PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Xanthidae (stone crab)

Malacostraca - Decapoda - Xanthidae

Taxonomy

Xanthidae was named by MacLeay (1838) [also attributed to Dana 1851, also claimed to be named by Ortmann 1893 (p. 441)]. It is extant. Its type is Xantho.

It was assigned to Brachyura by MacLeay (1838); to Brachyrhyncha by Rathbun (1918), Rathbun (1926), Stenzel (1935); to Decapoda by Squires (1999); and to Xanthoidea by Squires (1980), Collins and Wienberg Rasmussen (1992), Feldmann and Keys (1992), Feldmann et al. (1995), Tiwari et al. (1997), Schweitzer et al. (2000), Vega et al. (2001), Schweitzer and Feldmann (2002), Feldmann et al. (2003), Collins et al. (2003), Schweitzer (2005), Karasawa and Schweitzer (2006), Schweitzer et al. (2010), Luque et al. (2017), Wolfe et al. (2019), Schweitzer et al. (2021).

Subtaxa

Actaeinae, Antrocarcininae, Chlorodiellinae, Cymoinae, Etisinae, Euxanthinae, Garthiellinae, Glyptoxanthinae, Kraussiinae, Liomerinae, Polydectinae, Speocarcininae, Xanthinae, Xanthopsis, Zalasiinae, Zosiminae

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1838	Xanthidae MacLeay
1918	Xanthidae Rathbun p. 171
1926	Xanthidae Rathbun p. 47
1935	Xanthidae Stenzel p. 382
1980	Xanthidae Squires p. 473
1992	Xanthidae Collins and Wienberg Rasmussen p. 38
1992	Xanthidae Feldmann and Keys p. 10
1995	Xanthidae Feldmann et al. p. 11
1997	Xanthidae Tiwari et al. p. 131
1999	Xanthidae Squires p. 28
2000	Xanthidae Schweitzer et al. p. 37
2001	Xanthidae Vega et al. p. 940
2002	Xanthidae Schweitzer and Feldmann p. 961
2003	Xanthidae Collins et al. p. 215
2003	Xanthidae Feldmann et al. p. 152
2005	Xanthidae Schweitzer p. 277
2006	Xanthidae Karasawa and Schweitzer p. 50
2010	Xanthidae Schweitzer et al. p. 124
2017	Xanthidae Luque et al. p. 32
2019	Xanthidae Wolfe et al.
2021	Xanthidae Schweitzer et al. p. 12

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Protostomia
—	Ecdysozoa	Aguinaldo et al. 1997
—	Panarthropoda
phylum	Arthropoda	Latreille 1829
—	Deuteropoda
—	Mandibulata
—	Pancrustacea	Zrzavý and Štys 1997
—	Hymenostraca	(Rolfe 1969)
superclass	Multicrustacea	Regier et al. 2010
class	Malacostraca	()

Rank	Name	Author
subclass	Eumalacostraca	Grobben 1892
—	Caridoida	Hessler 1982
order	Decapoda
suborder	Pleocyemata	Burkenroad 1963
—	Reptantia	(Boas)
—	Meiura	Saint Laurent 1980
infraorder	Brachyura	()
—	Eubrachyura	de Saint Laurent 1980
—	Heterotremata	Guinot 1977
superfamily	Xanthoidea	MacLeay 1838
family	Xanthidae
family	Xanthidae

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. Xanthidae MacLeay 1838 [stone crab]

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Subfm. Actaeinae Alcock 1898

G. Actaea De Haan 1833

Actaea acantha Milne-Edwards 1834

Actaea bifrons Rathbun 1898

†Actaea calzadai Muller 1984

†Actaea cretacea Rathbun 1935

†Actaea persica Milne-Edwards 1865

Actaea polyacantha Heller 1861

Actaea pura Stimpson 1859

Actaea rufopunctata Milne-Edwards 1834

Actaea rufopunctata nodosa Stimpson 1860

Actaea semblatae Guinot 1976

†Actaea tropicana Hu and Tao 1996

†Actaea turcocampestris Muller 1984

G. Actaeodes Dana 1851

Actaeodes hirsutissimus Ruppell 1830

Actaeodes tomentosus Milne-Edwards 1834

G. †Actaeops Portell and Collins 2004

†Actaeops frontalis Portell and Collins 2004

G. †Eoxanthops Beschin et al. 2016

†Eoxanthops scutatus Beschin et al. 2016

G. Forestiana Guinot and Low 2010

Invalid names: Forestia Guinot 1976 [replaced]

