Natural Chimneys (Pleistocene of the United States)

Also known as Brown's Cave, Cave of the Wooden Steps

Where: Augusta County, Virginia (38.4° N, 79.1° W: paleocoordinates 38.4° N, 79.1° W)

• coordinate estimated from map

When: Late/Upper Pleistocene (0.1 - 0.0 Ma)

Environment/lithology: cave; lithology not reported

Size class: macrofossils

Primary reference: A. Wetmore. 1962. Notes on fossil and subfossil birds. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 145(2):1-17 [M. Uhen/M. Uhen/J. Alroy]more details

Purpose of describing collection: general faunal/floral analysis

PaleoDB collection 82258: authorized by Mark Uhen, entered by Mark Uhen on 25.07.2008, edited by Margaret Shalap

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

• added Guilday, Semken, Hubbard and Grady by Carrie Cross Bio 334
Show authors, comments, and common names
unclassified
  -
Charadrisu vociferus, Contropus virens, Nannaria sp.1, Pomatiopsis lapidaria1, Retinella virginica1, Retinella electrina1, Leptoxis carinata1, Diemichtylus viridescens1, Lampropeltis doliata1, Lampropeltis sp.1, Lepridae indet.1
Lampropeltis doliata1
subspecies triangulum
Gastropoda
 Pulmonata - Discidae
Anguispira alternata1
 Heterostropha - Valvatidae
Valvata sp.1
Valvata sp.1 Müller 1774 snail
 Stylommatophora - Helicodiscidae
Helicodiscus parallelus1
 Stylommatophora - Gastrocoptidae
Gastrocopta contracta1
 Stylommatophora - Polygyridae
Triodopsis albolabris1, Triodopsis tridentata1
 Heterostropha - Lymnaeidae
Lymnaea catascopium1
 Heterostropha - Physidae
Physa heterostropha1
 Cycloneritida - Helicinidae
Hendersonia occulia1
Reptilia
 Testudines - Chelydridae
Chelydra serpentina1
Chelydra serpentina1 Linnaeus 1758 Common snapping turtle
 Testudines - Emydidae
Terrapene carolina1
Terrapene carolina1 Linnaeus 1758 common box turtle
Aves
 Accipitriformes - Accipitridae
Buteo platypterus, Buteo jamaicensis, Buteo lineatus, Accipiter striatus
Buteo platypterus Vieillot 1823 broad-winged hawk
Buteo jamaicensis Gmelin 1788 red-tailed hawk
Buteo lineatus Gmelin 1788 red-shouldered hawk
Accipiter striatus Vieillot 1897 sharp-shinned hawk
 Galliformes - Phasianidae
"Canachites canadensis" = Falcipennis canadensis, "Pedioecetes phasianellus" = Tympanuchus phasianellus1, Bonasa umbellus, Meleagris gallopavo
"Canachites canadensis" = Falcipennis canadensis Linnaeus 1758 spruce grouse
"Pedioecetes phasianellus" = Tympanuchus phasianellus1 Linnaeus 1758 sharp-tailed grouse
Bonasa umbellus Linnaeus 1766 ruffed grouse
Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus 1758 wild turkey
originally entered as "Melagris gallopavo"
 Galliformes - Odontophoridae
Colinus virginianus
Colinus virginianus Linnaeus 1758 northern bobwhite
 Charadriiformes - Scolopacidae
"Philohela minor" = Scolopax minor, "Erolia minutilla" = Calidris minutilla, "Catoptrophorus semipalmatus" = Tringa semipalmata, Bartramia longicauda
"Philohela minor" = Scolopax minor Gmelin 1789 American woodcock
"Erolia minutilla" = Calidris minutilla Viellot 1816 least sandpiper
