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Holocephali (chimaera)

Chondrichthyes

Taxonomy
Holocephali was named by Bonaparte (1832). It is extant.

It was reranked as the unranked clade Holocephali by Gadow (1898) and Gouiric-Cavalli et al. (2015); it was reranked as the subclass Holocephala by Hay (1902); it was corrected as Holocephala by Jaekel (1911); it was reranked as the superorder Holocephali by Zangerl (1981), Kriwet and Gazdizicki (2003) and Darras et al. (2008); it was reranked as the class Holocephali by Purdy et al. (2001); it was misspelled as Holocephala by Säve-Söderbergh (1934), Cassier (1966), Duffin (1981), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Cvancara and Hoganson (1993) and Sepkoski (2002); it was reranked as the subclass Holocephali by Rapp (1946), Jordan (1963), Delsate et al. (2002), Long (2011), Nelson et al. (2016), Popov et al. (2020) and Ebersole et al. (2022).

It was assigned to Vertebrata by Owen (1859); to Pisces by Gadow (1898); to Placoidea by Jaekel (1911); to Chrondroterygia by Rapp (1946); to Elasmobranchii by Leidy (1873), Hay (1902) and Jordan (1963); to Elasmobranchii by Säve-Söderbergh (1934) and Cassier (1966); to Elasmobranchii by Duffin (1981) and Cvancara and Hoganson (1993); to Chordata by Purdy et al. (2001); to Subterbranchialia by Kriwet and Gazdizicki (2003) and Darras et al. (2008); and to Chondrichthyes by Zangerl (1981), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Delsate et al. (2002), Sepkoski (2002), Long (2011), Gouiric-Cavalli et al. (2015), Nelson et al. (2016), Popov et al. (2020) and Ebersole et al. (2022).

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1832Holocephali Bonaparte
1859Holocephali Owen p. 119
1873Holocephali Leidy p. 350
1898Holocephali Gadow p. 6
1902Holocephala Hay p. 322
1911Holocephala Jaekel p. 52
1934Holocephala Säve-Söderbergh p. 17
1946Holocephali Rapp p. 511
1958Bradyodonti Arambourg and Bertin
1963Holocephali Jordan p. 605
1964Bradyodonti Obruchev p. 362
1966Holocephali Cassier p. 98
1977Paraselachii Lund
1981Holocephali Duffin p. 470
1981Holocephali Thurmond and Jones p. 77
1981Bradyodonti Thurmond and Jones p. 78
1981Holocephali Zangerl p. 46
1982Bradyodonti Lund p. 939
1993Holocephali Cvancara and Hoganson p. 12
1997Euchondrocephali Lund and Grogan
2000Euchondrocephali Grogan and Lund p. 220
2000Paraselachii Grogan and Lund p. 220
2001Holocephali Purdy et al. p. 161
2002Holocephali Delsate et al. p. 25
2002Holocephali Sepkoski
2003Holocephali Kriwet and Gazdizicki p. 34
2004Paraselachiamorpha Goto and Okura p. 219
2006Paraselachimorpha Nelson p. 46
2008Holocephali Darras et al. p. 301
2011Holocephali Long p. 242
2015Holocephali Gouiric-Cavalli et al. p. 4
2016Holocephali Nelson et al. p. 48
2020Holocephali Popov et al. p. 5
2022Holocephali Ebersole et al. p. 373

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
RankNameAuthor
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
classChondrichthyes
subclassHolocephali(Bonaparte 1832)
subclassHolocephali(Bonaparte 1832)

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Subcl. Holocephali Bonaparte 1832 [chimaera]
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Fm. †Debeeriidae Grogan and Lund 2000
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G. †Debeerius Grogan and Lund 2000
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†Debeerius ellefseni Grogan and Lund 2000
G. †Delphyodontos Lund 1980
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G. †Edaphodus Egerton 1836
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Invalid names: Passalodon Buckland 1838 [synonym]
Or. †Eugeneodontiformes Zangerl 1981
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Superfm. †Caseodontoidea Zangerl 1981
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G. †Campodus de Koninck 1844
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†Campodus agassizianus Koninck 1844
†Campodus corrugatus Newberry and Worthen 1870
†Campodus scitulus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Campodus virginianus Saint John and Worthen 1875
Fm. †Caseodontidae Zangerl 1981
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G. †Caseodus Zangerl 1981
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†Caseodus basalis Cope 1894
†Caseodus eatoni Zangerl 1981
†Caseodus varidentis Mutter and Neuman 2008
G. †Erikodus Nielsen 1952
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†Erikodus groenlandicus Nielsen 1932
G. †Fadenia Nielsen 1932
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†Fadenia crenulata Nielsen 1932
†Fadenia gigas Eaton 1962
†Fadenia uroclasmato Mutter and Neuman 2008
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†Ornithoprion hertwigi Zangerl 1966
G. †Pirodus Lebedev 2001
G. †Romerodus Zangerl 1981
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†Romerodus orodontus Zangerl 1981
G. †Chiastodus Trautschold 1879
Fm. †Eugeneodontidae Zangerl 1981
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G. †Bobbodus Zangerl 1981
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†Bobbodus schaefferi Zangerl 1981
†Bobbodus xerxesi Hampe et al. 2013
G. †Eugeneodus Zangerl 1981
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†Eugeneodus richardsoni Zangerl 1981
G. †Gilliodus Zangerl 1981
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†Gilliodus orvellei Zangerl 1981
†Gilliodus peyeri Zangerl 1981
Invalid names: Orodus corrugatus Romer 1942 [nomen dubium]
G. †Tiaraju Richter 2007
Superfm. †Edestoidea Hay 1930
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Fm. †Edestidae Jaekel 1899
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G. †Edestus Leidy 1855
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†Edestus crenulatus Hay 1909
†Edestus giganteus Newberry 1888
†Edestus heinrichi Newberry and Worthen 1870
†Edestus karpinskii Missuna 1908
