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Placodermi (armour-plated fish)
Taxonomy
Placodermi was named by M'Coy (1848).
It was reranked as the superorder Placodermi by Hay (1902); it was reranked as the subclass Placodermata by Jaekel (1911); it was reranked as the subclass Placodermi by Bryant (1932); it was reranked as the unranked clade Placodermi by Säve-Söderbergh (1934).
It was assigned to Azygostei by Hay (1902); to Hypostomata by Jaekel (1911); to Elasmobranchii by Bryant (1932); to Elasmobranchii by Säve-Söderbergh (1934); to Gnathostomata by Denison (1975); to Chordata by Sepkoski (2002); to Vertebrata by Kiessling (2004); to Placodermiomorphi by Long (2011), Nelson et al. (2016); and to Gnathostomata by Dineley and Metcalf (1999), van der Laan (2019).
It was reranked as the superorder Placodermi by Hay (1902); it was reranked as the subclass Placodermata by Jaekel (1911); it was reranked as the subclass Placodermi by Bryant (1932); it was reranked as the unranked clade Placodermi by Säve-Söderbergh (1934).
It was assigned to Azygostei by Hay (1902); to Hypostomata by Jaekel (1911); to Elasmobranchii by Bryant (1932); to Elasmobranchii by Säve-Söderbergh (1934); to Gnathostomata by Denison (1975); to Chordata by Sepkoski (2002); to Vertebrata by Kiessling (2004); to Placodermiomorphi by Long (2011), Nelson et al. (2016); and to Gnathostomata by Dineley and Metcalf (1999), van der Laan (2019).
Subtaxa
Acanthothoraci, Acanthothoraciformes, Antiarchi (syn. Antiarchi, Antiarchiformes), Arthrodira (syn. Arthrodiriformes), Asiacanthus, Austroptyctodus, Bianchengichthys, Brindabellaspida, Campbellodus, Changyonophyton, Coccostei, Coelosteichthys, Cratoselachiidae, Deinodus, Entelognathus, Hybosteus, Neopetalichthys, Nessariostoma (syn. Nessariostoma), Oestophorus (syn. Sphenophorus), Petalichthida, Petalichthyida (syn. Petalichthyiformes), Petalichthyida, Pseudopetalichthyida, Pseudopetalichthyiformes, Ptychostei, Ptyctodontida, Rhenanida, Rhenaniformes, Sedowichthys, Stensioelliformes, Tollichthys, Wangolepis, Yunnanacanthus
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1848 | Placodermi M'Coy |
| 1902 | Placodermi Hay p. 342 |
| 1911 | Placodermata Jaekel p. 44 |
| 1932 | Placodermi Bryant p. 232 |
| 1934 | Placodermi Säve-Söderbergh p. 17 |
| 1975 | Placodermi Denison p. 23 |
| 1999 | Placodermi Dineley and Metcalf p. 11 |
| 2002 | Placodermi Sepkoski |
| 2004 | Placodermi Kiessling |
| 2011 | Placodermi Long p. 241 |
| 2016 | Placodermi Nelson et al. p. 36 |
| 2019 | Placodermi van der Laan p. 26 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Cl. †Placodermi M'Coy 1848 [armour-plated fish]
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Or. †Acanthothoraci Stensiö 1944
+
G. †Breizosteus Goujet 1980
Fm. †Palaeacanthaspidae Stensio 1944