G. Gaillardiellus Guinot 1976

Gaillardiellus orientalis Odhner 1925

G. Heteractaea Lockington 1877

Heteractaea lunata Milne Edwards and Lucas 1843

G. †Lambropsis Lorenthey 1909

†Lambropsis wanneri Lorenthey 1909

G. Paractaea Guinot 1969

Paractaea philippinensis Ward 1942

G. †Phlyctenodes Milne-Edwards 1862

†Phlyctenodes dalpiazi Fabiani 1911

†Phlyctenodes depressus Milne Edwards 1865

†Phlyctenodes edwardsi Beschin et al. 2016

†Phlyctenodes irregularis Ristori 1896

†Phlyctenodes krenneri Lörenthey 1898

†Phlyctenodes multituberculatus Beschin et al. 2007

†Phlyctenodes nicolisi Bittner 1884

†Phlyctenodes pustulosus Milne-Edwards 1862

†Phlyctenodes steinmanni Lorenthey 1902

†Phlyctenodes tuberculosus Milne-Edwards 1862

G. †Pseudophlyctenodes Busulini 2006

†Pseudophlyctenodes hantkenii Lörenthey 1898

G. Serenius Guinot 1976

Serenius ceylonicus Laurie 1906

Subfm. Chlorodiellinae Ng and Holthuis 2007

G. Chlorodiella Rathbun 1897

Chlorodiella cytherea Dana 1852

†Chlorodiella elenae de Angeli and Alberti 2015

†Chlorodiella juglans Muller 1984

†Chlorodiella junghuhni Martin 1879

Chlorodiella laevissima Dana 1852

†Chlorodiella loczyi Muller 1984

†Chlorodiella mediterranea Lorenthey 1929

Chlorodiella nigra Forskal 1775

†Chlorodiella occidentalis Portell and Collins 2004

†Zozymus mediterraneus tetenyensis Muller 1984

G. Cyclodius Dana 1851

Cyclodius granulosus De Man 1888

Cyclodius nitidus Dana 1852

Cyclodius ungulatus Milne-Edwards 1834

G. Pilodius Dana 1851

Pilodius granulatus Stimpson 1859

Pilodius nigrocrinitus Stimpson 1859

†Pilodius parvus Karasawa 1993

Pilodius pugil Dana 1852

†Pilodius vulgaris Glaessner 1928

Invalid names: Chlorodinae Dana 1851 [invalid subgroup]

Subfm. Cymoinae Alcock 1898

G. Cymo De Haan 1833

Subfm. Etisinae Ortmann 1893

G. Etisus Milne-Edwards 1834

†Etisus arduinoi Beschin et al. 2007

Etisus dentatus Herbst 1785

†Etisus javanicus Van Straelen 1938

Etisus laevimanus Randall 1839

†Etisus pleistocenicus Hu and Tao 2000

Etisus splendidus Rathbun 1906

Invalid names: Etisus doucerei Kowalski 1923 [synonym]

Invalid names: Etisodes Rathbun 1945 [synonym]

Subfm. Euxanthinae Alcock 1898

G. Euxanthus Dana 1851

†Euxanthus multipunctulatus Hu and Tao 1996

G. Hypocolpus Rathbun 1897

Hypocolpus abbotti Rathbun 1894

G. Lipaesthesius Rathbun 1898

†Lipaesthesius quadratus Rathbun 1945

G. †Madaeus Dana 1851

†Madaeus mbalavuensis Rathbun 1945

†Madaeus variabilis Rathbun 1945

G. Medaeops Guinot 1967

†Medaeops megamiensis Karasawa 1993

G. Medaeus Dana 1851

†Medaeus granulatus Martin 1880

†Medaeus granulosus Martin 1879

†Medaeus mbalavuensis Rathbun 1945

†Medaeus variabilis Rathbun 1945

G. Monodaeus Guinot 1967

†Monodaeus bortolottii Delle Cave 1988

Monodaeus couchii Couch 1851 [Couch rubble crab]

Subfm. Glyptoxanthinae Mendoza and Guinot 2011

G. Glyptoxanthus Milne-Edwards 1879

†Glyptoxanthus primitivus Muller 1993

Subfm. Liomerinae Sakai 1976

G. Liomera Dana 1851

Liomera cinctimana White 1847

Liomera laevis Milne-Edwards 1873

Liomera monticulosa Milne-Edwards 1873

Liomera rubra Milne-Edwards 1865

Liomera stimpsonii Milne-Edwards 1865

†Liomera transversa Hu 1983

Liomera venosa Milne-Edwards 1834

Invalid names: Carpilodes Dana 1851 [synonym]