†Edestus minisculus Hay 1909
†Edestus minor Newberry 1866
†Edestus minusculus Hay 1909
†Edestus mirus Hay 1912
†Edestus newtoni Woodward 1916
†Edestus serratus Hay 1909
†Edestus triserratus Newton 1904
†Edestus vorax Leidy 1855
G. †Euctenius Traquair 1881
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†Euctenius unilateralis Barkas 1874
G. †Lestrodus
G. †Prospiraxis Williams 1887
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†Prospiraxis major Newberry 1885
†Prospiraxis randallii Newberry 1885
G. †Protopirata Trautschold 1888
G. †Spiraxis Newberry 1885
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†Spiraxis bivalvis Ward 1885
G. †Syntomodus Obruchev 1964
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†Syntomodus abbreviatus Obruchev 1964
G. †Paredestus Mutter and Neuman 2008
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†Paredestus bricircum Mutter and Neuman 2008
Fm. †Helicampodontidae Itano and Lebedev 2023
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G. †Helicampodus Branson 1935
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†Helicampodus egloni Obruchev 1965
†Helicampodus kokeni Branson 1935
G. †Hunanohelicoprion Liu 1994
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G. †Parahelicampodus Nielsen 1952
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†Parahelicampodus sparcki Nielsen 1952
G. †Sinohelicoprion Liu and Chang 1963
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†Sinohelicoprion changhsingensis Liu and Chang 1963
Fm. †Helicoprionidae Karpinsky 1911
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G. †Helicoprion Karpinsky 1899
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†Helicoprion bessonowi Karpinsky 1899
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Invalid names: Helicoprion nevadensis Wheeler 1939 [synonym]
†Helicoprion davisii Woodward 1886
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Invalid names: Helicoprion jingmenense Chen et al. 2007 [synonym], Helicoprion sierrensis Wheeler 1939 [synonym], Lissoprion ferrieri Hay 1907 [synonym]
†Helicoprion ergassaminon Bendix-Almgreen 1966
Invalid names: Lissoprion Hay 1907 [synonym]
G. †Karpinskiprion Lebedev and Itano 2023
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†Karpinskiprion ivanovi Karpinsky 1924
Invalid names: Agassizodontidae Zangerl 1981 [synonym]
Invalid names: Campyloprion Eastman 1902 [nomen dubium], Campyloprion annectans Eastman 1902 [nomen dubium], Edistidae Jaekel 1899 [empty]
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G. †Helodus Agassiz 1838
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†Helodus angulatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Helodus biformis Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Helodus carbonarius Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Helodus coniculus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Helodus consolidatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Helodus crenulatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Helodus denshumani Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Helodus denticulatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Helodus didymus Agassiz 1843
†Helodus elytra Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Helodus gibberulus Agassiz 1836
†Helodus gibbus Leidy 1857
†Helodus incisus Eastman 1903
†Helodus laevis Newberry 1879
†Helodus limax Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Helodus mammillaris Agassiz 1843
†Helodus planus Agassiz 1843
†Helodus politus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Helodus rudis M'Coy 1848
†Helodus rugosus Newberry and Worthen 1870
†Helodus simplex Agassiz 1838
†Helodus subpolitus Branson 1916
†Helodus subteres Agassiz 1836
†Helodus sulcatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Helodus undulatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Helodus wortheni Hay 1899
Superor. †Holocephalomorpha Lund 1986
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Or. Chimaeriformes Obruchev 1953 [chimaera]
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G. †Arctacanthus Nielsen 1932
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†Arctacanthus exiguus Yamagishi 2004
†Arctacanthus multisectus Branson 1933
†Arctacanthus uncinatus Nielsen 1932
†Arctacanthus wyomingensis Branson 1934
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Invalid names: Dolophonodus uncinatus Branson 1933 [replaced]
Invalid names: Ancistriodus Branson 1933 [synonym], Dolophonodus Branson 1933 [synonym], Hamatus Branson 1930 [synonym]
Fm. Callorhynchidae Garman 1901 [plownose chimaera]
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G. †Bathytheristes Duffin 1995
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†Bathytheristes gracilis Duffin 1995
Subfm. Callorhynchinae Garman 1901
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G. †Ptyktoptychion Lees 1986
G. Callorhynchus Cuvier 1829
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†Callorhynchus hectori Newton 1876
G. †Edaphadon Buckland 1838
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†Edaphadon mirificus Leidy 1856
G. †Elasmodus Egerton
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†Elasmodus avirostrus Averianov 1999
†Elasmodus greenoughi Agassiz 1838
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Invalid names: Aptychus crassus Hebert 1855 [synonym], Elasmodus crassus Leriche 1906 [synonym], Elasmodus planus Leriche 1929 [synonym]
†Elasmodus hunteri Egerton 1843
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Invalid names: Psaliodus compressus Agassiz 1843 [synonym]
†Elasmodus kempi Ward 1977
†Elasmodus khosatzkyi Averianov 1999
†Elasmodus rossicus Averianov 1999
†Elasmodus sinzovi Averianov and Glickman 1994
†Elasmodus tsheganicus Averianov 2001
†Elasmodus zharyk Averianov 1999
