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Caudata (salamander)
Taxonomy
Caudata was named by Scopoli (1777) [also attributed to Oppel 1811, but see Dundee 1989]. It is extant.
It was synonymized subjectively with Urodela by Jaekel (1911) and Swinton (1934); it was reranked as the unranked clade Caudata by McGowan and Evans (1995), Gardner (2001), Gao and Shubin (2001), Gao and Shubin (2003), Meyer and Zardoya (2003), Anderson et al. (2008), Maddin et al. (2012) and Vasilyan et al. (2013); it was reranked as the superorder Caudata by Zhang et al. (2009), Jia and Gao (2016) and Jia and Gao (2019).
It was assigned to Batrachia by Meyer and Zardoya (2003); to Amphibia by Holman (1977), Naylor (1978), Holman et al. (1990), Frank and Ramus (1996), Weems and George (2001), Peng et al. (2001), Pearson et al. (2002), Parmley et al. (2007), Venczel and Stiuca (2008) and Böhme (2010); to Batrachia by McGowan and Evans (1995), Gardner (2001), Zardoya and Meyer (2001), Anderson et al. (2008) and Maddin et al. (2012); to Lissamphibia by Evans et al. (1996), Gao and Shubin (2001), Evans and McGowan (2002), Gao and Shubin (2003) and Vasilyan et al. (2013); and to Lissamphibia by Dong and Wang (1998), Zhang et al. (2009), Vianey-Liaud et al. (2014), Jia and Gao (2016) and Jia and Gao (2019).
It was synonymized subjectively with Urodela by Jaekel (1911) and Swinton (1934); it was reranked as the unranked clade Caudata by McGowan and Evans (1995), Gardner (2001), Gao and Shubin (2001), Gao and Shubin (2003), Meyer and Zardoya (2003), Anderson et al. (2008), Maddin et al. (2012) and Vasilyan et al. (2013); it was reranked as the superorder Caudata by Zhang et al. (2009), Jia and Gao (2016) and Jia and Gao (2019).
It was assigned to Batrachia by Meyer and Zardoya (2003); to Amphibia by Holman (1977), Naylor (1978), Holman et al. (1990), Frank and Ramus (1996), Weems and George (2001), Peng et al. (2001), Pearson et al. (2002), Parmley et al. (2007), Venczel and Stiuca (2008) and Böhme (2010); to Batrachia by McGowan and Evans (1995), Gardner (2001), Zardoya and Meyer (2001), Anderson et al. (2008) and Maddin et al. (2012); to Lissamphibia by Evans et al. (1996), Gao and Shubin (2001), Evans and McGowan (2002), Gao and Shubin (2003) and Vasilyan et al. (2013); and to Lissamphibia by Dong and Wang (1998), Zhang et al. (2009), Vianey-Liaud et al. (2014), Jia and Gao (2016) and Jia and Gao (2019).
Subtaxa
Amphiumoidea, Apricosiren, Batrachosauroididae, Bishara, Comonecturoides, Comonecturoides marshi, Egoria, Galverpeton, Heteroclitotriton, Hylaeobatrachus, Karauridae, Karauroidea, Kulgeriherpeton, Marmorerpeton, Noterpetontidae, Pancryptobrancha, Plethodontoidea, Prosirenoidea, Ramonellus, Triassuridae, Urodela, Urupia
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1777 | Caudata Scopoli |
1960 | Comonecturoides Hecht and Estes pp. 8-9 figs. Pl. 2:3-4, Pl. 3:6 |
1960 | Comonecturoides marshi Hecht and Estes p. 8 figs. Pl. 2:3-4, Pl. 3:6 |
1977 | Caudata Holman p. 159 |
1978 | Caudata Naylor p. 566 |
1978 | Comonecturoides Naylor p. 567 |
1981 | Comonecturoides Estes |
1981 | Comonecturoides marshi Estes |
1988 | Comonecturoides Carroll |
1990 | Caudata Holman et al. p. 522 |
1995 | Caudata McGowan and Evans |
1996 | Caudata Evans et al. p. 79 |
1996 | Caudata Frank and Ramus |
1998 | Caudata Dong and Wang p. 160 |
2001 | Caudata Gao and Shubin p. 574 |
2001 | Caudata Gardner p. 334 fig. 8 |
2001 | Caudata Peng et al. p. 18 |
2001 | Caudata Weems and George p. 570 |
2001 | Caudata Zardoya and Meyer p. 7380 |
2002 | Caudata Evans and McGowan p. 104 |
2002 | Caudata Pearson et al. p. 154 |
2003 | Caudata Gao and Shubin p. 424 |
2003 | Caudata Meyer and Zardoya |
2007 | Caudata Parmley et al. p. 76 |
2008 | Caudata Anderson et al. p. 517 |
2008 | Caudata Venczel and Stiuca p. 733 |
2009 | Caudata Zhang et al. p. 552 |
2010 | Caudata Böhme p. 10 |
2012 | Caudata Maddin et al. |
2013 | Caudata Vasilyan et al. |
2014 | Caudata Vianey-Liaud et al. p. 568 |
2016 | Caudata Jia and Gao |
2019 | Caudata Jia and Gao |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Unr. Caudata Scopoli 1777 [salamander]
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Fm. †Karauridae Ivachnenko 1978
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G. †Marmorerpeton Evans et al. 1988
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†Marmorerpeton freemani Evans et al. 1988
†Marmorerpeton kermacki Evans et al. 1988
†Marmorerpeton wakei Jones et al. 2022
