen and Cheng 2010

Invalid names: Mixosaurus helveticus von Huene 1916 [nomen dubium], Mixosaurus intermedius von Huene 1916 [nomen dubium], Mixosaurus major Fraas 1891 [nomen dubium], Mixosaurus timorensis Broili 1931 [nomen dubium], Sangiorgiosaurus Brinkmann 1998 [synonym]

G. †Phalarodon Merriam 1910

†Phalarodon atavus Quenstedt 1852

†Phalarodon callawayi Schmitz et al. 2004

†Phalarodon fraasi Merriam 1910

Invalid names: Mixosaurus nordenskioeldi Hulke 1873 [synonym]

†Phalarodon major Maisch and Matzke 2000

†Phalarodon nordenskioeldii Hulke 1873

Subfm. †Phalarodontinae Maisch and Matzke 2001

G. †Contectopalatus Maisch and Matzke 1998

Invalid names: Ancanamuninae Rusconi 1942 [empty], Mixosaurinae Baur 1887 [empty]

Invalid names: Merriamosauriformes McGowan and Motani 2003 [empty]

G. †Isfjordosaurus Motani 1999

†Isfjordosaurus minor Motani 1999

Superfm. †Latipinnatoidea Huene 1923

Invalid names: Eurypterygiidae Jaekel 1904 [empty]

Subor. †Mixosauria Motani 1999

Fm. †Wimaniidae Maisch 2010

G. †Wimanius Maisch and Matzke 1998

†Wimanius odontopalatus Maisch and Matzke 1998

G. †Nanchangasaurus Wang 1959

Fm. †Omphalosauridae Merriam 1906

G. †Chaohusaurus Young and Dong 1972

†Chaohusaurus brevifemoralis Huang et al. 2019

†Chaohusaurus chaoxianensis Chen 1985

†Chaohusaurus geishanensis Young and Dong 1972

Invalid names: Chensaurus faciles Chen 1985 [objective synonym]

†Chaohusaurus zhangjiawanensis Chen et al. 2013

G. †Omphalosaurus Merriam 1906

†Omphalosaurus nettarhynchus Mazin and Bucher 1987

†Omphalosaurus nevadanus Merriam 1906

†Omphalosaurus wolfi Tichy 1995

G. †Tholodus Von Meyer 1851

†Tholodus schmidi Von Meyer 1851

G. †Xinminosaurus Jiang et al. 2008

†Xinminosaurus catactes Jiang et al. 2008

Fm. †Parvinatatoridae McGowan and Motani 2003

G. †Parvinatator Nicholls and Brinkman 1995

†Parvinatator wapitiensis Nicholls and Brinkman 1995

Unr. †Parvipelvia Motani 1999

G. †Hudsonelpidia McGowan 1995

†Hudsonelpidia brevirostris McGowan 1995

G. †Macgowania Motani 1999

†Macgowania janiceps McGowan 1996

Unr. †Neoichthyosauria Sander 2000

G. †Dearcmhara Brusatte et al. 2015

†Dearcmhara shawcrossi Brusatte et al. 2015

G. †Eurhinosaurus Abel 1909

†Eurhinosaurus longirostris Mantell 1851

Invalid names: Eurhinosaurus huenei Swinton 1930 [synonym]

G. †Excalibosaurus McGowan 1986

†Excalibosaurus costini Motani 1999

G. †Hauffiopteryx Maisch 2008

†Hauffiopteryx typicus Von Huene 1931

G. †Leptonectes McGowan 1996

†Leptonectes moorei McGowan and Milner 1999

†Leptonectes solei McGowan 1993

†Leptonectes tenuirostris Conybeare 1822

Invalid names: Ichthyosaurus strongylostinus Hawkins 1840 [synonym]

Invalid names: Leptopterygius Huene 1929 [synonym]

Fm. †Leptonectidae Maisch 1998

G. †Wahlisaurus Lomax 2017

†Wahlisaurus massarae Lomax 2017

Invalid names: Eurhinosauria Motani 1999 [objective synonym]

G. †Temnodontosaurus Lydekker 1889

†Temnodontosaurus azerguensis Martin et al. 2012

†Temnodontosaurus burgundiae Gaudry 1892

†Temnodontosaurus crassimanus Blake 1876

†Temnodontosaurus eurycephalus McGowan 1974

†Temnodontosaurus longirostris Owen 1881

†Temnodontosaurus nuertingensis von Huene 1931

†Temnodontosaurus platyodon Conybeare 1822

Invalid names: Ichthyosaurus oligostinus Hawkins 1840 [synonym], Temnodontosaurus risor McGowan 1974 [synonym]