Invalid names: Psaliodus Agassiz 1843 [synonym]
G. †Ischyodus Egerton 1843
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†Ischyodus avitus Meyer 1800
†Ischyodus beaumonti Egerton 1843
†Ischyodus bifurcatus Case 1978
†Ischyodus bohemicus Bayer 1905
†Ischyodus dufrenoyi Egerton 1843
†Ischyodus egertoni Buckland 1835
†Ischyodus emarginatus Egerton 1843
†Ischyodus incisus Newton 1878
†Ischyodus latus Newton 1878
†Ischyodus mortoni Chapman and Pritchard 1907
†Ischyodus panus Newton 1878
†Ischyodus quenstedti Wagner 1857
†Ischyodus rayhaasi Hoganson and Erickson 2005
†Ischyodus thurmanni Pictet and Campiche 1878
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Invalid names: Ischyodus brevirostris Newton 1876 [synonym]
†Ischyodus townsendi Buckland 1835
†Ischyodus yanschini Averianov 1991
†Ischyodus zinsmeisteri Applegate 1975
Invalid names: Edaphodontinae Stahl 1999 [empty]
+
G. †Bryactinus Cope 1875
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†Bryactinus amorphus Cope 1875
G. †Canadodus Popov et al. 2020
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†Canadodus suntoki Popov et al. 2020
G. Chimaera Linnaeus 1758
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Subg. †Chimaera (Ischyodon) Agassiz 1843
Subg. †Chimaera (Psittacodon) Agassiz 1843
†Chimaera furcata Fritsch 1878
†Chimaera pliocenica Woodward 1891
†Chimaera venablesae Cassier 1966
G. †Elasmodectes Woodward 1888
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†Elasmodectes willetti Newton 1878
G. †Hedronchus Cope 1876
G. †Hydrolagus Gill 1862
G. †Isotaenia Cope 1875
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G. †Leptomylus Cope 1869
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†Leptomylus cookii Cope 1870
†Leptomylus densus Cope 1869
†Leptomylus forfex Cope 1875
G. †Mylognathus Leidy 1856
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†Mylognathus priscus Leidy 1856
G. †Similihariotta Zangerl 1979
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G. †Sphagepoea Cope 1869
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†Sphagepoea aciculata Cope 1869
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G. †Anteliochimaera Tanaka 1909
Fm. Callorhinchidae Garman 1901 [plownose chimaera]
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G. †Brachymylus Smith Woodward 1894
G. Callorhinchus Lacépède 1798
G. †Ganodus Agassiz 1843
G. †Pachymylus Woodward 1892
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G. †Moskovirhynchus Popov and Shapovalov 2021
G. †Chalcodus Zittel 1887
Superfm. Chimaeroidea
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G. †Chimaerotheca Brown 1946
Fm. †Edaphodontidae Owen 1846
G. †Eomanodon Ward and Duffin 1989
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†Eomanodon simmsi Ward and Duffin 1989
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G. †Amylodon Storms 1894
G. †Harriotta Goode and Bean 1895
G. †Rhinochimaera Garman 1901
G. †Crassidonta Branson 1916
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†Crassidonta stuckenbergi Branson 1916
†Crassidonta subcrenulata Teichert 1943
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G. †Echinochimaera Lund 1977
Subor. †Myriacanthoidei Patterson 1965
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G. †Chimaeropsis Zittel 1887
Fm. †Myriacanthidae Woodward 1889
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G. †Acanthorhina Fraas 1910
G. †Agkistracanthus Duffin and Furrer 1981
G. †Alethodontus Duffin 1983
G. †Halonodon Duffin 1984
G. †Metopacanthus Zittel 1887
G. †Myriacanthus Agassiz 1836
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Invalid names: Prognathodus Egerton 1872 [synonym]
G. †Oblidens Duffin and Milàn 2017
G. †Recurvacanthus Duffin 1981
Invalid names: Acanthorhinidae Patterson 1965 [synonym]
Invalid names: Chimeroidei Patterson 1965 [empty], Myracanthiodei [empty], Squalorajoidei Patterson 1965 [empty]
Or. †Chondrenchelyiformes Moy-Thomas 1939
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Fm. †Chondrenchelyidae Berg 1940
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G. †Chondrenchelys Traquair 1888
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†Chondrenchelys problematica Traquair 1888
G. †Harpagofututor Lund 1982
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G. †Platyxystrodus Hay 1899
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†Platyxystrodus bellulus St John and Worthen 1875
†Platyxystrodus imitatus St John and Worthen 1875
†Platyxystrodus inconditus Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Platyxystrodus occidentalis St. John 1870
†Platyxystrodus simplex St John and Worthen 1875
†Platyxystrodus verus John and Worthen 1883
Invalid names: Xystrodus Morris and Roberts 1862 [replaced]
Or. †Cochliodontiformes Obruchev 1953
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Fm. †Cochliodontidae Owen 1867
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G. †Aspidodus Newberry and Worthen 1866
G. †Chitonodus Stjohn and Worthen 1883
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†Chitonodus antiquus Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Chitonodus liratus Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Chitonodus springeri Saint John and Worthen 1883
G. †Cochliodus Agassiz 1838
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†Cochliodus acutus Agassiz 1843
†Cochliodus contortus Agassiz 1837
†Cochliodus latus Leidy 1857
†Cochliodus leidyi Saint John and Worthen 1883
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Invalid names: Deltodus stellatus Newberry and Worthen 1866 [synonym]
†Cochliodus vanhornii Saint John and Worthen 1883
G. †Cranodus Trautschold 1879
G. †Cyrtonodus Davis 1884
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†Cyrtonodus brevis Goto and Okura 2004
†Cyrtonodus fukujiensis Goto and Okura 2004
†Cyrtonodus hornei Woodward 1889
