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Trionychinae (softshell turtle)
Taxonomy
Trionychinae was named by Gray (1825) [Holman (1988 and 2002) says that Lydekker 1889 named this taxon; Hutchison (1996) attributes it to Bell 1828]. It is extant. Its type is Trionyx. It was considered monophyletic by Meylan (1987), Danilov and Vitek (2013).
It was reranked as the unranked clade Trionychinae by Head et al. (2006), Georgalis and Joyce (2017), Valdes et al. (2017).
It was assigned to Trionychidae by Georgalis and Joyce (2017); and to Trionychidae by Lydekker (1889), Kuhn (1966), Meylan (1987), Weems (1988), Holman and Case (1988), Hutchison (1996), Head et al. (1999), Holroyd and Hutchison (2002), Holman (2002), Hutchison and Holroyd (2003), Hutchison et al. (2004), Head et al. (2006), Karl (2007), Staesche et al. (2007), Danilov et al. (2011), Vitek (2012), Karl and Lindow (2012), Pérez-García et al. (2013), Danilov and Vitek (2013), van Dijk et al. (2014), Valdes et al. (2017), Karl and Tichy (2019), Veress and Codrea (2020), Perez-Garcia and Smith (2021).
It was reranked as the unranked clade Trionychinae by Head et al. (2006), Georgalis and Joyce (2017), Valdes et al. (2017).
It was assigned to Trionychidae by Georgalis and Joyce (2017); and to Trionychidae by Lydekker (1889), Kuhn (1966), Meylan (1987), Weems (1988), Holman and Case (1988), Hutchison (1996), Head et al. (1999), Holroyd and Hutchison (2002), Holman (2002), Hutchison and Holroyd (2003), Hutchison et al. (2004), Head et al. (2006), Karl (2007), Staesche et al. (2007), Danilov et al. (2011), Vitek (2012), Karl and Lindow (2012), Pérez-García et al. (2013), Danilov and Vitek (2013), van Dijk et al. (2014), Valdes et al. (2017), Karl and Tichy (2019), Veress and Codrea (2020), Perez-Garcia and Smith (2021).
Subtaxa
Aulacochelys, Axestemys (syn. Axestus, Eurycephalochelys), Chitrini, Dogania, Nilssonia, Palea, Pelodiscus, Rafetus, Trionychini, Trionyx (syn. Francedebroinella, Sinamyda) (type genus), Trionyx (Amyda) subangularis, Trionyx bambolii, Trionyx blayaci, Trionyx desmostyli, Trionyx dieupentalensis, Trionyx harmati, Trionyx irregularis, Trionyx pliopedemontana, Trionyx stadleri, Trionyx stiriacus
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1825 | Trionychinae Gray |
| 1855 | Trionyx stiriacus Peters |
| 1889 | Trionychinae Lydekker p. 4 |
| 1889 | Trionyx pliopedemontana Sacco |
| 1891 | Trionyx bambolii Ristori |
| 1913 | Trionyx stadleri Teppner |
| 1918 | Trionyx desmostyli Matsumoto |
| 1933 | Trionyx blayaci Bergounioux |
| 1934 | Trionyx harmati Szalai |
| 1935 | Trionyx dieupentalensis Bergounioux |
| 1954 | Trionyx irregularis Bergounioux |
| 1954 | Trionyx (Amyda) subangularis Bergounioux p. 87 |
| 1966 | Trionychinae Kuhn p. 30 |
| 1987 | Trionychinae Meylan |
| 1988 | Trionychinae Holman and Case p. 328 |
| 1988 | Trionychinae Weems p. 118 |
| 1996 | Trionychinae Hutchison p. 339 |
| 1999 | Trionychinae Head et al. |
| 2002 | Trionychinae Holman |
| 2002 | Trionychinae Holroyd and Hutchison p. 181 |
| 2003 | Trionychinae Hutchison and Holroyd |
| 2004 | Trionychinae Hutchison et al. p. 48 |
| 2006 | Trionychinae Head et al. p. 378 |
| 2007 | Trionyx desmostyli Hirayama p. 150 |
| 2007 | Trionychinae Karl p. 34 |
| 2007 | Trionychinae Staesche et al. |
| 2011 | Trionychinae Danilov et al. p. 400 |
| 2012 | Trionychinae Karl and Lindow p. 181 |
| 2012 | Trionychinae Vitek p. 4 |
| 2013 | Trionychinae Danilov and Vitek |
| 2013 | Trionychinae Pérez-García et al. |
| 2014 | Trionychinae van Dijk et al. |
| 2017 | Trionychinae Georgalis and Joyce |
| 2017 | Trionychinae Valdes et al. p. 121 |
| 2019 | Trionychinae Karl and Tichy p. 14 |
| 2020 | Trionychinae Veress and Codrea |
