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Phasianidae (pheasant)
Taxonomy
Phasianidae was named by Horsfield (1821). It is extant. Its type is Phasianus. It was considered paraphyletic by Eo et al. (2009).
It was assigned to Alectoropodes by Hay (1902); to Galloidae by Hay (1930); to Phasianides by Lambrecht (1933); to Phasianoidea by Wetmore (1940), Wetmore (1956), Livezey and Zusi (2007); to Galli by Worthy et al. (2017); to Galliformes by Olson (1985), Carroll (1988), Emslie (1992), Baird (1992), Parmalee (1992), Olson and Rasmussen (2001), Gohlich (2003), Mayr and Weidig (2004), Mourer-Chauviré et al. (2004), Mourer-Chauviré (2008), Louchart et al. (2008), Eo et al. (2009), Wang et al. (2013), del Hoyo et al. (2014), Clements et al. (2017), Sánchez‐Marco (2021); and to Galliformes by Mayr (2005), Mayr (2022).
It was assigned to Alectoropodes by Hay (1902); to Galloidae by Hay (1930); to Phasianides by Lambrecht (1933); to Phasianoidea by Wetmore (1940), Wetmore (1956), Livezey and Zusi (2007); to Galli by Worthy et al. (2017); to Galliformes by Olson (1985), Carroll (1988), Emslie (1992), Baird (1992), Parmalee (1992), Olson and Rasmussen (2001), Gohlich (2003), Mayr and Weidig (2004), Mourer-Chauviré et al. (2004), Mourer-Chauviré (2008), Louchart et al. (2008), Eo et al. (2009), Wang et al. (2013), del Hoyo et al. (2014), Clements et al. (2017), Sánchez‐Marco (2021); and to Galliformes by Mayr (2005), Mayr (2022).
Subtaxa
Afropavo, Alectoris (syn. Chauvireria), Alectoris pliocaena, Bonasa, Centrocercus, Coturnipes, Coturnix (syn. Palaeoperdix), Dendragapus (syn. Palaeotetrix), Falcipennis (syn. Canachites, Canace), Francolinus, Gallus, Lagopus, Litoripes, Lyrurus, Margaroperdix, Meleagris, Miogallus, Miophasianus, Palaeocryptonyx, Palaeortyx, Pavo, Peliperdix, Percolinus, Perdicinae, Perdix, Phasianinae, Phasianus (type genus), Pirortyx, Pliogallus, Plioperdix, Pternistis, Rollulinae, Schaubortyx, Scleroptila, Synoicus (syn. Excalfactoria), Tetrao, Tetraogallus, Tetraoninae, Tetrastes, Tympanuchus (syn. Pedioecetes, Cupidonia)
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1821 | Phasianidae Horsfield |
| 1902 | Phasianidae Hay p. 534 |
| 1930 | Phasianidae Hay p. 327 |
| 1933 | Phasianidae Lambrecht p. 438 |
| 1940 | Alectoris pliocaena Tugarinov |
| 1940 | Phasianidae Wetmore p. 45 |
| 1956 | Phasianidae Wetmore p. 54 |
| 1985 | Phasianidae Olson p. 161 |
| 1988 | Phasianidae Carroll |
| 1992 | Phasianidae Baird p. 25 |
| 1992 | Phasianidae Emslie p. 259 |
| 1992 | Phasianidae Parmalee p. 312 |
| 2001 | Phasianidae Olson and Rasmussen p. 299 |
| 2003 | Phasianidae Gohlich p. 244 |
| 2004 | Phasianidae Mayr and Weidig p. 216 |
| 2004 | Phasianidae Mourer-Chauviré et al. p. 308 |
| 2005 | Phasianidae Mayr p. 318 |
| 2007 | Perdicinae Livezey and Zusi p. 90 |
| 2007 | Phasianidae Livezey and Zusi p. 90 |
| 2008 | Phasianidae Louchart et al. p. 159 |
| 2008 | Phasianidae Mourer-Chauviré |
| 2009 | Phasianidae Eo et al. |
| 2013 | Phasianidae Wang et al. |
| 2014 | Phasianidae del Hoyo et al. |
| 2017 | Phasianidae Clements et al. |
| 2017 | Phasianidae Worthy et al. |
| 2021 | Phasianidae Sánchez‐Marco |
| 2022 | Phasianidae Mayr p. 55 figs. Fig. 4.8 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Fm. Phasianidae Horsfield 1821 [pheasant]