†Cyrtonodus nishioi Goto and Okura 2004
G. †Deltodopsis St John and Worthen 1883
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†Deltodopsis affinis Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Deltodopsis angustus Newberry and Worthen 1870
†Deltodopsis bialveatus Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Deltodopsis convolutus Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Deltodopsis exornatus Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Deltodopsis inflexus Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Deltodopsis sanctiludovici Saint John and Worthen 1883
G. †Deltodus Morris and Roberts 1862
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†Deltodus alatus Newberry and Worthen 1870
†Deltodus angularis Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Deltodus cinctulus Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Deltodus cinctus Newberry 1879
†Deltodus cingulatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Deltodus concha Trautschold 1874
†Deltodus contortus Stjohn and Worthen 1883
†Deltodus costatus Newberry and Worthen 1870
†Deltodus fasciatus Newberry and Worthen 1870
†Deltodus gibbus Woodward 1889
†Deltodus grandis Newberry 1879
†Deltodus inornatus Newberry 1897
†Deltodus intermedius Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Deltodus latior Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Deltodus littoni Newberry and Worthen 1870
†Deltodus mercurei Newberry 1876
†Deltodus obliquus Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Deltodus parvus Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Deltodus planidens Cope 1894
†Deltodus powellii Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Deltodus propinquus Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Deltodus rugosus Woodward 1889
†Deltodus spatulatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Deltodus sublaevis Agassiz 1843
†Deltodus trilobus Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Deltodus undulatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
G. †Dichelodus Giebel 1857
G. †Diplacodus Davis 1884
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†Diplacodus bulboides Davis 1883
G. †Erismacanthus M'Coy 1848
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†Erismacanthus barbatus Eastman 1903
†Erismacanthus formosus Eastman 1902
†Erismacanthus jonesii M'Coy 1848
†Erismacanthus maccoyanus Stjohn and Worthen 1875
†Erismacanthus major Davis 1883
G. †Helodopsis Waagen 1879
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†Helodopsis abbreviata Waagen 1879
†Helodopsis elongata Waagen 1879
G. †Icanodus Miller 1892
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†Icanodus convexus Davis 1883
†Icanodus limitaris St John and Worthen 1875
Invalid names: Tomodus Davis 1883 [replaced]
G. †Orthopleurodus St John and Worthen 1880
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†Orthopleurodus convexus Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Orthopleurodus novomexicanus Saint John and Worthen 1883
G. †Oxytomodus Trautschold 1880
G. †Paecilodus Agassiz 1843
+
†Paecilodus gibbosus Davis 1883
†Paecilodus jonesii Mcoy 1855
G. †Periplectrodus St John and Worthen 1875
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†Periplectrodus compressus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Periplectrodus expansus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Periplectrodus warreni Saint John and Worthen 1875
G. †Platyodus Newberry 1875
+
†Platyodus lineatus Newberry 1875
G. †Pleurodus Agassiz 1843
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†Pleurodus rankinii Agassiz 1843
G. †Pleuroplax Woodward 1889
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†Pleuroplax attheyi Barkas 1874
†Pleuroplax rankinei Hancock and Atthey 1843
†Pleuroplax woodi Davis 1883
G. †Poecilodus Agassiz 1843
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†Poecilodus aliformis M'Coy 1848
†Poecilodus carbonarius Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Poecilodus cestriensis Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Poecilodus convolutus Newberry and Worthen 1870
†Poecilodus foveolatus M'Coy 1848
†Poecilodus jonesii Agassiz 1843
†Poecilodus oliquus Agassiz 1843
†Poecilodus paradoxus Waagen 1879
†Poecilodus parallelus Agassiz 1843
†Poecilodus rugosus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Poecilodus sanctiludovici Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Poecilodus springeri Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Poecilodus tribulis Stjohn and Worthen 1883
†Poecilodus varsoviensis Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Poecilodus wortheni Saint John 1883
G. †Rhamphodus Davis 1883
G. †Sandalodus Newberry and Worthen 1866
+
†Sandalodus angustus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Sandalodus carbonarius Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Sandalodus complanatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Sandalodus crassus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Sandalodus elllipticus Newberry 1897
†Sandalodus laevissimus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Sandalodus minor Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Sandalodus morrisii Davis 1883
†Sandalodus parvulus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Sandalodus rhomboideus Newberry and Worthen 1866
G. †Stenopterodus St John and Worthen 1883
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†Stenopterodus elongatus Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Stenopterodus planus Saint John and Worthen 1883
G. †Streblodus Agassiz 1843
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†Streblodus angustus Eastman 1903
†Streblodus colei Davis 1883
†Streblodus egertoni Davis 1883
†Streblodus oblongus Agassiz 1843
G. †Taeniodus St John and Worthen 1883