+
G. †Radotina Gross 1950
+
†Radotina kosorensis Gross 1950
†Radotina prima Barrande 1872
†Radotina tesselata Gross 1958
Invalid names: Kolymaspididae Bystrow 1956 [empty], Radotinidae Arambourg 1958 [empty]
Unr. †Antiarchi Cope 1885
+
Or. †Asterolepidiformes
+
Fm. †Asterolepididae Traquair 1888
+
G. †Asterolepis Eichwald 1840
+
†Asterolepis alticristata Downs et al. 2019
†Asterolepis chadwicki Wells 1964
†Asterolepis concatenata Eichwald 1844
†Asterolepis cristata Obruchev 1933
†Asterolepis dellei Gross 1940
†Asterolepis essica Lyarskaya 1981
†Asterolepis estonica Gross 1940
†Asterolepis maxima Agassiz 1844
†Asterolepis orcadensis Watson 1932
†Asterolepis ornata Eichwald 1840
†Asterolepis radiata Rohon 1900
†Asterolepis saevesoederberghi Stensio 1938
†Asterolepis scabra Woodward 1891
†Asterolepis sinensis P’an 1957
†Asterolepis syasiensis Lyarskaya 1981
†Asterolepis thule Watson 1932
†Asterolepis verrucosa M'Coy 1848
G. †Stegolepis Malinovskaya 1973
+
†Stegolepis asiatica Obrucheva 1955
†Stegolepis jugata Malinovskaya 1973
†Stegolepis tuberculata Malinovskaya 1973
Invalid names: Pterichthyidae [synonym]
Fm. †Lepadolepididae Berg 1955
+
G. †Ceratolepichthys Whitley 1940
G. †Lepadolepis White and Moy-Thomas 1940
+
†Lepadolepis stensioei Gross 1933
Invalid names: Ceratolepis Gross 1933 [replaced]
Fm. †Remigolepididae Stensio 1931
+
G. †Remigolepis Stensio 1931
+
†Remigolepis acuta Stensio 1931
†Remigolepis armata Lukševičs 2001
†Remigolepis cristata Stensio 1931
†Remigolepis durnalensis Olive 2015
†Remigolepis incisa Woodward 1901
†Remigolepis karakoliensis Panteleyev 1992
†Remigolepis kochi Stensio 1931
†Remigolepis kullingi Stensio 1931
†Remigolepis major Pan et al. 1987
†Remigolepis microcephala Pan et al. 1987
†Remigolepis redcliffensis Johanson 1997
†Remigolepis suusamyrensis Panteleyev 1992
†Remigolepis tuberculata Stensio 1931
†Remigolepis walkeri JOHANSON 1997
†Remigolepis xiangshanensis Pan et al. 1987
†Remigolepis xixiaensis Pan et al. 1987
†Remigolepis zhongningensis Pan et al. 1980
†Remigolepis zhongweiensis Pan et al. 1987
Invalid names: Asperaspididae Moloshnikov 2012 [empty]
Or. †Bothriolepidiformes
+
Fm. †Bothriolepididae Cope 1886
+
G. †Bothriolepis Eichwald 1840
+
†Bothriolepis africana Long et al. 1997
†Bothriolepis alvesiensis Stensio 1948
†Bothriolepis amankonyrica Malinovskaya 1988
†Bothriolepis antarctica Woodward 1921
†Bothriolepis askinae Young 1988
†Bothriolepis babichevi Malinovskaya 1992
†Bothriolepis barretti Young 1988
†Bothriolepis bindareei Long 1983
†Bothriolepis canadensis Whiteaves 1880
†Bothriolepis cellulosa Pander 1846
†Bothriolepis ciecere Lyarskaia 1974
†Bothriolepis cristata Traquair 1895
†Bothriolepis cullodenensis Long 1983
†Bothriolepis curonica Gross 1942
†Bothriolepis dairbhrensis Dupret et al. 2023