"Catoptrophorus semipalmatus" = Tringa semipalmata Gmelin 1789 willet
Bartramia longicauda Bechstein 1812 upland sandpiper
 Charadriiformes - Charadriidae
Charadrius vociferus1
Charadrius vociferus1 Linnaeus 1758 killdeer
 Passeriformes - Tyrannidae
Contopus virens1, Sayornis phoebe
Contopus virens1 Linnaeus 1766 eastern wood-pewee
Sayornis phoebe Latham 1790 eastern phoebe
 Passeriformes - Icteridae
Molothrus ater1, Agelaius phoeniceus
Molothrus ater1 Boddaert 1783 brown-headed cowbird
Agelaius phoeniceus Linnaeus 1766 red-winged blackbird
 Passeriformes - Hirundinidae
Petrochelidon pyrrhonota
Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Vieillot 1816 cliff swallow
 Passeriformes - Corvidae
Pica pica1, Perisoreus canadensis, Cyanocitta cristata1
Pica pica1 Linnaeus 1758 Eurasian magpie
Perisoreus canadensis Linnaeus 1766 Canada jay
Cyanocitta cristata1 Linnaeus 1758 blue jay
 Passeriformes - Passerellidae
Melospiza melodia, Passerella iliaca, Zonotrichia albicollis, Junco sp.
Melospiza melodia Wilson 1810 song sparrow
Passerella iliaca Merrem 1786 fox sparrow
Zonotrichia albicollis Gmelin 1789 white-throated sparrow
Junco sp. Wagler 1831 junco
 Passeriformes - Sittidae
Sitta canadensis
Sitta canadensis Linnaeus 1766 red-breasted nuthatch
 Passeriformes - Turdidae
Hylocichla sp.1, Turdus migratorius
Hylocichla sp.1 Baird 1864 thrush
Turdus migratorius Linnaeus 1758 American robin
 Passeriformes - Mimidae
Toxostoma rufum
Toxostoma rufum Linnaeus 1758 brown thrasher
 Anseriformes - Anatidae
Bucephala albeola, Oxyura jamaicensis, "Anas discors" = Spatula discors
Bucephala albeola Linnaeus 1758 bufflehead
Oxyura jamaicensis Gmelin 1789 Ruddy duck
"Anas discors" = Spatula discors Linnaeus 1766 blue-winged teal
 Gruiformes - Gruidae
Grus americana
Grus americana Linnaeus 1758 Whooping crane
 Columbiformes - Columbidae
Ectopistes migratorius
Ectopistes migratorius Linnaeus 1758 passenger pigeon
 Piciformes - Picidae
"Dendrocopos pubescens" = Picoides pubescens, Colaptes auratus, Melanerpes erythrocephalus, "Centurus carolinus" = Melanerpes carolinus
"Dendrocopos pubescens" = Picoides pubescens Linnaeus 1766 downy woodpecker
Colaptes auratus Linnaeus 1758 northern flicker
Melanerpes erythrocephalus Linnaeus 1758 red-headed woodpecker
"Centurus carolinus" = Melanerpes carolinus Linnaeus 1758 red-bellied woodpecker
 Coraciiformes - Alcedinidae
Megaceryle alcyon
Megaceryle alcyon Linnaeus 1758 belted kingfisher
Reptilia
 Squamata - Crotalidae
Crotalus horridus1, Crotalus cf. adamanteus1
Crotalus horridus1 Linnaeus 1758 timber rattlesnake
Crotalus cf. adamanteus1 Palisot de Beauvois 1799 eastern diamondback rattlesnake
 Squamata - Colubridae
Diadophis sp.1, Natrix sp.1, Coluber constrictor1, Opheodrys sp.1, Masticophis flagellum1, Elaphe sp.1, Elaphe cf. guttata1, Thamnophis sirtalis1, Haldea sp.1, Storeria sp.1, Carphophis amoenus1
Diadophis sp.1 Baird and Girard 1853 ringneck snake
Natrix sp.1 Laurenti 1768 water snake
Coluber constrictor1 Linnaeus 1758 black racer