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G. Alectoris Kaup 1829 [partridge]
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†Alectoris baryosefi Tchernov 1980
†Alectoris bavarica Ballman 1966
Alectoris chukar Gray 1830 [chukar]
Alectoris graeca Meisner 1804 [rock partridge]
Alectoris graeca saxatilis Bechstein 1805
†Alectoris prisca Milne-Edwards 1871
Alectoris rufa Linnaeus 1758 [red-legged partridge]
Invalid names: Chauvireria Boev 1997 [synonym]
G. Coturnix Bonnaterre 1791 [quail]
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Coturnix coturnix Linnaeus 1758 [common quail]
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Invalid names: Scolopax ghardalamensi Fischer and Stephan 1974 [synonym]
†Coturnix gomerae Jaume et al. 1993 [Canary Islands quail]
Coturnix japonica Temminck and Schlegel 1849 [Japanese quail]
†Coturnix longipes Milne-Edwards 1871
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Invalid names: Palaeocryptonyx gaillardi Ennouchi 1930 [synonym]
†Coturnix novaezelandiae Quoy and Gaimard 1830 [New Zealand quail]
Coturnix pectoralis Gould 1837 [stubble quail]
Invalid names: Palaeoperdix Milne-Edwards 1871 [synonym]
G. Dendragapus Elliot 1864
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Dendragapus fuliginosus Ridgway 1873 [sooty grouse]
†Dendragapus gilli Shufeldt 1891
Dendragapus obscurus Say 1823 [dusky grouse]
Invalid names: Palaeotetrix Shufeldt 1891 [synonym]
G. Falcipennis Elliot 1864
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Falcipennis canadensis Linnaeus 1758 [spruce grouse]
Invalid names: Canachites Stejneger 1885 [synonym]
G. Gallus Brisson 1766 [junglefowl]
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†Gallus beremendensis Jánossy 1976
†Gallus bravardi Gervais 1852
†Gallus europaeus Harrison 1978
Gallus gallus Linnaeus 1758 [chicken]
†Gallus moldovicus Burčak-Abramovič and Ganea 1993
G. Lagopus Brisson 1760 [ptarmigan]
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†Lagopus atavus Jánossy 1976
†Lagopus balcanicus Boev 1995
Lagopus lagopus Linnaeus 1758 [willow ptarmigan]
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Invalid names: Lagopus medius Woldřich 1893 [synonym]
Lagopus leucura Richardson 1831 [white-tailed ptarmigan]
Lagopus muta Montin 1781 [rock ptarmigan]
†Lagopus voinstvenskii Ganea 1972
G. Lyrurus Swainson 1832
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†Lyrurus partium Kretzoi 1962
Lyrurus tetrix Linnaeus 1758 [black grouse]
G. Meleagris Linnaeus 1758 [turkey]
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†Meleagris altus Marsh 1872
†Meleagris californica Miller 1909
†Meleagris celer Marsh 1872
†Meleagris crassipes Miller 1940
Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus 1758 [wild turkey]
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Invalid names: Ardea sellardsi Shufeldt 1917 [synonym]
†Meleagris leopoldi Miller and Bowman 1956
†Meleagris richmondi Shufeldt 1915
†Meleagris superba Cope 1870
†Meleagris tridens Wetmore 1931
G. †Miogallus Lambrecht 1933
G. †Miophasianus Lambrecht 1933
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†Miophasianus altus Milne-Edwards 1871
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Invalid names: Ardea similis Fraas 1870 [synonym], Gallus longaevus von Ammon 1918 [synonym], Palaeortyx maxima Lydekker 1893 [synonym], Phasianus augustus von Ammon 1918 [synonym], Phasianus desnoyersi Milne-Edwards 1871 [synonym], Tantalus milneedwardsii Shufeldt 1896 [synonym]