Unr. †Pancryptobrancha Vasilyan et al. 2013
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Or. †Proteida
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Fm. †Batrachosauroididae Auffenberg 1958
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G. †Batrachosauroides Taylor and Hesse 1943
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†Batrachosauroides dissimulans Taylor and Hesse 1943
†Batrachosauroides gotoi Estes 1969
G. †Opisthotriton Auffenberg 1961
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†Opisthotriton gidleyi Sullivan 1991
†Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg 1961
G. †Palaeoproteus Herre 1935
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†Palaeoproteus gallicus Estes et al. 1967
†Palaeoproteus klatti Herre 1935
Fm. †Triassuridae Ivakhnenko 1978
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Fm. Urodela Duméril 1805 [salamander]
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Subor. †Ambystomatoidea
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Fm. Ambystomatidae Hallowell 1856 [mole salamander]
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G. Amblystoma Tschudi 1838 [mole salamander]
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Amblystoma maculatum Shaw 1802 [Spotted salamander]
†Amblystoma minshalli Tihen and Chantell 1963
Ambystoma gracile Baird 1859 [Northwestern salamander]
†Ambystoma hibbardi Tihen 1955
†Ambystoma kansense Adams and Martin 1929
Ambystoma mexicanum Shaw 1789 [axolotl]
†Ambystoma minshalli Tihen and Chantell 1963
Ambystoma opacum Gravenhorst 1807 [Marbled salamander]
Ambystoma texanum Matthes 1855 [Small-mouth salamander]
Ambystoma tigrinum Green 1825 [tiger salamander]
†Ambystoma tiheni Holman 1968
Fm. Dicamptodontidae Tihen 1958 [giant salamander]
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G. Dicamptodon Strauch 1870 [Pacific giant salamander]
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†Dicamptodon antiquus Naylor and Fox 1993
Dicamptodon ensatus Eschscholtz 1833 [California giant salamander]
Subfm. †Dicamptodontinae Tihen 1958
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G. †Ambystomichnus Peabody 1954
G. †Bargmannia Herre 1955
G. †Chrysotriton Estes 1981
G. †Geyeriella Herre 1950
G. †Wolterstorffiella Herre 1950
Invalid names: Rhyacotritoninae Tihen 1958 [empty]
Fm. †Scapherpetontidae Auffenberg and Goin 1959
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G. †Piceoerpeton Meszoely 1967
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†Piceoerpeton naylori Gardner 2012
†Piceoerpeton willwoodense Meszoely 1967
G. †Scapherpeton Cope 1876
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†Scapherpeton tectum Cope 1876
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Invalid names: Hedronchus sternbergii Cope 1876 [synonym], Hemitrypus jordanianus Cope 1876 [synonym], Scapherpeton excisum Cope 1876 [synonym], Scapherpeton favosum Cope 1876 [synonym], Scapherpeton laticolle Cope 1876 [synonym]
Fm. Amphiumidae Gray 1825
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G. Amphiuma Garden 1821 [amphiuma]
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†Amphiuma jepseni Estes 1969
Amphiuma means Garden 1821 [two-toed amphiuma]
Amphiuma pholeter Neill 1964 [one-toed amphiuma]
Amphiuma tridactylum Cuvier 1827 [three-toed amphiuma]
Invalid names: Amphiuma antica Holman 1977 [nomen dubium]
G. Muraenopsis Fitzinger
Unr. †Cryptobranchoidea
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Fm. Cryptobranchidae Cope 1889 [hellbender]
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G. Andrias Tschudi 1837 [giant salamander]
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†Andrias bohemicus Laube 1897
Andrias davidianus Blanchard 1871 [Chinese giant salamander]
Andrias japonicus Temminck 1836 [Japanese giant salamander]
†Andrias matthewi Cook 1917
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Invalid names: Cryptobranchus mccalli Tihen and Chantell 1963 [synonym]
Invalid names: Megalobatrachus Tschudi 1837 [synonym]
G. Cryptobranchus Leuckart 1821 [hellbender]
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Cryptobranchus alleganiensis Daudin 1803 [hellbender]
†Cryptobranchus guildayi Holman 1977
†Cryptobranchus saskatchewanensis Naylor 1981
Invalid names: Plicagnathus Cook 1917 [synonym], Sieboldia Blanchard 1871 [synonym]
G. †Eoscapherpeton Nessov 1981
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†Eoscapherpeton superum Nessov 1997