G. Neoliomera Odhner 1925

Neoliomera insularis Adams and White 1849

Neoliomera intermedia Odhner 1925

†Neoliomera kuohwai Hu 1981

†Neoliomera minuta Beschin et al. 2015

†Neoliomera paleogenica Beschin et al. 2007

Neoliomera pubescens Milne-Edwards 1834

Neoliomera richteroides Sakai 1969

†Neoliomera zovoensis De Angeli and Garassino 2020

G. †Neomeria Hu and Tao 1996

†Neomeria lelingae Hu 1981

Subfm. Polydectinae Dana 1851

G. Lybia Milne Edwards 1834

G. Polydectus Milne-Edwards 1837

Subfm. Speocarcininae Stevcic 2005

G. Speocarcinus Stimpson 1862

†Speocarcinus berglundi Tucker 1994

†Speocarcinus californiensis Lockington 1877 [California burrowing crab]

†Speocarcinus latus Beschin et al. 2016

†Speocarcinus tuberculatus Beschin et al. 2005

Subfm. Xanthinae MacLeay 1838

G. Cycloxanthops Rathbun 1897

†Cycloxanthops eous Rathbun 1945

†Cycloxanthops novemdentatus Lockington 1876

G. Demania Laurie 1906

†Demania chayiensis Hu 1981

Demania cultripes Alcock 1898

†Demania pilipinas Karasawa 2008

Demania reynaudii Milne-Edwards 1834

Demania scaberrima Walker 1887

Demania wardi Garth and Ng 1985

G. Garthiope Guinot 1990

†Garthiope spinipes Milne-Edwards 1988

G. Lachnopodus Stimpson 1859

Lachnopodus bidentatus Milne-Edwards 1867

†Lachnopodus murdjadjensis Saint Martin and Muller 1988

Lachnopodus subacutus Stimpson 1859

G. Leotodius Milne-Edwards 1863

G. Leptodius Milne-Edwards 1863

†Leptodius crosnieri Karasawa 1993

†Leptodius granulatus Portell and Collins 2004

†Leptodius morrisi Karasawa 1993

G. Liagore De Haan 1833

Liagore rubromaculata De Haan 1835

G. Macromedaeus Ward 1942

Macromedaeus distinguendus De Haan 1835

G. †Megamia Karasawa 1993

†Megamia anaglypta Karasawa 1993

G. Metopoxantho De Man 1904

Metopoxantho martini De Man 1904

G. Micropanope Stimpson 1871

Micropanope nuttingi Rathbun 1898

†Micropanope polita Rathbun 1893

†Micropanope pulcherrima Portell and Collins 2004

Micropanope truncatifrons Rathbun 1898

G. Nanocassiope Guinot 1967

Nanocassiope alcocki Rathbun 1902

†Nanocassiope melanodactylus Milne-Edwards 1867

†Nanocassiope secretanae Beschin et al. 2016

G. †Palaeoxanthops Karasawa 1993

†Palaeoxanthops minutus Karasawa 1993

†Palaeoxanthops okumurai Karasawa 1993

G. Paraxanthias Odhner 1925

†Paraxanthias fujiyamai Karasawa 1993

G. Paraxanthodes Guinot 1967

G. Paraxanthus Lucas 1844

G. Xanthias Rathbun 1897

Xanthias maculatus Forskal 1775

†Xanthias miocenicus Collins et al. 2003

†Xanthias similis Hu 1983

Invalid names: Xanthodes Dana 1852 [synonym]

G. Xantho Leach 1804

†Xantho agassizi Robineau-Desvoidy 1849

†Xantho edwardsi Sismonda 1846

†Xantho granulosus Ruppell 1830

Xantho hydrophilus Herbst 1790

Xantho incisus Leach 1814

†Xantho lovisatoi Lorenthey 1907

†Xantho moldavicus Yanakevich 1977

†Xantho vitiensis Rathbun 1945

G. Xanthodius Stimpson 1862

†Xanthodius falconensis Schweitzer et al. 2021

†Xanthodius kambaraensis Rathbun 1945

G. †Xanthopsis M'Coy 1849

†Xanthopsis africana Remu and Tessier 1954

†Xanthopsis bittneri Lörenthey 1898

†Xanthopsis brasiliana Maury 1930

†Xanthopsis bruckmanni von Meyer 1862

†Xanthopsis cretacea Rathbun 1902

†Xanthopsis errans Woods 1922

†Xanthopsis kressenbergensis von Meyer 1862

†Xanthopsis lutugini Likharev 1917

Subfm. †Zalasiinae Serene 1968

G. Banareia Milne-Edwards 1869

Banareia kraussi Heller 1861

Banareia odhneri Sakai 1974

G. Zalasius Rathbun 1897

Invalid names: Trichia De Haan 1839 [replaced]