| 2021 | Trionychinae Perez-Garcia and Smith |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Subfm. Trionychinae Gray 1825 [softshell turtle]
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G. †Aulacochelys Lydekker 1889
G. †Axestemys Hay 1899
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†Axestemys byssina Cope 1872
†Axestemys byssinus Cope 1872
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Invalid names: Eugenechelys robertemryi Chkhikvadze 2008 [synonym], Temnotrionyx manducans Hay 1908 [synonym]
†Axestemys cerevisia Vitek 2012
†Axestemys erquelinnensis Perez-Garcia and Smith 2021
†Axestemys infernalis Joyce et al. 2019
†Axestemys montinsana Vitek 2012
†Axestemys quinni Schmidt 1945
†Axestemys splendidus Hay 1908
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Invalid names: Aspideretes granifer Hay 1909 [synonym], Aspideretes planus Parks 1933 [synonym]
†Axestemys vittata Pomel 1847
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Invalid names: Eurycephalochelys fowleri Moody and Walker 1970 [synonym], Trionyx levalensis Dollo 1909 [synonym]
†Rafetus (Axestemys) exquisitus Hay 1908
†Rafetus (Axestemys) nelsoni Cope 1972
Invalid names: Axestus Cope 1872 [synonym], Eurycephalochelys Moody and Walker 1970 [synonym]
Tr. Chitrini Gray 1870
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G. †Palaeoamyda Cadena 2016
G. Dogania Gray 1844
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†Dogania maortuensis Yeh 1965
Dogania subplana Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire 1809 [Malayan softshell]
G. Nilssonia Gray 1869 [Burmese peacock softshells]
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Nilssonia formosa Gray 1869 [Burmese peacock softshell]
Nilssonia gangetica Cuvier 1825 [Indian softshell turtle]
Nilssonia leithii Gray 1872 [Leiths softshell turtle]
Nilssonia nigricans Anderson 1875 [Black softshell turtle]
Invalid names: Trionyx hurum sivalensis Lydekker 1889 [synonym]
G. Palea Siebenrock 1906 [Wattleneck softshells]
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Palea steindachneri Siebenrock 1906 [Wattleneck softshell]
G. Pelodiscus Fitzinger 1835
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Pelodiscus axenaria Zhou et al. 1991 [Hunan softshell turtle]
†Pelodiscus gracilia Yeh 1963
Pelodiscus maackii Brandt 1857 [Northern Chinese softshell turtle]
Pelodiscus parviformis Tang 1997 [Lesser Chinese softshell turtle]
Pelodiscus sinensis Wiegmann 1835 [Chinese softshell]
Invalid names: Trionyx sinuosus Chow and Yeh 1958 [nomen dubium]
G. Rafetus Gray 1864
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†Rafetus bohemicus Liebus 1930
Rafetus euphraticus Daudin 1802 [Euphrates softshell]
Rafetus swinhoei Gray 1873
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Invalid names: Pelochelys taihuensis Zhang 1984 [synonym], Trionyx liupani Tao 1986 [synonym]
†Trionyx bohemicus jaegeri Fuchs 1939
Tr. Trionychini Gray 1825
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Subtr. Apalonina Meylan 1987 [softshell turtle]
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G. †Gobiapalone Danilov et al. 2014
G. †Rafetoides Karl 1998
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†Rafetoides messelianus Reinach 1900
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Invalid names: Rafetoides austriacus Peters 1858 [synonym], Trionyx messelianus kochi Hummel 1927 [synonym], Trionyx messelianus lepsiusi Hummel 1927 [synonym]
Invalid names: Rafetoidina Karl 1998 [empty], Trionychina Gray 1825 [empty]
G. Trionyx Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809
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†Trionyx admirabilis Hay 1905
†Trionyx allani Gilmore 1923