Invalid names: Mynbulakia Nessov 1981 [synonym]
G. †Hemitrypus Cope 1876
Fm. Hynobiidae Cope 1866
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G. Batrachuperus Boulenger 1878 [Mountain salamanders]
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Batrachuperus mustersi Smith 1940 [Paghman mountain salamander]
G. Hynobius Tschudi 1838 [Asian salamanders]
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Hynobius boulengeri Thompson 1912 [Boulengers oriental salamander]
Hynobius formosanus Maki 1922 [Taiwan salamander]
Hynobius leechii Boulenger 1887 [Gensan salamander]
Hynobius naevius Temminck and Schlegel 1838 [Sagami salamander]
Hynobius nebulosus Temminck and Schlegel 1838 [Mitsjama salamander]
Hynobius retardatus Dunn 1923 [Noboribetsu salamander]
G. Onychodactylus Tschudi 1838 [Clawed salamanders]
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Onychodactylus fischeri Boulenger 1886 [Fischer's clawed salamander]
Onychodactylus japonicus Houttuyn 1782 [Japanese clawed salamander]
G. †Parahynobius Venczel 1999
G. Ranodon Kessler 1866 [Siberian salamanders]
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Ranodon tsinpaensis Liu and Hu 1966 [Shaanxi salamander]
G. †Kiyatriton Averianov and Voronkevich 2002
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†Kiyatriton krasnolutskii Skutchas 2016
†Kiyatriton leshchinskiyi Averianov and Voronkevich 2002
G. †Liaoxitriton Dong and Wang 1998
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†Liaoxitriton daohugouensis Wang 2004
†Liaoxitriton zhongjiani Dong and Wang 1998
Fm. Plethodontidae Gray 1850 [lungless salamander]
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G. Batrachoseps Bonaparte 1839
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Batrachoseps attenuatus Escholtz 1833 [California slender salamander]
Batrachoseps relictus Brame and Murray 1968 [Relictual slender salamander]
Subfm. †Desmognathinae Gray 1850
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G. Desmognathus Baird 1850
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Desmognathus aeneus Brown and Bishop 1947 [Seepage salamander]
Desmognathus auriculatus Holbrook 1838 [Southern dusky salamander]
Desmognathus fuscus Rafinesque 1820 [Northern dusky salamander]
Desmognathus monticola Dunn 1916 [Seal salamander]
Desmognathus ochrophaeus Cope 1859
Desmognathus quadramaculatus Holbrook 1840 [Blackbelly salamander]
Desmognathus wrighti King 1936 [Pigmy salamander]
G. †Eurycea
G. Hemidactylium Tschudi
G. Manculus Cope 1869
G. Plethodon Tschudi 1838 [woodland salamander]
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Plethodon cinereus Green 1818 [Redback salamander]
Plethodon glutinosus Green 1818 [northern slimy salamander]
Subfm. Plethodontinae
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G. Spelerpes Rafinesque 1832
G. †Polysemia Meyer 1860
Fm. Proteidae Hogg 1838 [mudpuppy]
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G. †Mioproteus Estes and Darevsky 1978
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†Mioproteus caucasicus Estes and Darevsky 1978
†Mioproteus gardneri Venczel and Codrea 2019
G. Necturus Rafinesque
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Necturus alabamensis Viosca 1937 [Alabama waterdog]
Necturus beyeri Viosca 1937 [Gulf Coast waterdog]
†Necturus krausei Naylor 1978
Necturus lewisi Brimley 1934 [Neuse River wtaerdog]
Necturus maculosus Rafinesque 1818 [mudpuppy]
Necturus punctatus Gibbes 1850 [Dwarf waterdog]
G. Proteus Laurenti 1768 [Old World blind cave salamander]
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Proteus anguinus Laurenti 1768 [olm]
†Proteus bavaricus Brunner 1956
Fm. Rhyacotritonidae Tihen 1958 [torrent salamander]
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G. Rhyacotriton Dunn 1920 [torrent salamander]
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Rhyacotriton olympicus Gaige 1917 [Olympic torrent salamander]
G. Salamandra Laurenti 1768
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†Salamandra goussardiana Lartet 1851
Salamandra lanzai Nascetti et al. 1988 [Lanzas fire salamander]
†Salamandra mimula Brunner 1957
Salamandra opaca Gravenhorst 1807
Salamandra salamandra Linnaeus 1758 [Fire salamander]
†Salamandra sansaniensis Lartet 1851
Fm. Salamandridae Gray 1825 [newt]
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G. †Carpathotriton Venczel 2008
G. †Chelotriton Pomel 1853
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†Chelotriton ogygius Goldfuss 1831