Subfm. Zosiminae Alcock 1898

G. Atergatis De Haan 1835

Atergatis dilatatus De Haan 1835

†Atergatis dubius Milne-Edwards 1862

Atergatis granulatus De Man 1889

Invalid names: Atergatis kymikis Hu and Tao 1996 [synonym]

†Atergatis laddi Rathbun 1945

Atergatis latissimus Milne-Edwards 1834

†Atergatis pyroticus Hu and Tao 1996

G. Atergatopsis Milne-Edwards 1862

G. Platypodia Bell 1836

†Platypodia granulosa Ruppell 1830

G. Zosimus Leach 1825

Zosimus aeneus Linnaeus 1758 [devil reef crab]

†Zosimus jeneweni Hu and Tao 2000

†Zosimus poxus Hu and Tao 1996

Invalid names: Antrocarcininae Ng and Chia 1994 [empty], Garthiellinae Mendoxa and Manuel-Santos 2012 [empty], Kraussiinae Ng 1993 [empty]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

chitinc

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

infaunalsuperf

Diet:

carnivoreo

Vision:

well-developedc

Created:

2022-11-16 16:35:07

Modified:

2022-11-16 16:35:07

Source: superf = superfamily, o = order, c = class

References: Aberhan 1992, Turnsek 1997, Fearon and Clapham 2023

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Hauterivian to the top of the Holocene or 132.90000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 129.4 Ma

