PBDB Collection

Swartkrans - Member 3 (Pleistocene of South Africa)

Also known as ETE Locality 646, Fire Member, Swartkrans - Member 3,

Where: South Africa (26.0° S, 27.7° E: paleocoordinates 26.2° S, 27.6° E)

• outcrop-level geographic resolution

When: 13 Member (Swartkrans Formation), Pleistocene (2.6 - 0.0 Ma)

• ETE dating method: time_unit, ETE age comment: age based on faunal evidence, approx. 1 mya

Environment/lithology:

• ETE rock type adj: 0, ETE lithology comments: 0

Collection methods: quarrying

• ETE Size: both; ETE reference list: 486, 485, 483, 482, 481, 479, 478, 454, ; ETE museum list: TM

Primary reference: T. C. Partridge. 1986. Palaeoecology of the Pliocene and lower Pleistocene hominids of southern Africa: how good is the chronological and paleoenvironmental evidence?. South African Journal of Science 82:80-83 [A. Behrensmeyer/A. Behrensmeyer/M. Kosnik]more details

PaleoDB collection 21828: authorized by Anna Behrensmeyer, entered by Anna Behrensmeyer on 17.10.1995, edited by John Damuth, Richard Potts and Hannah O'Regan

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

Show authors, comments, and common names

Aves
-	Aves indet., Aves indet., Aves "indet. size I", Aves "indet. size III", Aves "indet. size IV" Aves indet. Linnaeus 1758 bird ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Aves Aves indet. Linnaeus 1758 bird ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Aves size II Aves "indet. size I" Linnaeus 1758 bird ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Aves size I Aves "indet. size III" Linnaeus 1758 bird ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Aves size III Aves "indet. size IV" Linnaeus 1758 bird ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Aves size IV
Ciconiiformes - Plataleidae	Plataleidae indet. Plataleidae indet. Bonaparte 1838 spoonbill ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: ibis
Reptilia
Galliformes - Phasianidae	Phasianidae indet. Phasianidae indet. Horsfield 1821 pheasant ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: francolin
Testudines - Testudinidae	Testudinidae indet. Testudinidae indet. Batsch 1788 turtle ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Testudinidae
Mammalia
-	Mammalia indet., Mammalia indet. Mammalia indet. Linnaeus 1758 mammal ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Mammalia Mammalia indet. Linnaeus 1758 mammal ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Carnivora
Proboscidea - Elephantidae	cf. Elephas sp. cf. Elephas sp. Linnaeus 1758 elephant
Hyracoidea - Procaviidae	Procavia antiqua, Procavia transvaalensis Procavia antiqua Broom 1934 Cape hyrax Procavia transvaalensis Shaw 1937 Cape hyrax
Tubulidentata - Orycteropodidae	Orycteropus afer Orycteropus afer Pallas 1766 aardvark
Rodentia - Pedetidae	Pedetes sp. Pedetes sp. Illiger 1811 springhaas
Rodentia - Hystricidae	Hystrix africaeaustralis Hystrix africaeaustralis Peters 1852 Cape porcupine
Placentalia -	Lagomorpha indet. Lagomorpha indet. Brandt 1885 placental ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Lagomorpha
Primates - Hominidae	Hominidae indet., "Australopithecus robustus" = Paranthropus robustus Hominidae indet. Gray 1825 ape ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Hominidae "Australopithecus robustus" = Paranthropus robustus Broom 1938 australopithecine
Primates - Cercopithecidae	Cercopithecidae indet., Theropithecus oswaldi, Papio robinsoni Cercopithecidae indet. Gray 1821 monkey ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Cercopithecidae Theropithecus oswaldi Andrews 1916 gelada ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: danieli Papio robinsoni Freedman 1957 baboon
Perissodactyla - Equidae	Equidae indet., Equus capensis, "Equus burchelli" = Equus quagga burchelli, Hipparion lybicum Equidae indet. Gray 1821 horse ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Equidae Equus capensis Broom 1909 horse "Equus burchelli" = Equus quagga burchelli Gray 1824 Burchell's zebra Hipparion lybicum hipparionine horse ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Steytleri
Artiodactyla - Giraffidae	Giraffidae indet. Giraffidae indet. Gray 1821 giraffe ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Giraffidae