G. †Trigonodus Newberry and Worthen 1866
G. †Vaticinodus St John and Worthen 1883
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†Vaticinodus carbonarius Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Vaticinodus discrepans Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Vaticinodus lepis Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Vaticinodus similis Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Vaticinodus simplex Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Vaticinodus vetustus Saint John and Worthen 1883
G. †Venustodus St. John and Worthen 1875
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†Venustodus argutus St John and Worthen 1875
†Venustodus leidyi St. John and Worthen 1875
†Venustodus robustus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Venustodus tenuicristatus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Venustodus variabilis Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Venustodus venustus Leidy 1857
G. †Xystrodus Plieninger 1860
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†Xystrodus egertoni Davis 1883
Fm. †Psephodontidae Zangerl 1981
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G. †Kanodus Lebedev 2014
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†Kanodus robustus Lebedev 2014
G. †Psephodus Morris and Roberts 1862
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†Psephodus crenulatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Psephodus dubius Woodward 1889
†Psephodus latus Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Psephodus levissimus Agassiz 1837
†Psephodus lunulatus Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Psephodus magnus Agassiz 1843
†Psephodus obliquus Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Psephodus placenta Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Psephodus politus Newberry 1897
†Psephodus regularis Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Psephodus reticulatus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Psephodus salopiensis Woodward 1889
†Psephodus symmetricus Saint John and Worthen 1883
Invalid names: Psephodus depressus Waagen 1880 [nomen vanum], Psephodus indicus Waagen 1880 [nomen vanum]
G. †Solenodus Trautschold 1874
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†Solenodus crenulatus Trautschold 1874
Or. †Copodontiformes Obruchev 1953
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Fm. †Copodontidae Davis 1883
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G. †Copodus Morris and Roberts 1862
+
†Copodus auriculatus Davis 1883
†Copodus cornutus Davis 1843
†Copodus furcatus Davis 1862
†Copodus lingua Davis 1883
†Copodus minimus Davis 1883
†Copodus oblongus Davis 1883
†Copodus pusillus Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Copodus spatulatus Davis 1862
†Copodus spatulatus Davis 1862
†Copodus vanhornii Saint John and Worthen 1883
G. †Melanodus Darras et al. 2008
+
†Melanodus loonesi Darras et al. 2008
+
Fm. †Deltoptychiidae Zangerl 1981
+
G. †Deltoptychius Morris and Roberts 1862
+
†Deltoptychius acutus Agassiz 1843
†Deltoptychius expansus Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Deltoptychius nitidus Leidy 1857
†Deltoptychius primus Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Deltoptychius varsoviensis Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Deltoptychius wachsmuthi Saint John and Worthen 1883
Fm. †Menaspidae Woodward 1891
+
G. †Menaspis Ewald 1848
+
†Menaspis armata Ewald 1848
Fm. †Traquairiidae Lund and Grogan 1997
+
G. †Traquairius Lund and Grogan 1997
+
†Traquairius agkistrocephalus Lund and Grogan 1997
†Traquairius nudus Lund and Grogan 1997
†Traquairius spinosus Lund and Grogan 1997
Or. †Psammodontiformes Obruchev 1953
+
+
G. †Apodometes Gistel 1848
G. †Archaeobatis Newberry 1878
+
†Archaeobatis gigas Newberry 1878
G. †Astrabodus Davis 1884
G. †Dimyleus Davis 1883
G. †Homalodus Davis 1883
G. †Mazodus Newberry 1899
+
†Mazodus kepleri Newberry 1889
G. †Mylacodus Davis 1883
G. †Mylax Morris and Roberts 1883
G. †Pinacodus Davis 1883
G. †Pleurogomphus Agassiz 1862
G. †Psammodus Agassiz 1834
+
†Psammodus angularis Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Psammodus caelatus Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Psammodus cornutus Agassiz 1843
†Psammodus crassidens Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Psammodus expansus Davis 1884
†Psammodus glyptus Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Psammodus grandis Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Psammodus longidens Agassiz 1837
†Psammodus lovianus Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Psammodus plenus Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Psammodus porosus Agassiz 1837
†Psammodus reticulatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Psammodus rugosus Agassiz 1836
†Psammodus salopiensis Woodward 1889
†Psammodus springeri Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Psammodus tumidus Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Psammodus turgidus Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Psammodus turgidus Agassiz 1838
G. †Rhymodus Davis 1883
Or. †Squalorajiformes Patterson 1965
+
Fm. †Squalorajidae Woodward 1886
+
G. †Squaloraja Riley 1833
+
†Squaloraja polyspondyla Agassiz 1836
†Squaloraja tenuispina Woodward 1886
Invalid names: Spinacorhinus Agassiz 1836 [synonym]
G. †Macrodontacanthus Romer 1942
+
G. †Menaspacanthus Patterson 1965
Or. †Orodontiformes Zangerl 1981
+
Fm. †Leiodontidae Ginter et al. 2010
+
G. †Cristatodens Ginter and Sun 2007
G. †Leiodus Saint John and Worthen 1875
+
†Leiodus calcaratus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Leiodus grossipunctatus Saint John and Worthen 1875
Fm. †Orodontidae de Koninck 1878
+
G. †Adiapneustes Gistel 1848
G. †Eoorodus Branson 1914
G. †Hercynolepis Gross 1973
G. †Lophodus
G. †Octinapsis Trautschold 1874