†Temnodontosaurus trigonodon Theodori 1843

Invalid names: Suevoleviathanidae Maisch 2001 [empty], Temnodontosauridae McGowan 1974 [empty]

G. †Suevoleviathan Maisch 1998

†Suevoleviathan disinteger von Huene 1926

†Suevoleviathan integer Bronn 1844

Invalid names: Hudsonelpidiidae McGowan and Motani 2003 [empty], Leptonectoidea McGowan and Motani 2003 [empty], Macgowaniidae McGowan and Motani 2003 [empty], Temnodontosauroidea McGowan and Motani 2003 [empty]

Fm. †Proteosauridae Hay 1902

G. †Proteosaurus Home 1819

†Proteosaurus platyodon Conybeare 1822

Invalid names: Ichthyosaurus chiroligostinus Hawkins 1834 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus lonchiodon Owen 1840 [synonym]

Fm. †Quasianosteosauridae Maisch and Matzke 2003

G. †Quasianosteosaurus Maisch and Matzke 2003

†Quasianosteosaurus vikinghoegdai Maisch and Matzke 2003

Superfm. †Shastosauroidea Tatarinov 1964

Invalid names: Undorosauridae Efimov 1999 [empty]

Fm. †Thaisauridae Maisch 2010

G. †Thaisaurus Mazin et al. 1991

†Thaisaurus chonglakmanii Mazin et al. 1991

Unr. †Thunnosauria Motani 1999

Fm. †Ichthyosauridae Bonaparte 1841

G. †Ichthyosaurus Koenig 1818

†Ichthyosaurus acutirostris Owen 1840

Invalid names: Ichthyosaurus crassimanus Tate and Blake 1876 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus longifrons Owen 1881 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus longipennis Mantell 1851 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus microdon Wagner 1851 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus zetlandicus Seeley 1880 [synonym]

†Ichthyosaurus anningae Lomax and Massare 2015

†Ichthyosaurus breviceps Owen 1881

†Ichthyosaurus communis Conybeare 1821

Invalid names: Ichthyosaurus chiroparamekostinus Hawkins 1834 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus chiropolyostinus Hawkins 1834 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus fortimanus Owen 1884 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus intermedius Conybeare 1822 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus latimanus Owen 1840 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus polyostinus Hawkins 1840 [synonym]

†Ichthyosaurus conybeari Lydekker 1888

†Ichthyosaurus entheciodon Hulke 1871

†Ichthyosaurus enthekiodon Hulke 1871

†Ichthyosaurus extremus Boulenger 1904

†Ichthyosaurus larkini Lomax and Massare 2017

†Ichthyosaurus longimanus Owen 1884

†Ichthyosaurus longipes von Wurstemberger 1876

†Ichthyosaurus somersetensis Lomax and Massare 2017

Invalid names: Ichthyosaurus paramecostinus Hawkins 1840 [replaced]

†Ichthyosaurus tenuirostris Conybeare 1822

Invalid names: Ichthyosaurus chirostrongulostinus Hawkins 1834 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus grandipes Sharpe 1830 [synonym]