†Bothriolepis dorakarasugensis Moloshnikov 2009
†Bothriolepis evaldi Lyarskaya 1986
†Bothriolepis extensa Sergienko 1961
†Bothriolepis favosa Agassiz 1844
†Bothriolepis fergusoni Long 1983
†Bothriolepis gigantea Miles 1968
†Bothriolepis gippslandiensis Hills 1929
†Bothriolepis grenfellensis Johanson 1997
†Bothriolepis groenlandica Heintz 1930
†Bothriolepis hayi Miles 1968
†Bothriolepis heckeri Lukševičs 2001
†Bothriolepis hicklingi Miles 1968
†Bothriolepis hydrophila Agassiz 1844
†Bothriolepis jani Luksevics 1986
†Bothriolepis jarviki Stensio 1948
†Bothriolepis jazwicensis Szrek 2004
†Bothriolepis jeremijevi Rohon 1900
†Bothriolepis karawaka Young 1988
†Bothriolepis kassini Malinovskaya 1988
†Bothriolepis kohni Young 1988
†Bothriolepis kwangtungensis P'an 1964
†Bothriolepis laverocklochensis Miles 1968
†Bothriolepis leptocheira Traquair 1893
†Bothriolepis lochangensis P'an 1964
†Bothriolepis lohesti Leriche 1931
†Bothriolepis longi Johanson and Young 1999
†Bothriolepis macphersoni Young 1988
†Bothriolepis macrocephala Egerton 1862
†Bothriolepis maeandrina Hoffman 1911
†Bothriolepis major Agassiz 1844
†Bothriolepis markovskii Moloshnikov 2010
†Bothriolepis mawsoni Young 1988
†Bothriolepis maxima Gross 1933
†Bothriolepis nielseni Stensio 1948
†Bothriolepis nikitinae Malinovskaya 1988
†Bothriolepis nitida Leidy 1856
+
Invalid names: Bothriolepis coloradensis Eastman 1904 [synonym], Bothriolepis darbiensis Denison 1951 [synonym], Bothriolepis minor Newberry 1889 [synonym]
†Bothriolepis niushoushanensis Pan et al. 1980
†Bothriolepis obesa Traquair 1888
†Bothriolepis obrutschewi Gross 1942
†Bothriolepis ornata Eichwald 1840
†Bothriolepis panderi Lahusen 1880
†Bothriolepis paradoxa Agassiz 1845
†Bothriolepis pavariensis Lyarskaia 1974
†Bothriolepis perija Young and Moody 2002
†Bothriolepis portalensis Young 1988
†Bothriolepis prima Gross 1942
†Bothriolepis rex Downs et al. 2016
†Bothriolepis shaokuanensis Chang 1963
†Bothriolepis siberica Obruchev 1941
†Bothriolepis sibirica Obruchev 1941
†Bothriolepis sinensis Chi 1940
†Bothriolepis sosnensis Moloshnikov 2003
†Bothriolepis stevensoni Miles 1968
†Bothriolepis tastenica Malinovskaya 1988
†Bothriolepis tatongensis Long and Werdelin 1986
†Bothriolepis taylori Miles 1968
†Bothriolepis traquairi Bryant 1924
†Bothriolepis traudscholdi Jaekel 1927
†Bothriolepis tungseni Chang 1965
†Bothriolepis turanica Obruchev 1939
†Bothriolepis virginiensis Weems et al. 1981
†Bothriolepis volongensis Luksevics and Sorokin 1999
†Bothriolepis vuwae Young 1988
†Bothriolepis warreni Long 1983
†Bothriolepis wilsoni Miles 1968
†Bothriolepis yeungae Johanson 1998
†Bothriolepis yunnanensis Liu 1962
†Bothriolepis zhujiangyuanensis Xian et al. 2025
Invalid names: Stenacanthus Leidy 1856 [synonym]
G. †Grossilepis Stensiö 1948
+
†Grossilepis brandi Miles 1968