†Trionyx austerus Hay 1908
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Invalid names: Aspideretes fontanus Hay 1908 [synonym], Aspideretes vorax Hay 1908 [synonym]
†Trionyx baynshirensis Danilov et al. 2014
†Trionyx beecheri Hay 1904
†Trionyx boulengeri Reinach 1900
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Invalid names: Trionyx clavatomarginatus Lörenthey 1903 [synonym]
†Trionyx capellinii Negri 1892
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Invalid names: Trionyx affinis Negri 1892 [synonym], Trionyx capellinii conjugens Sacco 1894 [synonym], Trionyx capellinii montevialensis Negri 1892 [synonym], Trionyx capellinii perexpansa Sacco 1895 [synonym], Trionyx gemmellaroi Negri 1892 [synonym], Trionyx insolitus Bergounioux 1954 [synonym], Trionyx intermedius Bergounioux 1954 [synonym], Trionyx schaurothianus Negri 1893 [synonym]
†Trionyx dissolutus Vitek and Danilov 2014
†Trionyx ellipticus Hay 1908
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Invalid names: Aspideretes annae Zangerl 1944 [synonym], Aspideretes grangeri Hay 1908 [synonym]
†Trionyx eloisae Gilmore 1919
†Trionyx foveatus Leidy 1856
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Invalid names: Aspideretes maturus Lambe 1914 [synonym], Aspideretes rugosus Parks 1933 [synonym], Aspideretes subquadratus Lambe 1914 [synonym]
Trionyx gangeticus Cuvier 1824
†Trionyx gilbentuensis Danilov et al. 2014
†Trionyx gobiensis Danilov et al. 2014
†Trionyx henrici Owen and Bell 1849
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Invalid names: Trionyx barbarae Owen and Bell 1849 [synonym], Trionyx circumsulcatus Owen and Bell 1849 [synonym], Trionyx incrassatus Owen and Bell 1849 [synonym], Trionyx marginatus Owen and Bell 1849 [synonym], Trionyx planus Owen and Bell 1849 [synonym], Trionyx rivosus Owen and Bell 1849 [synonym]
†Trionyx ikoviensis Danilov et al. 2011
†Trionyx jixiensis Li et al. 2015
†Trionyx kansaiensis Vitek and Danilov 2010
†Trionyx latus Gilmore 1919
†Trionyx leucopotamicus Cope 1891
†Trionyx linchuensis Yeh 1962
†Trionyx miensis Okazaki and Yoshida 1977
†Trionyx minusculus Chkhikvadze 1973
†Trionyx miocaenus Matthew 1924
†Trionyx mira Hay 1908
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Invalid names: Platypeltis extensa Hay 1908 [synonym], Platypeltis postera Hay 1908 [synonym]
†Trionyx ninae Chkhikvadze 1971
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Invalid names: Trionyx turgaicus Kuznetsov and Chkhikvadze 1977 [synonym], Trionyx zaisanensis Chkhikvadze 1973 [synonym]
†Trionyx onomatoplokos Kuznetsov and Chkhikvadze 1987
Trionyx phayrei Theobald 1868
†Trionyx pliocenicus Fucini 1912
†Trionyx riabinini Kuznetsov and Chkhikvadze 1987
†Trionyx shiluutulensis Danilov et al. 2014
†Trionyx singularis Hay 1907
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Invalid names: Aspideretes puercensis Hay 1908 [synonym], Aspideretes sagatus Hay 1908 [synonym]
Trionyx triunguis Forksal 1775 [African softshell turtle]
†Trionyx uintaensis Cope 1873
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Invalid names: Amyda franciscae Hay 1908 [synonym], Amyda nelsoni Case 1927 [synonym], Aspidonectes tritor Hay 1904 [synonym]
†Trionyx vindobonensis Peters 1855
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Invalid names: Trionyx brunhuberi Ammon 1911 [synonym], Trionyx gergensi Reinach 1900 [synonym], Trionyx hoernesi Heritsch 1909 [synonym], Trionyx peneckei Heritsch 1909 [synonym], Trionyx petersi Hoernes 1881 [synonym], Trionyx rostratus Arthaber 1898 [synonym], Trionyx septemcostatus Hoernes 1881 [synonym], Trionyx teiritzbergensis Gemel 2002 [synonym], Trionyx teyleri Winkler 1869 [synonym]