Opheodrys sp.1 Fitzinger 1843 colubrid snake
Elaphe sp.1 Wagler 1833 colubrid snake
Elaphe cf. guttata1 Linnaeus 1766 corn snake
Thamnophis sirtalis1 Linnaeus garter snake
Haldea sp.1 Baird and Girard 1853 colubrid snake
Storeria sp.1 Baird and Girard 1853 brown snake
Carphophis amoenus1 Say worm snake
 Squamata - Iguanidae
Sceloporus undulatus1
Sceloporus undulatus1 Bosc 1802 eastern fence lizard
Mammalia
 Soricomorpha - Soricidae
Sorex fumeus1, Sorex palustris1, Microsorex hoyi1, Sorex cf. cinereus1, Sorex arcticus1, Blarina brevicauda1, Cryptotis parva1
Sorex fumeus1 Miller 1895 smoky shrew
Sorex palustris1 Richardson 1828 American water shrew
Microsorex hoyi1 Baird 1858 American pygmy shrew
Sorex cf. cinereus1 Kerr 1792 cinereus shrew
Sorex arcticus1 Kerr 1792 arctic shrew
Blarina brevicauda1 Say 1823 northern short-tailed shrew
Cryptotis parva1 Say 1823 North American least shrew
 Soricomorpha - Talpidae
Parascalops breweri1, Condylura cristata1, Scalopus aquaticus1
Parascalops breweri1 Bachman 1842 hairly-tailed vole
Condylura cristata1 Linnaeus 1758 star-nosed mole
Scalopus aquaticus1 Linnaeus 1758 eastern mole
 Artiodactyla - Tayassuidae
Mylohyus sp.1
Mylohyus sp.1 Cope 1869 peccary
 Artiodactyla - Cervidae
Cervidae indet.1, Odocoileus virginianus1
Cervidae indet.1 Gray 1821 deer
Odocoileus virginianus1 Zimmermann 1780 white-tailed deer
 Carnivora - Canidae
Vulpes sp.1, Canis cf. lupus1
Vulpes sp.1 Frisch 1775 fox
Canis cf. lupus1 Linnaeus 1758 gray wolf
 Carnivora - Mustelidae
"Mustela cf. rixosa" = Mustela nivalis1, "Mustela vison" = Neogale vison1, "Mustela cf. frenata" = Neogale frenata1, Martes americana1, "Martes cf. pennanti" = Pekania pennanti1
"Mustela cf. rixosa" = Mustela nivalis1 Linnaeus 1766 least weasel
"Mustela vison" = Neogale vison1 Schreber 1777 mink
"Mustela cf. frenata" = Neogale frenata1 Lichtenstein 1831 long-tailed weasel
Martes americana1 Kerr 1792 American marten
"Martes cf. pennanti" = Pekania pennanti1 Erxleben 1777 fisher
 Carnivora - Mephitidae
Mephitis mephitis1
Mephitis mephitis1 Schreber 1776 striped skunk
 Carnivora - Procyonidae
Procyon lotor1
Procyon lotor1 Linnaeus 1758 raccoon
 Carnivora - Ursidae
Ursus cf. americanus1
Ursus cf. americanus1 Pallas 1780 black bear
 Carnivora - Felidae
Lynx sp.1
Lynx sp.1 Kerr 1792 lynx
 Lagomorpha - Leporidae
Sylvilagus sp.1, Lepus americanus1
Sylvilagus sp.1 Gray 1867 cottontail rabbit
Lepus americanus1 Erxleben 1777 snowshoe hare
 Rodentia - Castoridae
Castoroides ohioensis1, Castor canadensis1
Castoroides ohioensis1 Foster 1838 giant beaver
Castor canadensis1 Kuhl 1820 American beaver
 Rodentia - Sciuridae
Glaucomys sabrinus1, Glaucomys volans1, Sciurus carolinensis1, Tamias striatus1, Marmota monax1, "Citellus cf. tridecemlineatus" = Spermophilus1, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus2, Tamiasciurus cf. tenuidens1, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus2
Glaucomys sabrinus1 Shaw 1801 northern flying squirrel
Glaucomys volans1 Linnaeus 1758 southern flying squirrel