†Miophasianus medius Milne-Edwards 1871
G. †Palaeocryptonyx Depéret 1892
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†Palaeocryptonyx donnezani Deperet 1890
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Invalid names: Ammoperdix ponticus Tugarinov 1940 [synonym], Francolinus subfrancolinus Jánossy 1976 [synonym], Francolinus wezensis Jánossy 1981 [synonym]
†Palaeocryptonyx grivensis Ennouchi 1930
G. †Palaeortyx Milne-Edwards 1869
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†Palaeortyx blanchardi Milne-Edwards 1871
†Palaeortyx brevipes Milne-Edwards 1871
†Palaeortyx caluxyensis Gaillard 1908
†Palaeortyx gaillardi Lambrecht 1933
†Palaeortyx gallica Milne-Edwards 1869
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Invalid names: Coturnix miocenica de Villalta 1963 [synonym], Palaeortyx depereti Ennouchi 1930 [synonym], Palaeortyx grivensis Lydekker 1893 [synonym], Palaeortyx ocyptera Milne-Edwards 1891 [synonym], Rallus dasypus Milne-Edwards 1891 [synonym]
†Palaeortyx intermedia Ballman 1966
†Palaeortyx joleaudi Ennouchi 1930
†Palaeortyx major Gaillard 1939
†Palaeortyx media Milne-Edwards 1871
†Palaeortyx phasianoides Milne-Edwards 1871
†Palaeortyx phasianoides grivensis Ballman 1969
†Palaeortyx volans Gohlich and Pavia 2008
G. Pavo Linnaeus 1758 [peafowl]
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Pavo cristatus Linnaeus 1758 [Indian peafowl]
†Pavo moldavicus Bocheński and Kuročkin 1987
Pavo muticus Linnaeus 1766 [green peafowl]
Pavo muticus muticus Linnaeus 1766
G. †Percolinus Harrison and Walker 1977
G. Perdix Brisson 1760 [partridge]
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†Perdix palaeoperdix Mourer-Chauviré 1975
Perdix perdix Linnaeus 1758 [grey partridge]
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Invalid names: Alectoris sutcliffei Harrison 1980 [synonym]
Subfm. Phasianinae Horsfield 1821
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Tr. Phasianini Horsfield 1821
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G. Chrysolophus Gray 1834 [pheasant]
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Chrysolophus amherstiae Leadbeater 1829 [Lady Amhersts pheasant]
Chrysolophus pictus Linnaeus 1758 [Golden pheasant]
G. Syrmaticus Wagler 1832
Invalid names: Coturnicini Reichenbach 1848 [empty], Gallini Brehm 1831 [empty], Lophophorini Gray 1841 [empty], Pavonini Rafinesque 1815 [empty], Polyplectronini Blyth 1852 [empty], Tetraonini Leach 1820 [empty]
G. Phasianus Linnaeus 1758
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†Phasianus alfhildae Shufeldt 1915
†Phasianus americanus Shufeldt 1915
†Phasianus bulgaricus Boev 2020
Phasianus colchicus Linnaeus 1758 [ring-necked pheasant]
†Phasianus etuliensis Bocheński and Kuročkin 1987
†Phasianus hermonis Gaudry 1862
†Phasianus lufengia Hou 1985
†Phasianus mioceanus Shufeldt 1915
G. †Pirortyx Brodkorb 1964
G. †Pliogallus Gaillard 1939
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†Pliogallus coturnoides Tugarinov 1940
†Pliogallus crassipes Gaillard 1939
†Pliogallus kormosi Gaillard 1939
G. Pternistis Wagler 1832
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Pternistis capensis Gmelin 1789 [cape francolin]