Invalid names: Francedebroinella Chkhikvadze 1999 [synonym], Sinamyda Chkhikvadze 2000 [synonym], Trionyx capellinii gracilina Sacco 1895 [synonym], Trionyx nopcsai Szalai 1934 [nomen dubium]
Invalid names: Trionyx (Amyda) subangularis Bergounioux 1954 [nomen dubium], Trionyx bambolii Ristori 1891 [nomen dubium], Trionyx blayaci Bergounioux 1933 [nomen dubium], Trionyx desmostyli Matsumoto 1918 [nomen dubium], Trionyx dieupentalensis Bergounioux 1935 [nomen dubium], Trionyx harmati Szalai 1934 [nomen dubium], Trionyx irregularis Bergounioux 1954 [nomen dubium], Trionyx pliopedemontana Sacco 1889 [nomen dubium], Trionyx stadleri Teppner 1913 [nomen dubium], Trionyx stiriacus Peters 1855 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| P. A. Meylan 1987 | Trionychid turtles with the nuchal bone at least three times wider than long, anterior and posterior costiform processes united, no peripheral bones, neural series always containing at least one reversal of neural orientation, depressions for articulation of ilia
absent from eighth pleural, a short bridge, two or more ossifications in the second branchial horn (except in some hurum), dorsal edge of apertura narium externum slightly to strongly emarginate, and epipterygoid typically fusing to pterygoid in adults. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: f = family, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Ernst and Barbour 1989, Carroll 1988 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Late/Upper Barremian to the top of the Holocene or 125.77000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 121.4 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 121.4 Ma
Collections (560 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Late/Upper Barremian | United Kingdom (England) | Trionyx sp. (26791) | |
| Aptian - Albian | China (Heilongjiang) | Trionyx jixiensis (169467) | |
| Albian | USA (Montana) | Trionyx sp. (50696) | |
| Late/Upper Albian - Cenomanian | Uzbekistan (Navoi) | Trionyx dissolutus (58471) | |
| Cenomanian | Kyrgyzstan (Osh) | Dogania maortuensis (58483) | |
| Cenomanian | Uzbekistan (Karakalpakistan) | Trionyx dissolutus (64098) | |
| Early/Lower Cenomanian | Uzbekistan (Karakalpakstan) | Trionyx dissolutus (58466 59694) Trionyx species 3, Trionyx dissolutus (58490) | |
| Early/Lower Cenomanian | Uzbekistan (Navoi) | Trionyx sp. (64685) | |
| Cenomanian - Santonian | Mongolia (Omnogov) | Trionyx sp. (130804) | |
| Cenomanian - Santonian | Mongolia (Dornogov) | Trionyx baynshirensis (79702) | |
| Late/Upper Cretaceous | China (Nei Mongol) | Dogania maortuensis (144650 144651) | |
| Early/Lower Turonian | Mexico (Nuevo León) | Trionyx sp. (115406) | |
| Middle Turonian - Late/Upper Turonian | Uzbekistan (Navoi) | Trionychini indet., Aspideretoides riabinini, Trionyx kansaiensis (75943) Trionyx species 2 (46959) | |
| Early/Lower Santonian | Tajikistan (Sogd) | Trionyx riabinini, Aspideretoides riabinini, Trionyx kansaiensis (58701) | |
| Santonian | Kazakhstan (Ongtustik Qazaqstan) | Trionyx kansaiensis, Aspideretes sp., Paraplastomenus sp. (58719) | |
| Late/Upper Santonian - Middle Campanian | USA (Missouri) | Trionyx sp. (45679) | |
| Santonian - Campanian | Mongolia (Omngov) | Trionyx sp. (207803) | |
| Santonian - Early/Lower Campanian | Kazakhstan (Qyzylorda) | Aspideretoides riabinini, Trionyx kansaiensis, Paleotrionyx riabinini (68826) Trionyx kansaiensis, Paleotrionyx riabinini, Trionychidae indet. (53134) Trionyx sp. (127817) | |
| Campanian | Canada (Alberta) | Aspideretes latus, Apalone latus (177169) Aspideretes planus (177141) Aspideretes rugosus (177140) Aspideretes subquadratus, Trionyx foveatus (123085) Aspideretoides splendidus (177024 177029) | |
| Early/Lower Campanian | USA (Utah) | Trionyx sp. (236740) | |