G. †Orodus Agassiz 1836
+
†Orodus alleni Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Orodus carinatus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Orodus catenatus Davis 1883
†Orodus cinctus Agassiz 1836
†Orodus colletti Newberry 1879
†Orodus daedalus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Orodus decussatus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Orodus elegantulus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Orodus elongatus Davis 1883
†Orodus fastigiatus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Orodus gibbosus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Orodus gibbus Davis 1883
†Orodus greggi Zangerl 1981
†Orodus intermedius Eastman 1903
†Orodus ipeunaensis Chahud et al. 2010
†Orodus major Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Orodus mammillaris Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Orodus micropterygius Zangerl 1981
†Orodus minutus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Orodus moniliformis Davis 1883
†Orodus neglectus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Orodus ornatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Orodus parallelus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Orodus parvulus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Orodus plicatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Orodus ramosus Agassiz 1836
†Orodus tenuis Woodward 1889
†Orodus tuberculatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Orodus turgidus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Orodus variabilis Newberry 1875
†Orodus varicostatus Saint John and Worthen 1875
Or. †Petalodontiformes Zangerl 1981
+
Fm. †Belantseidae Lund 1989
+
G. †Belantsea Lund 1989
+
†Belantsea montana Lund 1989
†Belantsea occidentalis St. John and Worthen 1875
G. †Ctenoptychius Agassiz 1838
+
†Ctenoptychius acuminatus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Ctenoptychius apicalis Agassiz 1838
†Ctenoptychius cristatus Dawson 1868
†Ctenoptychius lobatus Etheridge 1875
†Ctenoptychius pertenius Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Ctenoptychius stevensoni St. John and Worthen 1875
G. †Netsepoye Lund 1989
+
†Netsepoye hawesi Lund 1989
Fm. †Janassidae Jaekel 1899
+
G. †Cholodus John and Worthen 1875
G. †Ctenopetalus Agassiz 1837
+
†Ctenopetalus bellulus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Ctenopetalus limatulus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Ctenopetalus medius Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Ctenopetalus vinosus Saint John and Worthen 1875
G. †Cymatodus Newberry and Worthen 1870
+
Cymatodus oblongus Newberry and Worthen 1870
+
†Dactylodus excavatus Saint John and Worthen 1866
†Dactylodus princeps Newberry and Worthen 1866
G. †Fissodus St. John and Worthen 1875
+
Fissodus bifidus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Fissodus dentatus Eastman 1903
†Fissodus inaequalis Stjohn and Worthen 1875
G. †Gamphacanthus Miller 1892
+
†Gamphacanthus politus Newberry 1889
†Gamphacanthus uddeni Lindahl 1897
G. †Gomphacanthus Davis 1884
G. †Janassa
+
†Janassa angularis Branson 1916
†Janassa bituminosa Schlotheim 1820
+
Invalid names: Acrodus larva Agassiz 1839 [synonym], Byzenos latipinnatus Münster 1843 [synonym], Dictea striata Münster 1840 [synonym], Janassa angulata Münster 1839 [synonym], Janassa dictea Münster 1842 [synonym], Janassa humboldii Münster 1839 [synonym]
†Janassa brevis Newberry 1856
†Janassa clarki Lund 1989
†Janassa clavatus M'Coy 1848
†Janassa gurleiana Cope 1877
†Janassa imbricatus M'Coy 1848
†Janassa kochi Nielsen 1932
†Janassa korni Weigelt 1930
†Janassa linguaeformis Atthey 1868
†Janassa maxima Eastman 1903
†Janassa ordiana Cope 1881
†Janassa strigilina Cope 1881
†Janassa unguicula Eastman 1903
Invalid names: Byzenos Münster 1843 [synonym], Climaxodus McCoy 1848 [synonym], Dictea Münster 1840 [synonym]
G. †Petalodopsis Barkas 1874
+
†Petalodopsis mirabilis Barkas 1874
G. †Phoderacanthus Davis 1883
G. †Platacanthus M'Coy 1848
G. †Pnigeacanthus St John and Worthen 1883
G. †Pristicladodus M'Coy 1848
+
†Pristicladodus goughi M'Coy 1848
G. †Stichacanthus Koninck 1878
+
†Stichacanthus coemansi Koninck 1878
G. †Thoracodus Cope 1883
+
†Thoracodus emydinus Cope 1883
Fm. †Petalodontidae Newberry and Worthen 1866
+
G. †Antliodus Newberry and Worthen 1866
+
†Antliodus arcuatus Newberry 1889
†Antliodus cucullus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Antliodus gracilis Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Antliodus mucronatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Antliodus parvulus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Antliodus perovalis Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Antliodus politus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Antliodus robustus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Antliodus sarcululus Newberry and Worthen 1870
†Antliodus similis Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Antliodus simplex Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Antliodus sulcatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
G. †Chomatodus Agassiz 1838
+
†Chomatodus affinis Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Chomatodus angustus Newberry 1879
†Chomatodus chesterensis Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Chomatodus cinctus Agassiz 1838
†Chomatodus comptus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Chomatodus costatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Chomatodus cultellus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Chomatodus elegans Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Chomatodus inconstans Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Chomatodus incrassatus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Chomatodus insignis Leidy 1857
†Chomatodus linearis Agassiz 1836
