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Limulina

Xiphosura - Xiphosurida

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1929Limulina Richter and Richter
1955Limulina Størmer p. 18
1968Limulina Bergström p. 489
1975Limulina Bergström p. 303
2000Limulina Babcock et al. p. 138
2016Limulina Lamsdell p. 188
2020Limulina Dunlop et al. p. 12
2020Limulina Lamsdell p. 18
2021Limulina Bicknell et al. p. 2

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Protostomia
—EcdysozoaAguinaldo et al. 1997
—Panarthropoda
phylumArthropodaLatreille 1829
—Deuteropoda
RankNameAuthor
subphylumChelicerataHeymons 1901
—EuchelicerataWeygoldt and Paulus 1979
—Prosomapoda
classXiphosura()
orderXiphosuridaLatreille 1802
suborderLimulinaRichter and Richter 1929
suborderLimulinaRichter and Richter 1929

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Subor. Limulina Richter and Richter 1929
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†Bellinuroopsis rossicus Chernyshev 1933
Invalid names: Neobelinuropsis Eller 1938 [objective synonym]
Superfm. Limuloidea Leach 1819
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Fm. †Austrolimulidae Riek 1955
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G. †Attenborolimulus Bicknell and Shcherbakov 2021
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†Attenborolimulus superspinosus Bicknell and Shcherbakov 2021
G. †Austrolimulus Riek 1955
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G. †Batracholimulus Lamsdell 2020
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†Batracholimulus fuchsbergensis Hauschke and Wilde 1987
G. †Boeotiaspis Lamsdell 2020
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†Boeotiaspis longispinus Schram 1979
G. †Dubbolimulus Pickett 1984
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†Dubbolimulus peetae Pickett 1984
G. †Franconiolimulus Bicknell et al. 2021
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†Franconiolimulus pochankei Bicknell et al. 2021
G. †Panduralimulus Allen and Feldmann 2005 [horseshoe crab]
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†Panduralimulus babcocki Allen and Feldmann 2005 [horseshoe crab]
G. †Psammolimulus Lange 1923
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G. †Tasmaniolimulus Bicknell 2019
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†Tasmaniolimulus patersoni Bicknell 2019
G. †Vaderlimulus Lerner et al. 2017
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†Vaderlimulus tricki Lerner et al. 2017
Invalid names: Dubbolimulidae Pickett 1984 [synonym]
Fm. Limulidae Leach 1819 [horseshoe crab]
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G. †Albalimulus Bicknell and Pates 2019
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†Albalimulus bottoni Bicknell and Pates 2019
G. †Allolimulus Lamsdell 2020
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†Allolimulus woodwardi Watson 1909
G. †Casterolimulus Holland et al. 1975
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†Casterolimulus kletti Holland et al. 1975
G. †Guangyuanolimulus Hu and Huang 2022
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†Guangyuanolimulus shangsiensis Hu and Huang 2022
G. †Heterolimulus Vía Boada and Villalta 1966
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†Heterolimulus gadeai Vía Boada and Villalta 1966
G. †Keuperlimulus Lamsdell 2020
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†Keuperlimulus vicensis Bleicher 1897
Subfm. Limulinae Leach 1819
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G. †Crenatolimulus Feldmann et al. 2011
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†Crenatolimulus darwini Kin and Błażejowski 2014
†Crenatolimulus paluxyensis Feldmann et al. 2011
G. Limulus Muller 1785
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†Limulus coffini Reeside and Harris 1952
†Limulus oculatus Kutorga 1838
Limulus polyphemus Linneaus 1758
Invalid names: Polyphemus Lamarck 1801 [synonym], Xiphosura Gronovius 1764 [synonym]
G. †Limulitella Størmer 1952
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†Limulitella bronnii Schimper 1853