†Grossilepis rikiki Olive 2015
†Grossilepis spinosa Gross 1942
†Grossilepis tuberculata Gross 1941
G. †Livnolepis Moloshnikov 2008
+
†Livnolepis heckeri Moloshnikov and Linkevich 2017
†Livnolepis zadonica Obruchev 1983
Invalid names: Bothriolepidae Cope 1886 [synonym]
Fm. †Dianolepididae Long 1983
+
G. †Jiangxilepis Zhang and Liu 1991
+
†Jiangxilepis longibrachius Zhang and Liu 1991
†Jiangxilepis sinensis Pan 1964
Invalid names: Jiangxilepidae Zhang and Liu 1991 [synonym], Tenizolepidinae Moloshnikov 2012 [invalid subgroup], Wudinolepidae Chang 1965 [synonym]
Fm. †Microbrachiidae Stensiö 1931
+
G. †Microbrachius Traquair 1888
+
†Microbrachius chuandongensis Wang and Zhang 1999
†Microbrachius dicki Traquair 1888
†Microbrachius kedoae den Blaauwen et al. 2018
†Microbrachius sinensis Pan 1984
Fm. †Tubalepididae Moloshnikov 2011
+
G. †Macrodontophion Zborzewski 1834
+
Fm. †Macropetalichthyidae Eastman 1898
+
G. †Guangxipetalichthys Ji and Pan 1997
+
†Guangxipetalichthys bobaiensis Ji and Pan 1997
†Guangxipetalichthys tiaomajianensis Ji and Pan 1997
G. †Heintzaspis Strand 1932
G. †Lunaspis Broili 1929
+
†Lunaspis broilii Gross 1937
†Lunaspis heroldi Broili 1929
†Lunaspis pruemiensis Kayser 1880
G. †Macropetalichthys Norwood and Owen 1846
+
†Macropetalichthys agassizi Meyer 1846
†Macropetalichthys pelmensis Hennig 1907
†Macropetalichthys rapheidolabis Norwood and Owen 1846
†Macropetalichthys sullivanti Newberry 1857
+
Invalid names: Agassichthys manni Newberry 1857 [synonym]
G. †Pampetalichthys Zhu 2000
+
†Pampetalichthys longhuaensis Zhu 2000
+
Invalid names: Holopetalichthys longhuaensis Zhu and Wang 1996 [replaced]
Invalid names: Heintzaspidae Strand 1942 [synonym]
Fm. †Quasipetalichthyidae Liu 1991
+
Fm. †Minicranidae Jia 2008
+
G. †Minicrania Zhu and Janvier 1996
+
†Minicrania lirouyii Zhu and Janvier 1996
†Minicrania lissa Janvier and Phuong 1999
Or. †Ptyctodontiformes
+
Fm. †Ptyctodontidae Woodward 1891
+
G. †Acmoniodus Hussakof and Bryant 1920
G. †Aulacosteus Eichwald 1846
G. †Chelyophorus Agassiz 1845
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†Chelyophorus griffithii M'Coy 1848
†Chelyophorus pskovensis Obruchev 1947
†Chelyophorus verneuili Agassiz 1844
G. †Eczematolepis Miller 1892
+
†Eczematolepis fragilis Newberry 1857
†Eczematolepis pustulosus Newberry 1875
†Eczematolepis telleri Eastman 1898
Invalid names: Acantholepis Newberry 1875 [replaced]
G. †Palaeomylus Woodward 1891
+
†Palaeomylus crassus Newberry 1873
†Palaeomylus frangens Newberry 1878
†Palaeomylus greenei Newberry 1889
†Palaeomylus hussakofi Bryant 1935
†Palaeomylus lunaeformis Hussakof and Bryant 1919
†Palaeomylus minor Bryant 1935
†Palaeomylus predator Eastman 1898
G. †Ptyctodus Pander 1858
+
†Ptyctodus bradyi Hussakof 1942