Collections (168 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Hauterivian	132.9 - 129.4	France (Yonne)	Xanthopsis spp. (139205)
Early/Lower Albian - Middle Albian	112.03 - 105.3	France (Yonne)	Xantho agassizi (146256)
Late/Upper Albian	105.3 - 99.6	USA (Texas)	Actaea cretacea (141174)
Maastrichtian - Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.1 - 66.0	Brazil (Paraíba)	Xanthopsis cretacea, Xanthopsis brasiliana (88070)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	USA (Alabama)	Xanthidae sp. B, Xanthidae sp. A (83238)
Danian	66.0 - 61.6	India (Tamil Nadu)	Neomeria sp. (215196)
Danian	66.0 - 61.6	USA (Alabama)	Xanthidae sp. (83297) Xanthidae sp. A (83261)
Paleocene	66.0 - 56.0	USA (Alabama)	Xanthidae sp. (142896)
Paleogene	66.0 - 23.03	Hungary (Budapest)	Phlyctenodes krenneri, Phlyctenodes steinmanni (138811)
Ypresian	56.0 - 47.8	Italy (Vicenze)	Phlyctenodes multituberculatus, Etisus arduinoi (127545)
Ypresian	56.0 - 47.8	Italy	Chlorodiella indet., Phlyctenodes multituberculatus, Etisus arduinoi, Neoliomera paleogenica (140158) Etisus arduinoi (207557) Neoliomera zovoensis (207474) Phlyctenodes krenneri, Phlyctenodes multituberculatus, Etisus arduinoi (207471) Phlyctenodes krenneri, Phlyctenodes multituberculatus, Phlyctenodes tuberculosus, Etisus arduinoi, Eoxanthops scutatus, Nanocassiope secretanae, Phlyctenodes edwardsi, Speocarcinus latus (207470)
Eocene	56.0 - 33.9	Spain	Xanthopsis indet. (138288)
Eocene	56.0 - 33.9	Russian Federation (Volgograd)	Xanthopsis sp. (200978)
Early/Lower Eocene	55.8 - 48.6	Peru (Talara)	Xanthopsis errans (165441)
Early/Lower Eocene	55.8 - 48.6	Spain (Cantabria)	Xanthopsis indet. (233214)
Lutetian	47.8 - 41.3	Italy	Phlyctenodes krenneri, Phlyctenodes multituberculatus, Etisus arduinoi, Neoliomera minuta (207556) Phlyctenodes nicolisi (77119) Phlyctenodes pustulosus (226785) Phlyctenodes pustulosus, Phlyctenodes steinmanni, Paraxanthosia tuberculata (207553) Phlyctenodes steinmanni (226614)
Lutetian	47.8 - 41.3	Hungary	Phlyctenodes krenneri, Phlyctenodes hantkeni (207773)
Lutetian	47.8 - 41.3	Pakistan	Xanthidae indet. (45621)
Lutetian - Priabonian	47.8 - 33.9	Egypt	Lambropsis wanneri (232605)
Bartonian	41.3 - 38.0	Colombia	Xanthopsis sp. (88278)
Bartonian	41.3 - 38.0	Egypt	Xanthopsis sp. (97545)
Bartonian	41.3 - 38.0	Italy	Chlorodiella elenae (226534)
Priabonian	38.0 - 33.9	Tonga	Xanthidae indet. (43006)
Priabonian	38.0 - 33.9	Germany (Bavaria)	Xantho sp. (10703)
Priabonian	38.0 - 33.9	Italy	Phlyctenodes dalpiazi, Phlyctenodes krenneri, Phlyctenodes steinmanni, Phlyctenodes tuberculosus, Etisus arduinoi, Neoliomera sp. (207550) Phlyctenodes tuberculosus (207785) Xanthopsis kressenbergensis (81043)
Priabonian - Rupelian	38.0 - 28.1	USA (Washington)	Pilodius vulgaris (139188)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.2 - 33.9	USA (New Jersey)	Xanthidae indet. (92770)
Early/Lower Oligocene	33.9 - 28.4	Italy (Vicenza)	Xantho sp. (147005)
Early/Lower Oligocene	33.9 - 28.4	USA (Washington)	Pilodius vulgaris (139187 139453)
Early/Lower Oligocene	33.9 - 28.4	Canada (British Columbia)	Pilodius vulgaris (139174)
Early/Lower Oligocene	33.9 - 28.4	Oman (Dhofar)	Atergatis sp. (175334)
Oligocene	33.9 - 23.03	USA (Oregon)	Pilodius vulgaris (139022 139528 139529 139530 139532 139533 139534 139535 139536 139537)
Oligocene	33.9 - 23.03	Hungary	Xanthopsis bittneri (207774)
Oligocene	33.9 - 23.03	Canada (British Columbia)	Pilodius vulgaris (139011 139173 139175 139178 139184)
Oligocene	33.9 - 23.03	USA (Washington)	Pilodius vulgaris (139186 139190 139441 139442 139444 139445 139446 139447 139450 139452 139455 139456 139457 139458 139459 139460 139462 139463 139468 139524 139527)
Late/Upper Oligocene	28.4 - 23.03	USA (Washington)	Pilodius vulgaris (139525 139526)
Chattian	28.1 - 23.03	Canada (British Columbia)	Pilodius vulgaris (139172)
Early/Lower Miocene	23.03 - 15.97	India (Mizoram)	Xantho sp. (42760)
Early/Lower Miocene	23.03 - 15.97	Fiji	Medaeus mbalavuensis (136573) Xanthodius kambaraensis (136574)
Early/Lower Miocene	23.03 - 15.97	Jamaica	Actaeops frontalis, Chlorodiella occidentalis, Leptodius granulatus, Micropanope pulcherrima (228737)
Early/Lower Miocene	23.03 - 15.97	India	Xantho sp. (78641)
Early/Lower Miocene - Middle Miocene	23.03 - 11.608	Japan (Shizuoka)	Pilodius parvus, Medaeops megamiensis, Liomera sp., Leptodius crosnieri, Leptodius morrisi, Megamia anaglypta, Palaeoxanthops minutus, Palaeoxanthops okumurai, Paraxanthias fujiyamai, Lybia sp. (202476)
Neogene	23.03 - 2.58	Poland	Pilodius sp., Chlorodiella mediterranea (139754)