†Chelotriton paradoxus Pomel 1853
†Chelotriton robustus Westphal 1979
G. Chioglossa Bocage 1868
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Chioglossa lusitanica Bocage 1864 [Gold-striped salamander]
†Chioglossa meini Estes and Hoffstetter 1976
G. Euproctus Gené 1838 [European brook salamander]
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Euproctus rusconii Gene 1838 [Sardinian brook salamander]
G. Ichthyosaura Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille 1801
G. †Koaliella Herre 1950
G. Lissotriton Bell 1839
G. †Megalotriton Zittel 1890
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†Megalotriton filholi Zittel 1890
†Megalotriton portisi De Stefano 1903
G. Mertensiella Wolterstorff 1925 [Caucasian salamander]
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Mertensiella caucasica Waga 1876 [Caucasian salamander]
Mertensiella luschani Steindachner 1891 [Luschans salamander]
G. Notophthalmus Rafinesque 1820
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†Notophthalmus crassus Tihen 1974
†Notophthalmus robustus Estes 1963
†Notophthalmus slaughteri Holman 1966
Notophthalmus viridescens Rafinesque 1820 [Eastern newt]
G. Ommatotriton Owen 1850
G. Salamandrina Fitzinger 1826 [spectacled salamander]
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Salamandrina perspicillata Savi 1821 [Northern spectacled salamander]
Salamandrina terdigitata Lacepede 1788 [Southern spectacled salamander]
G. Taricha Gray 1850 [Roughskin newts]
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Taricha granulosa Skilton 1849 [Roughskin newt]
†Taricha lindoei Naylor 1979
†Taricha miocenica Tihen 1974
†Taricha oligocenica van Frank 1955
Taricha torosa Rathke 1833 [California newt]
G. Triturus Rafinesque 1815
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†Triturus lacasianum Lartet 1851
Triturus marmoratus Latreille 1800 [marbled newt]
†Triturus minimus Giebel 1847
†Triturus montandoni Boulenger 1880
†Triturus opalinus Meyer 1851
†Triturus roehrsi Herre 1955
†Triturus sansaniense Lartet 1851
†Triturus schnaitheimi Herre and Lunau 1950
Triturus vulgaris Linnaeus 1758 [smooth newt]
†Triturus wintershofi Lunau 1950
Invalid names: Triton Laurenti 1768 [replaced]
G. Tylototriton Anderson 1871 [crocodile salamander]
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Tylototriton kweichowensis Fang and Chang 1932 [Kweichow crocodile newt]
†Tylototriton primigenius Noble 1928
Tylototriton taliangensis Liu 1950 [Pusakang crocodile newt]
Tylototriton verrucosus Anderson 1871 [Himalayan newt]
†Tylototriton weigelti Herre 1935
Subor. Salamandroidea Noble 1931
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G. †Nasopus Marsh 1894
Invalid names: Necturidae Fitzinger 1843 [empty]
G. †Seminobatrachus Skutschas and Gubin 2012
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†Seminobatrachus boltyschkensis Skutschas and Gubin 2012
Fm. Sirenidae Gray 1825 [siren]
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G. †Adelphesiren Goin and Auffenberg 1958
G. †Habrosaurus Gilmore 1928
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†Habrosaurus dilatus Gilmore 1928
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Invalid names: Adelphesiren olivae Goin and Auffenberg 1958 [synonym]
†Habrosaurus prodilatus Gardner 2003
G. †Kababisha Evans et al. 1996
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†Kababisha humarensis Evans et al. 1996
†Kababisha sudanensis Evans et al. 1996
G. Pseudobranchus Gray 1825 [dwarf siren]
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†Pseudobranchus robustus Goin and Auffenberg 1955 [dwarf siren]
Pseudobranchus striatus Le Conte 1824 [Northern dwarf siren]
†Pseudobranchus vetustus Goin and Auffenberg 1955 [dwarf siren]
G. Siren Linnaeus 1766 [siren]
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†Siren dunni Goin and Auffenberg 1957
†Siren hesterna Goin and Auffenberg 1955 [siren]
Siren lacertina Linnaeus 1766 [greater siren]
†Siren miotexana Holman 1977
†Siren simpsoni Goin and Auffenberg 1955 [Simpson's siren]
Invalid names: Meantes Linnaeus 1766 [empty], Neocaudata Cannatella and Hillis 1993 [invalid subgroup], Thoriidae Cope 1869 [empty]
Invalid names: Amphiumoidea [empty], Comonecturoides Hecht and Estes 1960 [nomen dubium], Comonecturoides marshi Hecht and Estes 1960 [nomen dubium], Karauroidea Estes 1981 [empty], Noterpetontidae Rage et al. 1993 [empty], Plethodontoidea [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available