†Ptyctodus calceolus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Ptyctodus compressus Eastman 1898
†Ptyctodus czarnockii Gorizdro-Kulczykka 1934
†Ptyctodus eastmani Weller 1906
†Ptyctodus ferox Eastman 1898
†Ptyctodus howlandi Hussakof and Bryant 1919
†Ptyctodus kielcensis Gorizdro-Kulczykka 1934
†Ptyctodus major Rohon 1895
†Ptyctodus molaris Eastman 1898
†Ptyctodus obliquus Pander 1858
†Ptyctodus panderi Eastman 1898
†Ptyctodus punctatus Eastman 1898
†Ptyctodus reimanni Carter 1942
†Ptyctodus sibericus Tolmachoff 1915
G. †Ramphodus Jaekel 1903
G. †Rhynchodus Newberry 1873
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†Rhynchodus excavatus Newberry 1877
†Rhynchodus eximius Jaekel 1919
†Rhynchodus major Eastman 1898
†Rhynchodus marginalis Gorizdro-Kulczykka 1934
†Rhynchodus occidentalis Newberry 1878
†Rhynchodus ornatus Hussakof and Bryant 1919
†Rhynchodus pertenuis Eastman 1904
†Rhynchodus rostratus Eastman 1898
†Rhynchodus secans Newberry 1873
†Rhynchodus telleri Hussakof and Bryant 1919
†Rhynchodus tetrodon Jaekel 1903
†Rhynchodus wildungensis Jaekel 1929
G. Rinodus Newberry and Worthen 1866
Invalid names: Aulacosteidae Fowler 1947 [synonym]
Fm. †Silurolepidae Zhang et al. 2010
+
Or. †Sinolepiformes
+
Fm. †Sinolepidae Liu and P'an 1958
+
G. †Sinolepis Liu and Pan 1958
+
†Sinolepis macrocephala Liu and Pan 1958
†Sinolepis szei Pan et al. 1987
†Sinolepis wutungensis Liu and P'am 1958
Or. †Yunnanolepidiformes Zhang 1978
+
Fm. †Yunnanolepididae Zhang 1978
+
G. †Yunnanolepis Liu 1963
+
†Yunnanolepis bacboensis Thanh and Janvier 1990
†Yunnanolepis chii Liu 1963
†Yunnanolepis deprati Thanh and Janvier 1990
†Yunnanolepis porifera Zhu 1996
†Yunnanolepis spinulosa Janvier and Phuong 1999
Invalid names: Chuchinolepididae [empty]
Invalid names: Antiarchi Cope 1885 [synonym]
Unr. †Arthrodira Woodward 1891
+
Fm. †Acanthaspida Heintz 1921
+
Or. †Actinolepidiformes
+
Fm. †Actinolepididae Gross 1940
+
G. †Actinolepis Agassiz 1845
+
†Actinolepis magna Mark-Kurik 1973
†Actinolepis spinosa Mark-Kurik 1985
†Actinolepis tuberculata Agassiz 1845
†Actinolepis zaikai Plax and Newman 2020
G. †Anarthraspis Bryant 1934
+
†Anarthraspis chamberlini Bryant 1932
†Anarthraspis montanus Bryant and Ruedemann 1934
G. †Bryantolepis Denison 1958
+
†Bryantolepis brachycephala Bryant 1932
†Bryantolepis cristata Bryant 1934
†Bryantolepis williamsi Elliott and Carr 2010
G. †Heightingtonaspis White 1969
+
†Heightingtonaspis anglica Traquair 1890
†Heightingtonaspis clarkei Eastman 1907
†Heightingtonaspis willsi White 1961
Fm. †Antarctaspididae White 1968
+
Fm. †Gavinaspididae Dupret and Zhu 2008
+
Fm. †Kujdanowiaspididae Berg 1955
+
G. †Kujdanowiaspis Stensio 1942
+
†Kujdanowiaspis buczacziensis Brotzen 1934
†Kujdanowiaspis podolica Brotzen 1934
+
Invalid names: Kujdanowiaspis rectiformis Brotzen 1934 [synonym]