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Invalid names: Limulus sandbergeri Kirchner 1923 [synonym]
†Limulitella henkeli Fritsch 1902
†Limulitella tejraensis Błażejowski et al. 2017
†Limulitella volgensis Ponomarenko 1985
Invalid names: Limulites Schimper 1853 [replaced]
G. †Mesolimulus Størmer 1952
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†Mesolimulus crespelli Vía 1987
†Mesolimulus sibiricus Ponomarenko 1985
†Mesolimulus tafraoutensis Lamsdell et al. 2020
†Mesolimulus walchi Desmarest 1822
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Invalid names: Limulus brevicauda Münster 1838 [synonym], Limulus brevispina Münster 1838 [synonym], Limulus giganteus Münster 1840 [synonym], Limulus intermedius Münster 1838 [synonym], Limulus ornatus Münster 1838 [synonym], Limulus sulcatus Münster 1838 [synonym]
G. †Sloveniolimulus Bicknell et al. 2019
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†Sloveniolimulus rudkini Bicknell et al. 2019
Subfm. Tachypleinae Pocock 1902
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G. Carcinoscorpius Pocock 1902
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G. Tachypleus Leach 1819
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†Tachypleus decheni Zinken 1862
Tachypleus gigas Mueller 1785
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Invalid names: Limulus heterodactylus Latreille 1802 [synonym], Limulus latreillii Leach 1819 [synonym], Limulus macleaii Leach 1819 [synonym], Limulus moluccanus Latreille 1802 [synonym], Limulus viriscens Latreille 1806 [synonym], Tachypleus hoeveni Pocock 1902 [synonym]
†Tachypleus syriacus Woodward 1879
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Invalid names: Limulus longispina van der Hoeven 1838 [synonym]
G. †Tarracolimulus Romero and Vía 1977
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†Tarracolimulus rieki Romero and Vía 1977
G. †Victalimulus Riek and Gill 1971
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†Victalimulus mcqueeni Riek and Gill 1971
G. †Volanalimulus Lamsdell 2020
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G. †Yunnanolimulus Zhang et al. 2009
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†Yunnanolimulus luopingensis Zhang et al. 2009
Invalid names: Heterolimulidae Vía Boada and Villalta 1966 [synonym], Limulus priscus Münster 1839 [nomen dubium], Mesolimulidae Størmer 1952 [synonym], Xiphosuridae Pocock 1902 [synonym]
G. †Shpineviolimulus Bicknell et al. 2020
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†Shpineviolimulus jakovlevi Glushenko and Ivanov 1961
G. †Valloisella Racheboeuf 1992
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†Valloisella lievinensis Racheboeuf 1992
Fm. †Paleolimulidae Raymond 1944
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G. †Moravurus Přibyl 1967
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†Moravurus rehori Přibyl 1967
G. †Norilimulus Lamsdell 2020
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†Norilimulus woodae Lerner et al. 2016
G. †Paleolimulus Dunbar 1923
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†Paleolimulus kunguricus Naugolnykh 2017
†Paleolimulus mazonensis Bicknell et al. 2022 [horseshoe crab]
†Paleolimulus signatus Beecher 1904
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Invalid names: Paleolimulus avitus Dunbar 1923 [synonym]
G. †Xaniopyramis Siveter and Selden 1987
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†Xaniopyramis linseyi Siveter and Selden 1987
Invalid names: Moravuridae Přibyl 1967 [synonym], Paleolimulus juresanensis Chernyshev 1933 [nomen dubium]
Fm. †Rolfeiidae Selden and Siveter 1987
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G. †Rolfeia Waterston 1985
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†Rolfeia fouldenensis Waterston 1985
Invalid names: Limulacea Leach 1819 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Life habit: nektobenthicc
Diet: carnivorec
Vision: limitedo
Created: 2010-02-05 01:13:59
Modified: 2010-02-22 02:35:37
Source: o = order, c = class
References: Bambach et al. 2007, Jell and Adrain 2002