Sciurus carolinensis1 Gmelin 1788 eastern gray squirrel
Tamias striatus1 Linnaeus 1758 eastern chipmunk
Marmota monax1 Linnaeus 1758 groundhog
"Citellus cf. tridecemlineatus" = Spermophilus1 ground squirrel
Spermophilus tridecemlineatus2 Mitchell 1821 thirteen-lined ground squirrel
Tamiasciurus hudsonicus2 Erxleben 1777 American red squirrel
 Rodentia - Erethizontidae
Erethizon dorsatum1
Erethizon dorsatum1 Linnaeus 1758 North American porcupine
 Rodentia - Cricetidae
Microtus sp.1, Microtus pennsylvanicus1, Microtus chrotorrhinus1, Microtus xanthognathus1, "Pitymys pinetorum" = Microtus pinetorum1, "Microtus pinetorum" = Microtus pinetorum2, Ondatra zibethicus1, Phenacomys cf. ungava1, Phenacomys intermedius2, Clethrionomys gapperi1, Neotoma floridana1, Peromyscus sp.1, Peromyscus cf. maniculatus1, Peromyscus cf. leucopus1, Synaptomys corealis1, Synaptomys cooperi1
Microtus sp.1 Schrank 1798 vole
Microtus pennsylvanicus1 Ord 1815 meadow vole
Microtus chrotorrhinus1 Miller 1894 rock vole
Microtus xanthognathus1 Leach 1815 taiga vole
"Pitymys pinetorum" = Microtus pinetorum1 Le Conte 1830 woodland vole
"Microtus pinetorum" = Microtus pinetorum2 Le Conte 1830 woodland vole
Ondatra zibethicus1 Linnaeus 1766 muskrat
Phenacomys intermedius2 Merriam 1889 western heather vole
Clethrionomys gapperi1 Vigors 1830 southern red-backed vole
Neotoma floridana1 Ord 1818 eastern woodrat
Peromyscus sp.1 Gloger 1841 deer mouse
Peromyscus cf. maniculatus1 Wagner 1843 deer mouse
Peromyscus cf. leucopus1 Rafinesque 1818 white-footed mouse
Synaptomys cooperi1 Baird 1858 southern bog lemming
 Rodentia - Zapodidae
"Zapus hudsonicus" = Zapus hudsonius1, Napaeozapus insignis1
"Zapus hudsonicus" = Zapus hudsonius1 Zimmermann 1780 meadow jumping mouse
Napaeozapus insignis1 Miller 1891 woodland jumping mouse
 Chiroptera - Vespertilionidae
Lasiurus cf. borealis1, Pipistrellus subflavus1, Eptesicus sp.1, "Eptesicus cf. fuscus" = Eptesicus fuscus1, "Eptesicus cf. grandis" = Eptesicus fuscus1, Myotis keenii1, Myotis cf. lucifugus1
Lasiurus cf. borealis1 Muller 1776 hairy-tailed bat
Pipistrellus subflavus1 Cuvier 1832 eastern pipistrelle bat
Eptesicus sp.1 Rafinesque 1820 house bat
"Eptesicus cf. fuscus" = Eptesicus fuscus1 Beauvois 1796 big brown bat
"Eptesicus cf. grandis" = Eptesicus fuscus1 Beauvois 1796 big brown bat
Myotis keenii1 Merriam 1895 vesper bat
Myotis cf. lucifugus1 Le Conte 1831 vesper bat
Amphibia
 Salientia - Pelobatidae
"Scaphiopus holbrooki" = Scaphiopus (Scaphiopus) holbrooki1
"Scaphiopus holbrooki" = Scaphiopus (Scaphiopus) holbrooki1 Harlan 1835 Eastern spadefoot toad
 Salientia - Hylidae
Hyla sp.1
Hyla sp.1 Laurenti 1768 tree frog
 Salientia - Ranidae
Rana catesbiana1, Rana palustris1, Rana sp.1
Rana sp.1 Linnaeus 1758 frog
 Salientia - Bufonidae
Bufo sp.1
Bufo sp.1 Laurenti 1768 toad
 Caudata - Urodela
"Ambystoma sp." = Amblystoma1, Desmognathus sp.1
"Ambystoma sp." = Amblystoma1 Tschudi 1838 mole salamander
Desmognathus sp.1 Baird 1850 lungless salamander
1Guilday 1962; 2Semken 1988