Fm. †Phyllolepidae Woodward 1891
+
G. †Austrophyllolepis Long 1984
+
†Austrophyllolepis dulciensis Young 2005
†Austrophyllolepis quiltyi Young 2005
†Austrophyllolepis ritchiei Long 1984
†Austrophyllolepis youngi Long 1984
G. †Pentagonolepis Lohest 1890
G. †Phyllolepis Agassiz 1843
+
†Phyllolepis concentrica Agassiz 1844
†Phyllolepis delicatula Newberry 1889
†Phyllolepis konincki Lohest 1888
†Phyllolepis nielseni Stensio 1939
†Phyllolepis orvini Heintz 1930
†Phyllolepis rossimontina Lane 2005
†Phyllolepis tolli Vasiliauskas 1963
†Phyllolepis undulata Lohest 1888
†Phyllolepis woodwardi Stensio 1939
G. †Placolepis Ritchie 1984
+
†Placolepis budawangensis Ritchie 1984
†Placolepis harajica Young 2005
†Placolepis tingeyi Young 2005
Fm. †Wuttagoonaspididae Ritchie 1973
+
G. †Wuttagoonaspis Ritchie 1973
+
†Wuttagoonaspis fletcheri Ritchie 1973
†Wuttagoonaspis milligani Young and Goujet 2003
G. †Africanaspis Long et al. 1997
+
†Africanaspis doryssa Long et al. 1997
†Africanaspis edmountaini Gess and Trinajstic 2017
G. †Aspidichthys Newberry 1873
+
†Aspidichthys clavatus Newberry 1873
†Aspidichthys ingens Koenen 1883
†Aspidichthys notabilis Whiteaves 1892
G. †Atlantidosteus Lelievre 1984
G. †Callognathus Newberry 1890
+
†Callognathus regularis Newberry 1889
†Callognathus serratus Newberry 1889
Or. †Coccosteina Heintz 1932
+
Invalid names: Euleptaspididae Obruchev 1964 [empty], Gemuendenaspoidea Denison 1978 [empty]
G. †Cosmacanthus Agassiz 1845
+
†Cosmacanthus bullatus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Cosmacanthus carinatus Davis 1883
†Cosmacanthus malcolmsoni Agassiz 1844
†Cosmacanthus marginalis Davis 1883
†Cosmacanthus priscus Mcoy 1848
†Cosmacanthus stellatus Saint John and Worthen 1875
G. †Errolosteus Young 1981
Unr. †Eubrachythoraci Miles 1971
+
Fm. †Selenosteidae Dean 1901
+
G. †Enseosteus Jaeckel 1919
+
†Enseosteus hermanni Stensiö 1959
†Enseosteus jaekeli Gross 1932
†Enseosteus marocanensis Rücklin 2011
†Enseosteus pachyostoides Stensiö 1959
G. †Melanomontanosteus Prokofiev 2023
+
†Melanomontanosteus occitanus Prokofiev 2023
+
Invalid names: Melanosteus occitanus Lelièvre et al. 1987 [replaced]
Invalid names: Melanosteus Lelievre and Goujet 1987 [replaced]
G. †Rhinosteus Jaeckel 1911
+
†Rhinosteus parvulus Gross 1932
†Rhinosteus traquairi Jaekel 1911
†Rhinosteus tuberculatus Gross 1932
G. †Stenosteus Dean 1901
+
†Stenosteus angustopectus Carr 1996
†Stenosteus glaber Dean 1901
†Stenosteus pertenuis Branson 1911
G. †Walterosteus Stensiö 1959
+
†Walterosteus grossi Rücklin 2011
†Walterosteus lelievrei Rücklin 2011
†Walterosteus pachyostoides Stensiö 1959
G. †Huaningichthys Wang 1979
Superfm. †Incisoscutoidea Long 1994
+
Fm. †Plourdosteidae Vézina 1990
+
G. †Protitanichthys Eastman 1908
+
†Protitanichthys fossatus Eastman 1908
†Protitanichthys rockportensis Case 1931