Pternistis clappertoni Children and Vigors 1826 [Clapperton's francolin]
G. Synoicus Gould 1843
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Synoicus chinensis Linnaeus 1766 [blue-breasted quail]
Synoicus ypsilophorus Bosc 1793 [brown quail]
Invalid names: Excalfactoria Bonaparte 1856 [synonym]
G. Tetrao Linnaeus 1758
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†Tetrao conjugens Jánossy 1974
†Tetrao macropus Jánossy 1967
†Tetrao praeurogallus Jánossy 1969
†Tetrao rhodopensis Boev 1998
Tetrao urogalloides Middendorff 1853 [black-billed capercaillie]
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Invalid names: Tetrao parvirostris Bonaparte 1856 [synonym]
Tetrao urogallus Linnaeus 1758 [western capercaillie]
G. Tympanuchus Gloger 1841
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Tympanuchus cupido Linnaeus 1758 [greater prairie chicken]
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Invalid names: Cupidonia americanus Reichenbach 1852 [synonym]
†Tympanuchus lulli Shufeldt 1915
Tympanuchus pallidicinctus Ridgway 1873 [lesser prairie chicken]
Tympanuchus phasianellus Linnaeus 1758 [sharp-tailed grouse]
†Tympanuchus stirtoni Miller 1944
Invalid names: Cupidonia Reichenbach 1852 [synonym], Pedioecetes Baird 1858 [synonym]
Invalid names: Alectoris pliocaena Tugarinov 1940 [invalid subgroup], Perdicinae [invalid subgroup], Rollulinae Bonaparte 1850 [empty], Tetraoninae Linnaeus 1758 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: f = family, o = order | |||||
| References: Thiollay 1994, Marsh 1875 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Wasatchian to the top of the Holocene or 54.90000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 50.5 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 50.5 Ma
Collections (444 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ypresian | United Kingdom (England) | Coturnipes cooperi (204217) | |
| Wasatchian | USA (Wyoming) | Palaeophasianus meleagroides (74631) | |
| Wasatchian | USA (Virginia) | Coturnipes cooperi (15595) | |
| Bridgerian - Early/Lower Uintan | USA (Wyoming) | Phasianus alfhildae (224184) | |
| Lutetian | United Kingdom (England) | Litoripes medius (42452) Phasianidae indet. (41888) | |
| Rupelian | France (Allier) | Palaeortyx brevipes (181646) | |
| Arikareean | USA (Nebraska) | Phasianus mioceanus (17485) | |
| MP 28 | Germany (Rheinland-Pfalz) | Palaeortyx gallica (71942) | |
| Aquitanian | France (Auvergne) | Palaeortyx intermedia (125333) | |
| Aquitanian - Langhian | USA (North Carolina) | Phasianidae indet. (48887) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene - Middle Miocene | Spain (Castile-La Mancha) | Miophasianus sp. (136269) | |
| Burdigalian | China (Jiangsu) | Phasianidae indet., Perdicinae indet. (43400) | |
| Burdigalian | Spain | Palaeortyx joleaudi (222696) | |
| MN 3 | Germany (Bavaria) | Palaeortyx intermedia (68040) | |
| Orleanian - Middle Miocene | France (Rhône-Alpes) | Palaeortyx intermedia (26723) | |
| Hemingfordian | USA (South Dakota) | Tympanuchus stirtoni (17912) | |
| MN 4 | Spain (Catalonia) | Miophasianus altus, Palaeortyx phasianoides (176265) | |
| Barstovian | USA (Oregon) | Phasianus americanus (19006) | |
| Langhian | Spain (Catalonia) | Miophasianus altus (180192) | |
| Langhian | Germany (Bavaria) | Palaeortyx intermedia (34615) | |