†Chomatodus loriformis Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Chomatodus molaris Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Chomatodus oliquus M'Coy 1848
†Chomatodus parallelus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Chomatodus pusillus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Chomatodus selliformis Newberry 1879
†Chomatodus truncatus Agassiz 1843
†Chomatodus varsouviensis Saint John and Worthen 1875
G. †Glossodus M'Coy 1848
+
†Glossodus heckelii Costa 1864
†Glossodus lingusbovis Mcoy 1848
†Glossodus marginatus M'Coy 1848
G. †Glyphanodus Davis 1883
G. †Harpacodus St. John and Worthen 1875
+
†Harpacodus clavatus Davis 1883
†Harpacodus compactus St. John and Worthen 1875
†Harpacodus dentatus Davis 1883
†Harpacodus occidentalis St. John and Worthen 1875
G. †Itapyrodus Silva Santos 1990
+
†Itapyrodus punctatus Silva Santos 1990
G. †Lisgodus Saint John and Worthen 1875
+
†Lisgodus affinis Newberry 1879
†Lisgodus curtus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Lisgodus selluliformis Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Lisgodus serratus Saint John and Worthen 1875
G. †Neopetalodus Murata and Uyeno 1979
G. †Peltodus Newberry and Worthen 1870
+
Peltodus plicomphalus Saint John and Worthen 1875
Peltodus pulvinulus Newberry and Worthen 1870
Peltodus quadratus Saint John and Worthen 1875
Peltodus transversus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Peltodus unguiformis St John and Worthen 1870
G. †Petalodus
+
†Petalodus acuminatus Agassiz 1838
+
Invalid names: Petalodus destructor Newberry and Worthen 1870 [synonym], Sicarius extinctus Leidy 1856 [synonym]
†Petalodus arcuatus St. John 1870
†Petalodus curtus Newberry and Worthen 1870
†Petalodus davisii Woodward 1889
†Petalodus flabellula Woodward 1889
†Petalodus grandis Davis 1883
†Petalodus hastingsiae Owen 1840
†Petalodus hybridus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Petalodus jewetti Miller 1957
†Petalodus knappi Newberry 1879
†Petalodus linguifer Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Petalodus ohioensis Safford 1853
†Petalodus proximus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Petalodus sagittatus Agassiz 1843
Invalid names: Sicarius Leidy 1856 [synonym]
G. †Polyrhizodus M'Coy 1848
+
†Polyrhizodus carbonarius Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Polyrhizodus colei Davis 1883
†Polyrhizodus concavus Trautschold 1874
†Polyrhizodus dentatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Polyrhizodus digitatus Leidy 1857
+
Invalid names: Polyrhizodus amplus St. John and Worthen 1875 [synonym], Polyrhizodus excavatus Saint John and Worthen 1866 [synonym], Polyrhizodus littoni Newberry and Worthen 1870 [synonym], Polyrhizodus lobatus Newberry and Worthen 1866 [synonym], Polyrhizodus princeps Newberry and Worthen 1866 [synonym], Polyrhizodus williamsi St. John and Worthen 1875 [synonym]
†Polyrhizodus elongatus Davis 1883
†Polyrhizodus inflexus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Polyrhizodus latus Newberry 1897
†Polyrhizodus magnus M'Coy 1848
†Polyrhizodus minimus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Polyrhizodus modestus Newberry 1875
†Polyrhizodus nanus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Polyrhizodus piasaensis Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Polyrhizodus ponticulus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Polyrhizodus porosus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Polyrhizodus pusillus M'Coy 1848
†Polyrhizodus rectus Newberry 1897
†Polyrhizodus truncatus Newberry and Worthen 1870
G. †Strigilina Cope 1877
+
G. †Tanaodus St. John and Worthen 1875
+
Tanaodus angularis Newberry and Worthen 1866
Tanaodus bellcinctus Saint John and Worthen 1875
Tanaodus depressus Saint John and Worthen 1875
Tanaodus gracillimus Newberry and Worthen 1866
Tanaodus grossiplicatus Saint John and Worthen 1875
Tanaodus multiplicatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
Tanaodus obscurus Leidy 1857
Tanaodus polymorphus Saint John and Worthen 1875
Tanaodus praenuntius Saint John and Worthen 1875
Tanaodus pumilis Saint John and Worthen 1875
Tanaodus sculptus Saint John and Worthen 1875
Tanaodus sublunatus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Tanaodus wisei Traquair 1901
Fm. †Pristodontidae Woodward 1889
+
G. †Calopodus John and Worthen 1875
+
†Calopodus apicalis Saint John and Worthen 1875
G. †Davodus Hansen 1985
G. †Megactenopetalus David 1944
+
+
Invalid names: Petalodus shingkuoi Young 1950 [synonym]
G. †Peripristis St. John 1870
+
†Peripristis semicircularis Newberry and Worthen 1866
G. †Petalorhynchus Newberry and Worthen 1866
+
Petalorhynchus distortus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Petalorhynchus indicus Waagen 1879
Petalorhynchus pseudosagittatus Saint John and Worthen 1875
Petalorhynchus spatulatus Saint John and Worthen 1875
Petalorhynchus striatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
G. †Pristodus Davis 1883
+
†Pristodus benniei Etheridge 1875
†Pristodus concinnus Davis 1883
†Pristodus falcatus Davis 1883
G. †Siksika Lund 1989
+
†Siksika ottae Lund 1989
Invalid names: Peripristidae Eastman 1902 [synonym]
Invalid names: Bradyodonti Arambourg and Bertin 1958 [synonym], Chimaeri Jaekel 1911 [empty], Debeeriformes [empty], Euchondrocephali Lund and Grogan 1997 [synonym], Iniopterygiformes Zangerl and Case 1973 [empty], Paraselachiamorpha Lund 1977 [empty], Paraselachimorpha Lund 1977 [invalid subgroup], Trachyacanthi Jaekel 1911 [empty]
Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
R. Owen 1859Jaws bony, traversed and encased by dental plates; endo-skeleton cartilaginous; exo-skeleton as placoid granules; most of the fins with a strong spine for the first ray; ventrals abdominal; gills laminated, attached by their margins; a single external gill aperture.