Invalid names: Incisoscutidae Denison 1984 [empty]
G. †Kimberleyichthys Dennis-Bryan and Miles 1983
+
Invalid names: Kimberia Dennis-Bryan and Miles 1983 [replaced]
G. †Kueichowlepis Pan and Wang 1975
Subor. †Pachyosteina Obruchev 1964
+
Invalid names: Erromenosteidae Obruchev 1964 [empty], Hussakofiidae Obruchev 1964 [empty]
G. †Parawilliamsaspis Liu 1980
Or. †Phlyctaeniiformes
+
Fm. †Arctaspididae Goujet 1984
+
G. †Arctaspis Heintz 1929
+
†Arctaspis hoegi Heintz 1929
†Arctaspis hoeli Heintz 1929
†Arctaspis holtedahli Heintz 1929
†Arctaspis kiaeri Heintz 1929
†Arctaspis maxima Heintz 1929
†Arctaspis minor Heintz 1929
Fm. †Arctolepididae Heintz 1937
+
G. †Arctolepis Eastman 1908
+
†Arctolepis brevis Heintz 1929
†Arctolepis decipiens Woodward 1891
†Arctolepis lata Heintz 1929
†Arctolepis lewini Heintz 1929
†Arctolepis longicornis Heintz 1929
†Arctolepis solnoerdali Heintz 1929
G. †Plataspis Westwood 1837
Subor. †Brachythoraci Gross 1932
+
Unr. †Aspinothoracidi Miles and Dennis 1979
+
Fm. †Brachydeiridae Gross 1932
Fm. †Braunosteidae Stensio 1963
Fm. †Bulbocanthidae Young and Goujet 2003
Fm. †Dinichthyidae Newberry 1888
G. †Gorgonichthys Claypole 1892
Fm. †Hadrosteidae Gross 1932
G. †Heintzichthys Whitley 1933
Fm. †Leiosteidae Stensiö 1963
Fm. †Leptosteidae Jaekel 1911
Fm. †Titanichthyidae Dean 1901
Superfm. †Buchanosteoidea Denison 1978
+
G. †Exutaspis Liu and Wang 1981
Fm. †Williamsaspidae White 1952
Unr. †Coccosteomorphi
+
Fm. †Bungartiidae Denison 1975
Fm. †Camuropiscidae Dennis and Miles 1979
Fm. †Coccosteidae Asmuss 1856
Fm. †Mylostomatidae Woodward 1891
Fm. †Torosteidae Gardiner and Miles 1990
Fm. †Trematosteidae Gross 1932
Fm. †Homostiidae Jaekel 1903
+
G. †Angarichthys Obruchev 1927
G. †Antineosteus Lelievre 1984
G. †Burrinjucosteus White 1978
G. †Cavanosteus Young 2004
G. †Dhanguura Young 2004
G. †Euleptaspis White and Moy-Thomas 1940
G. †Goodradigbeeon White 1978
G. †Homostius Asmuss 1840
G. †Lophostracon Lankester 1884
G. †Luetkeichthys Bystrow 1957
G. †Tityosteus Gross 1960
Unr. †Pachyosteomorphi Stensiö 1944
+
Fm. †Dunkleosteidae Stensiö 1963
G. †Kiangyousteus Liu 1955
Fm. †Panxiosteidae Wang 1979
Fm. †Rhachiosteidae Stensiö 1963
Invalid names: Dunkleosteoidea Vézina 1990 [empty]
Invalid names: Brachydeiroidea Denison 1978 [empty], Coccosteoidea Denison 1978 [empty], Dinichthyoidea Denison 1978 [empty], Homosteoidea Denison 1978 [empty]
Fm. †Gronlandaspididae Obruchev 1964
+
G. †Gronlandaspis Heintz 1932
+
†Groenlandaspis antarctica Ritchie 1975
†Groenlandaspis disjectus Woodward 1891
†Groenlandaspis howittensis Fitzpatrick et al. 2024
†Groenlandaspis mirabilis Heintz 1932
†Groenlandaspis pennsylvanica Daeschler et al. 2003
†Groenlandaspis potyi Olive et al. 2015
†Groenlandaspis riniensis Long et al. 1997
†Groenlandaspis seni Janvier and Ritchie 1977