†Ichthyosaurus trigonodon Theodori 1843

†Ichthyosaurus triscissus Quenstedt 1856

Invalid names: Eurypterygius Jaekel 1904 [synonym], Gryphus Wagler 1830 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus aduncus Quenstedt 1885 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus advena Phillips 1871 [nomen nudum], Ichthyosaurus aequalis Phillips 1871 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus amalthei Quenstedt 1856 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus angustidens Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Ichthyosaurus arietis Fraas 1891 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus bambergensis Bauer 1901 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus biscissus Wurstemberger 1876 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus bodenbenderi Dames 1893 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus bonneyi Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Ichthyosaurus brachyspondylus Owen 1881 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus californicus Camp 1942 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus ceramensis Martin 1888 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus chalarodeirus Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Ichthyosaurus coniformis Harlan 1824 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus crassicostatus Theodori 1854 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus cuvieri Valenciennes 1861 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus dilatatus Phillips 1871 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus franciscanus Camp 1942 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus giganteus Leach 1840 [nomen nudum], Ichthyosaurus hectori Lydekker 1889 [nomen nudum], Ichthyosaurus hexagonus Theodori 1854 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus hildesiensis Koken 1883 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus hygrodeirus Seeley 1969 [nomen nudum], Ichthyosaurus immanis Phillipi 1895 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus indicus Lydekker 1879 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus kokeni Broili 1908 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus lacunosae Quenstedt 1885 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus latifrons Konig 1825 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus leucopetraeus Burmeister and Giebel 1862 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus nasimowii Fahrenkohl 1856 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus normanniae Valenciennes 1861 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus numismalis Fraas 1892 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus ovalis Phillips 1871 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus planartus Theodori 1854 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus platymerus Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Ichthyosaurus posthumus Wagner 1851 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus psilonoti Fraas 1891 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus quenstedti Zittel 1890 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus saladensis Rusconi 1948 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus sanjuanensis Rusconi 1949 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus sinuatus Theodori 1854 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus steleodon Bogolubow 1909 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus thyreospondylus Owen 1840 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus torrei Torre and Cuervo 1939 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus torulosi Quenstedt 1885 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus trigonus Owen 1840 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus walkeri Seeley 1869 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus zollerianus Quenstedt 1858 [nomen dubium], Protoichthyosaurus prosostealis Appleby 1979 [nomen dubium], Tibetosaurus Dong 1982 [nomen dubium], Tibetosaurus tingjiensis Young et al. 1982 [nomen dubium]

G. †Protoichthyosaurus Appleby 1979

†Protoichthyosaurus applebyi Lomax et al. 2017

†Protoichthyosaurus prostaxalis Appleby 1979

G. †Malawania Fischer et al. 2013

†Malawania anachronus Fischer et al. 2013

G. †Stenopterygius Jaekel 1904

†Stenopterygius aaleniensis Maxwell et al. 2012

†Stenopterygius cayi Fernandez 1994

†Stenopterygius cuneiceps McGowan 1979

†Stenopterygius longifrons Owen 1881

†Stenopterygius longipes von Wurstemberger 1876

†Stenopterygius macrophasma McGowan 1979

†Stenopterygius megacephalus von Huene 1922

†Stenopterygius megalorhinus von Huene 1922

†Stenopterygius quadriscissus Quenstedt 1858

†Stenopterygius triscissus Quenstedt 1856

†Stenopterygius uniter von Wurstemberger 1876

Invalid names: Stenopterygius banzensis Heune 1922 [nomen dubium], Stenopterygius hauffianus von Huene 1922 [nomen dubium], Stenopterygius promegacelaphus Maisch 2008 [nomen dubium]

Invalid names: Stenopterygiidae Kühn 1934 [empty]

Fm. †Utatsusauridae McGowan and Motani 2003

G. †Utatsusaurus Shikama and Kamei 1978

†Utatsusaurus hataii Shikama and Kamei 1978

Invalid names: Ichthyosauroidea Fitzinger 1826 [empty], Ichthyosaurus australis Hector 1878 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus polyptychodon Koken 1883 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus strombecki Meyer 1862 [nomen dubium], Longipinnatoidea Huene 1923 [empty], Pessosaurus Wiman 1910 [nomen dubium], Rachitrema Sauvage 1883 [nomen dubium], Sphaerodontes Torre and Cuervo 1939 [nomen dubium], Stenopterygius grandis Cabrera 1939 [nomen dubium]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
E. Perrier 1928	Cou court; membres antérieurs et posiérieurs en forme de palettes, 6 doigts ou plus; à nombreusés phalanges ; queue brisée au dernier quart, et relevée vers le haut à partir de ce niveau (nageoire caudale verticale?)
M. W. Maisch and A. T. Matzke 2000	"Elongate premaxillary rostrum, naris displaced posteriorly, close to orbit, upper temporal fenestra of ichthyosaurian type (with very considerable contribution of supratemporal) present, ectopterygoid absent, thoracal ribs articulate exclusively with the centrum, hyperphalangy of manus and pes present, fibula immobile relative to femur."
C. Ji et al. 2016	Sagittal eminence present but small, involving only the parietal; anterior processes of parietals narrowly sepa- rated anteriorly, forming parietal fork, and frontal dorsally visi- ble along the pineal foramen; ulna peripheral shaft notched or absent; iliac blade plate-like; posterior dorsal centra discoidal; sacral ribs absent.
B. C. Moon 2019	All taxa more closely related to Ichthyosau- rus communis than to Grippia longirostris [stem-based] (Motani 1999c).