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: marinesubp
Locomotion: actively mobileo
Life habit: nektobenthico
Diet: carnivoreo
Created: 2009-07-21 06:36:22
Modified: 2009-07-21 08:36:22
Source: o = order, subp = subphylum
References: Carroll 1988, Wagner 2023, Hendy et al. 2009

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Early/Lower Emsian to the top of the Early/Lower Pliocene or 409.10000 to 3.60000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 402.5 Ma

Collections (588 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Devonian419.2 - 358.9Poland Psephodus sp. (236675)
Early/Lower Emsian409.1 - 402.5Russian Federation Bradyodonti indet. (35710 35711 35712)
Givetian387.7 - 382.7France (Nord-Pas-de-Calais) Melanodus loonesi (90628)
Frasnian382.7 - 372.2Australia (New South Wales) Helodontidae indet. (232510)
Late/Upper Devonian382.7 - 358.9USA (California) Cochliodontiformes indet. (206454) Orodus sp. (225954)
Famennian372.2 - 358.9Belarus (Homel) Ageleodus sp. (232528)
Late/Upper Famennian364.7 - 360.7USA (Pennsylvania) Ageleodus pectinatus (35044)
Kinderhookian358.9 - 352.0USA (Montana) Psammodus sp. (545)
Early/Lower Mississippian358.9 - 346.7USA (Iowa) Erismacanthus barbatus (133258)
Mississippian358.9 - 323.2USA (Kentucky) Peripristis semicircularis (133266)
Mississippian358.9 - 323.2USA (Indiana) Helodus incisus (133271)
Mississippian358.9 - 323.2United Kingdom Chomatodus clavatus, Petalodus acuminatus (132782) Climaxodus imbricatus, Petalodus aliformis, Petalodus acuminatus, Ctenoptychius serratus, Poecilodus foveolatus (132729) Cochliodus magnus (132784) Helodus lavissimus, Helodus rudis, Helodus mammillaris, Helodus didymus, Helodus planus, Petalodus psittacinus, Chomatodus clavatus, Petalodus rectus, Petalodus sagittatus, Petalodus hastingsii, Glossodus marginatus, Chomatodus oliquus, Chomatodus linearis, Chomatodus denticulatus, Chomatodus truncatus, Polyrhizodus pusillus, Polyrhizodus magnus, Ctenoptychius apicalis, Ctenoptychius serratus, Cochliodus magnus, Poecilodus oliquus, Poecilodus jonesii, Poecilodus parallelus, Cochliodus oblongus, Cochliodus contortus, Cochliodus acutus, Poecilodus sublaevis, Erismacanthus jonesii, Cochliodus striatus, Psammodus canaliculatus, Helodus turgidus, Psammodus rugosus, Psammodus cornutus (132781) Petalodus davisii, Glossodus lingusbovis, Polyrhizodus colei, Polyrhizodus magnus, Polyrhizodus elongatus, Polyrhizodus attenuatus, Ctenoptychius dentatus, Petalodus serratus, Mesolophodus problematicus, Pleurogomphus auriculatus, Copodus furcatus, Copodus cornutus, Mesogomphus lingua, Copodus spatulatus, Psephodus magnus, Paecilodus jonesii, Paecilodus gibbosus, Streblodus colei, Streblodus oblongus, Cochliodus contortus, Erismacanthus jonesi, Erismacanthus major, Deltoptychius acutus, Xystrodus striatus, Psammodus trapeziformis (137333) Pristicladodus goughi (132788) Psammodus rugosus (132789) Stichacanthus tortworthensis, Stichacanthus coemansi, Petalodus flabellula, Psephodus salopiensis, Psephodus dubius, Sandalodus morrisii, Orodus ramosus (137332)
Mississippian358.9 - 323.2USA (Alabama) Petalodus sp., Psammodus sp. (84103)
Carboniferous358.9 - 298.9USA (Arizona) Psephodus sp. (236494)
Carboniferous358.9 - 298.9USA (West Virginia) Petalodus sp. (124708)
Osagean352.0 - 343.0USA (Iowa) Chomatodus inconstans, Deltodus occidentalis, Deltodus spatulatus (133094) Deltodus spatulatus (133270)
Osagean352.0 - 343.0USA (Indiana) Chomatodus sp. (2455) Sandalodus sp. (6670)
Arundian346.7 - 340.0United Kingdom (Scotland) Antliodus scoticus, Deltoptychius armigerus, Chondrenchelys problematica (90682)
Chadian346.7 - 340.0United Kingdom (England) Psephodus magnus (5970)
Chadian - Arundian346.7 - 340.0USA (Indiana) Chomatodus sp. (558)