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Middle Famennian to the top of the Priabonian or 368.50000 to 33.90000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 365.2 Ma

Collections (78 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Middle Famennian368.5 - 365.2Russian Federation (Lipetsk) Bellinuroopsis rossicus (216277)
Tournaisian358.86 - 346.7United Kingdom (Scotland) Albalimulus bottoni (207111)
Tournaisian358.86 - 346.7Canada (Nova Scotia) Paleolimulus woodae (216604)
Ivorian353.7 - 346.7United Kingdom (Scotland) Rolfeia fouldenensis (216788 216789 216790)
Pendleian330.3 - 326.9United Kingdom (England) Xaniopyramis linseyi (216764)
Arnsbergian326.9 - 323.6Czech Republic Moravurus rehori (124365)
Arnsbergian326.9 - 323.6USA (Montana) Paleolimulus longispinus (90681 116654)
Westphalian A318.7 - 316.9United Kingdom (Lancashire) Valloisella lievinensis (172765)
Westphalian B316.9 - 314.6United Kingdom (Staffordshire) Valloisella lievinensis (153486)
Moscovian315.2 - 307.0USA (Illinois) Paleolimulus mazonensis (227362)
Westphalian C314.6 - 309.8France Valloisella lievinensis (57698)
Gzhelian303.7 - 298.9USA (Kansas) Paleolimulus signatus (120926 216069)
Gzhelian303.7 - 298.9Ukraine (Donetsk) Paleolimulus jakovlevi (216278)
Sakmarian293.52 - 290.1USA (Kansas) Paleolimulus signatus (88498)
Artinskian290.1 - 283.3USA (Kansas) Paleolimulus avitus (111217 111219) Prestwichia signata (101726)
Artinskian - Kungurian290.1 - 274.4Russian Federation (Bashkortostan) Paleolimulus juresanensis (216279)
Kungurian283.3 - 274.4Russian Federation (Perm) Paleolimulus kunguricus (216639 216640 216644)
Kungurian283.3 - 274.4USA (Texas) Panduralimulus babcocki (100918)
Griesbachian251.902 - 250.5China (Sichuan) Guangyuanolimulus shangsiensis (227012)
Induan251.902 - 249.9Australia (Tasmania) Paleolimulus sp. (215257)
Olenekian249.9 - 246.7Russian Federation (Yaroslavl) Limulitella volgensis (105043)
Smithian - Spathian249.9 - 246.7USA (Utah) Limulidae indet. (222905)
Spathian248.1 - 246.7USA (Nevada) Limulidae indet. (211753)
Spathian248.1 - 246.7USA (Idaho) Vaderlimulus tricki (216605)
Spathian248.1 - 246.7Russian Federation Attenborolimulus superspinosus (210301)
Spathian248.1 - 246.7Germany Psammolimulus gottingensis (169461 216874)
Aegean246.7 - 244.99France (Bas-Rhin) Limulitella bronni (206491 206495) Limulites bronni (206545)
Aegean246.7 - 244.99France (Moselle) Limulitella bronni (206489)
Aegean246.7 - 244.99France Limulites bronni (154038) Limulites bronnii (216765)
Aegean246.7 - 244.99Germany Limulus sandbergeri (216590)
Anisian246.7 - 241.464Australia (New South Wales) Austrolimulus fletcheri (106483) Dubbolimulus peetae (216646)
Anisian246.7 - 241.464France (Grand Est) Limulitella bronni (206487)
Bithynian244.99 - 244.24Germany (Sachsen-Anhalt) Limulus henkelii (216563)
Bithynian244.99 - 244.24Netherlands Limulitella bronnii (186555)
Pelsonian244.24 - 243.33Slovenia Sloveniolimulus rudkini (216434)
Pelsonian244.24 - 243.33China (Yunnan) Yunnanolimulus luopingensis (169408)
Illyrian243.33 - 241.464Tunisia Limulitella sp. (203922)
Illyrian - Fassanian243.33 - 239.48Germany Limulus priscus (149465)
Fassanian241.464 - 239.48Tunisia Limulitella sp. (203924)
Longobardian239.48 - 237.0Spain (Tarragona) Tarracolimulus rieki, Mesolimulus crespelli, Heterolimulus gadeai (109710)
Norian227.3 - 205.7France Limulus vicensis (216436)
Sevatian211.18 - 205.7Germany Paleolimulus fuchsbergensis (216439)
Hettangian201.4 - 199.5Germany Franconiolimulus pochankei (221128) Limulus liasokeuperinus (216441)
Hettangian - Sinemurian201.4 - 192.9USA (Utah) Limulidae indet. (184682)
Opalinum - Murchisonae174.7 - 170.9United Kingdom (England) Limulus woodwardi (216791)
Late/Upper Jurassic161.5 - 143.1Mongolia (Govi-Altay) Limulidae indet. (179195)
Late/Upper Jurassic161.5 - 143.1Russian Federation (Khabarovsk Krai) Mesolimulus sibiricus (225085)
Late/Upper Kimmeridgian152.21 - 149.2Germany (Baden-Württemberg) Mesolimulus walchii (154138)
Early/Lower Tithonian149.2 - 145.06Germany (Bayern) Cancer perversus (216602) Limulus brevicauda, Limulus walchii, Limulus brevispina (216616) Limulus sulcatus (133581) Limulus walchii, Limulus intermedius, Limulus ornatus (123985) Mesolimulus walchi (31991)
Early/Lower Tithonian149.2 - 145.06Germany (Land Bayern) Limulus giganteus (137801)
Early/Lower Tithonian149.2 - 145.06Poland Limulus darwini (140049)
Late/Upper Aptian119.57 - 113.2Australia (Victoria) Victalimulus mcqueeni (77192)
Early/Lower Albian113.2 - 110.1USA (Texas) Crenatolimulus paluxyensis (216561)
Late/Upper Cenomanian100.5 - 93.9Lebanon Limulus syriacus (216596) Tachypleus syriacus (60311 212873)
Late/Upper Cenomanian100.5 - 93.9Morocco Xiphosura indet. (127539)
Late/Upper Campanian83.6 - 72.2USA (Colorado) Limulus coffini (216750)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian72.2 - 66.0USA (North Dakota) Casterolimulus kletti (216569)
Priabonian37.71 - 33.9Germany Limulus decheni (216795)