Langhian	15.97 - 13.82	Austria	Titanocarcinus vulgaris, Pilodius vulgaris, Xantho moldavicus (141124)
Middle Miocene	15.97 - 11.608	Ukraine	Chlorodiella mediterranea, Xantho moldavicus (66971)
Middle Miocene	15.97 - 11.608	Fiji	Medaeus mbalavuensis (68330)
Serravallian	13.82 - 11.62	Hungary	Chlorodiella juglans, Chlorodiella mediterranea, Xantho moldavicus (34739)
Badenian	13.65 - 12.7	Poland	Chlorodiella mediterranea (32515 32516) Xantho moldavicus (139755)
Badenian	13.65 - 12.7	Hungary	Actaea turcocampestris, Chlorodiella mediterranea, Xantho moldavicus (207755) Chlorodiella loczyi, Chlorodiella mediterranea, Xantho moldavicus (149366) Chlorodiella mediterranea, Xantho moldavicus (207751 207754) Xantho incisus (138128 138812 140154) Xantho moldavicus (133113 207750 207752 207753)
Badenian	13.65 - 12.7	Moldova	Medaeus moldavica (78643 78648)
Tortonian	11.62 - 7.246	Malaysia (Sabah)	Xanthias miocenicus (185833 185834 185835 185836 185837 185845 185846 185847 185848 185850 185852 185854 185856)
Tortonian	11.62 - 7.246	Dominican Republic	Xanthidae indet. (58817)
Late/Upper Miocene	11.608 - 5.333	Fiji	Chlorodiella junghuhni (78061)
Late/Upper Miocene	11.608 - 5.333	Indonesia	Chlorodius junghuhni, Medaeus granulosus (70099)
Messinian	7.246 - 5.333	Malta	Xantho moldavicus (131977) Xantho sp. (140979)
Messinian	7.246 - 5.333	Algeria	Actaea calzadai (70882 70885) Lachnopodus murdjadjensis (70786)
Messinian	7.246 - 5.333	Italy	Actaea sp. (69922)
Pliocene	5.333 - 2.588	Italy (Grosseto)	Monodaeus bortolottii (221599)
Pliocene	5.333 - 2.588	Fiji	Carpilodes sublenis, Lipaesthesius quadratus, Atergatis laddi, Etisodes ornata, Medaeus mbalavuensis, Medaeus variabilis, Plagiolophus vitiensis (136142) Carpilodes sublenis, Medaeus nbalavuensis, Xantho acutispinus, Lipaesthesius quadratus, Atergatis laddi, Etisodes ornata, Medaeus variabilis, Plagiolophus vitiensis (68181) Cycloxanthops eous, Medaeus mbalavuensis (68180 136139)
Late/Upper Pliocene	3.6 - 2.588	Jamaica	Micropanope spinipes (228744)
Late/Upper Pliocene	3.6 - 2.588	Costa Rica (Limon)	Micropanope sp. (228538)
Piacenzian	3.6 - 2.588	Panama (Bocas del Toro)	Heteractaea lunata (228706) Micropanope sp. (228703)
Piacenzian - Gelasian	3.6 - 1.806	Costa Rica	Heteractaea lunata (135452)
Late/Upper Pliocene - Early/Lower Pleistocene	3.6 - 0.781	Costa Rica (Limon)	Heteractaea lunata (228547) Micropanope sp. (228548)
Gelasian - Calabrian	2.588 - 0.774	Philippines (Mindanao)	Demania sp., Demania pilipinas, Liagore rubromaculata (224586)
Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.0117	Malaysia (Sarawak)	Cyclodius ungulatus (175180)
Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.0117	Barbados	Actaea rufopunctata (185890)
Pleistocene - Holocene	2.588 - 0.0	USA (California)	Cycloxanthops novemdentatus (138722)
Calabrian	1.8 - 0.774	Italy	Monodaeus bortolottii (234404 234405)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Jamaica	Actaea bifrons, Actaea acantha, Micropanope truncatiformis (185031) Micropanope spinipes (228847)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	USA (California)	Cycloxanthops novemdentatus (59063) Cycloxanthops novemdentatus, Speocarcinus californiensis (160361)
Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial)	0.129 - 0.0117	Mexico (Baja California)	Cycloxanthops novemdentatus (194405 194407) Xanthidae indet. (194429)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Spain	Xantho sp. (215657)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene	0.129 - 0.0	Fiji	Etisus laevimanus (136023)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	USA (South Carolina)	Speocarcinus carolinensis (146572)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	Panama	Actaea labyrinthica, Atergatis lobatus, Xantho vittata (147250)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	USA (Flrida)	Actaea erosa, Xanthodius sternberghii (146568)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	USA (Califormia)	Xantho belia, Xanthodes taylori (146589)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	USA (Florida)	Xanthodius americanus, Actaea nodosa (147239)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	Mexico	Actaea sulcata, Atergatis rotundatus, Xantho lamellipes, Xantho viltata, Xantho denticulata, Xanthodius hebes (147227)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	USA (Washington)	Xantho bella (146593)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	Barbados	Xanthodius americanus (146587)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	Spain	Xantho sp. (215740)