Artiodactyla - Bovidae	Bovidae indet., Bovidae "indet. size II", Bovidae "indet. size III", Bovidae "indet.size IV", Bovidae "indet. Hippo./Reduncini", Bovidae indet., Pelea sp., Alcelaphini indet., Connochaetes sp., Damaliscus sp., Beatragus sp., Megalotragus sp., Antilopini indet., "Antidorcas australis" = Antidorcas marsupialis australis, Raphicerus campestris, cf. Gazella sp., Hippotragus cf. niger, Oreotragus oreotragus, Syncerus sp., Tragelaphus strepsiceros, Taurotragus oryx Bovidae indet. Gray 1821 antelope ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Bovidae size I Bovidae "indet. size II" Gray 1821 antelope ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Bovidae size II Bovidae "indet. size III" Gray 1821 antelope ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Bovidae size III Bovidae "indet.size IV" Gray 1821 antelope ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Bovidae size IV Bovidae "indet. Hippo./Reduncini" Gray 1821 antelope ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Hippo./Reduncini Bovidae indet. Gray 1821 antelope ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Bovidae Pelea sp. Gray 1851 antelope Alcelaphini indet. Brookes 1876 antelope ETE occurrence; species: Alcelaphini Connochaetes sp. Lichtenstein 1812 wildebeest Damaliscus sp. Sclater and Thomas 1894 antelope Beatragus sp. Heller 1912 hirola ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: or Alcelaphus Megalotragus sp. van Hoepen 1932 antelope Antilopini indet. Gray 1821 antelope ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Antilopini "Antidorcas australis" = Antidorcas marsupialis australis Hendey and Hendey 1968 springbok ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: or marsupialis Raphicerus campestris Thunberg 1811 steenbok cf. Gazella sp. Blaineville 1816 gazelle Hippotragus cf. niger Harris 1838 sable antelope Oreotragus oreotragus Zimmermann 1783 klipspringer Syncerus sp. Hodgson 1847 African buffalo Tragelaphus strepsiceros Pallas 1766 greater kudu Taurotragus oryx Pallas 1766 common eland
Artiodactyla - Suidae	Suidae indet., Phacochoerus sp., "cf. Tapinochoerus meadowsi" = Metridiochoerus Suidae indet. Gray 1821 pig ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Suidae Phacochoerus sp. Cuvier 1826 warthog "cf. Tapinochoerus meadowsi" = Metridiochoerus pig
Artiodactyla - Hippopotamidae	Hippopotamus sp. Hippopotamus sp. Linnaeus 1758 hippo
Carnivora - Canidae	Canidae "indet. large", Canidae indet., "Canis cf. mesomelas" = Lupulella mesomelas, Vulpes chama Canidae "indet. large" Fischer de Waldheim 1817 canid ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Canidae-large Canidae indet. Fischer de Waldheim 1817 canid ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Canidae "Canis cf. mesomelas" = Lupulella mesomelas Schreber 1775 black-backed jackal Vulpes chama Smith 1833 Cape fox
Carnivora - Mustelidae	"Aonyx capensis" = Lutra capensis "Aonyx capensis" = Lutra capensis Schinz 1821 African clawless otter
Carnivora - Herpestidae	Herpestidae indet., Atilax sp., Suricata suricatta, Cynictis penicillata Herpestidae indet. Bonaparte 1845 mongoose ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: mongoose; originally entered as "Viverridae indet." Atilax sp. Cuvier 1826 marsh mongoose Suricata suricatta Schreber 1776 meerkat Cynictis penicillata Cuvier 1829 yellow mongoose
Carnivora - Viverridae	Viverridae indet., cf. Genetta tigrina Viverridae indet. Gray 1821 civet ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Viverridae cf. Genetta tigrina Schreber 1776 Cape genet
Carnivora - Hyaenidae	Hyaenidae indet., Parahyaena brunnea, Proteles sp., Crocuta crocuta, Chasmaporthetes nitidula Hyaenidae indet. Gray 1821 hyaena ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Hyaenidae Parahyaena brunnea Thunberg 1820 brown hyaena Proteles sp. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1824 hyaena Crocuta crocuta Erxleben 1777 spotted hyaena Chasmaporthetes nitidula Ewer 1955 hyaena
Carnivora - Felidae	Felis cf. libyca, Acinonyx jubatus, Panthera pardus, Megantereon cultridens Felis cf. libyca Forster 1780 African wildcat originally entered as "Felis cf. lybica" Acinonyx jubatus Schreber 1775 cheetah Panthera pardus Linnaeus 1758 leopard Megantereon cultridens Cuvier 1824 cat
Pholidota - Manidae	Manis sp. Manis sp. Linnaeus 1758 pangolin
Amphibia
-	Amphibia indet. Amphibia indet. Linnaeus 1758 tetrapod ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: frog/toad
Adenota
-	"Antidorcas recki" = Adenota recki "Antidorcas recki" = Adenota recki Schwartz 1932