†Groenlandaspis silva Deschenes 2019
†Groenlandaspis theroni Chaloner et al. 1980
†Groenlandaspis thorezi Janvier and Clement 2005
G. †Turrisaspis Daeschler et al. 2003
+
†Turrisaspis elektor Daeschler et al. 2003
†Turrisaspis strudensis Olive et al. 2016
Fm. †Holonematidae Obruchev 1932
+
G. †Deirosteus Wells 1942
+
†Deirosteus abbreviatus Eastman 1907
†Deirosteus angustatus Obruchev 1961
†Deirosteus omaliusii Agassiz 1844
G. †Gyroplacosteus Obrutschev 1930
+
†Gyroplacosteus butovi Obruchev 1932
†Gyroplacosteus panderi Obruchev 1932
†Gyroplacosteus vialowi Kulczycki 1957
G. †Holonema Newberry 1890
+
†Holonema arcticum Mark-Kurik 1975
†Holonema farrowi Stevens 1964
†Holonema haiti Denison 1968
†Holonema harmae Mark 1953
†Holonema horrida Cope 1892
†Holonema obrutshevi Mark 1953
†Holonema ornatum Traquair 1908
†Holonema radiatum Obruchev 1932
†Holonema rugosa Claypole 1883
†Holonema westolli Miles 1971
Fm. †Phlyctaeniidae Fowler 1947
+
G. †Diadsomaspis Gross 1937
+
†Diadsomaspis elongata Gross 1933
†Diadsomaspis remscheidensis Gross 1937
G. †Heterogaspis Strand 1932
+
†Heterogaspis acuticornis Heintz 1929
†Heterogaspis borealis Heintz 1929
†Heterogaspis gigantea Heintz 1929
†Heterogaspis hornsundi Heintz 1929
†Heterogaspis minuta Heintz 1929
G. †Jaekelaspis Heintz 1929
G. †Pageauaspis Denison 1978
+
G. †Phlyctaenius Traquair 1890
+
†Phlyctaenius acadica Traquair 1890
†Phlyctaenius fulgens Pageau 1969
G. †Prosphymaspis Gross 1937
+
†Prosphymaspis constricta Gross 1933
†Prosphymaspis corneti Leriche 1948
Fm. †Pholidosteidae Gross 1932
+
G. †Pholidosteus Jaeckel 1907
+
†Pholidosteus bidorsatus Koenen 1880
†Pholidosteus friedeli Jaekel 1907
†Pholidosteus laevior Gross 1932
Subor. †Phyllolepida Stensiö 1934
+
Invalid names: Antarctaspina Denison 1975 [empty], Phyllolepina Denison 1975 [empty]
G. †Squamatognathus Hanke et al. 1996
G. †Taemasosteus White 1952
+
†Taemasosteus maclartiensis Long 1984
†Taemasosteus novaustrocambricus White 1952
G. †Tyriolepis Karatajute-Talimaa 1968
Invalid names: Actinolepina Miles 1973 [empty], Arthrodiriformes Grande and Eastman 1986 [synonym], Brachydeirina Denison 1975 [empty], Heterostiina Denison 1975 [empty], Holonematina Denison 1975 [empty], Pachyosteidae Gross 1932 [empty], Phlyctaenina Miles 1973 [empty], Phylctaeniida [empty], Stegophthalami [empty], Wuttagoonaspina Ritchie 1973 [empty]
G. †Asiacanthus Liu 1948
+
†Asiacanthus kaoi P'am 1964
†Asiacanthus multituberculatus Liu 1948
†Asiacanthus suni P'an 1964
G. †Changyonophyton Sze 1952
+
†Changyanophyton hupeiense Sze 1952
†Changyonophyton hupeiense Sze 1952
Or. †Coccostei Jaekel 1911
+
Invalid names: Coccostei Jaekel 1911 [empty], Heterostei Jaekel 1911 [empty], Homostei Jaekel 1911 [empty]
G. †Coelosteichthys Whitley 1940
G. †Nessariostoma Broili 1933
+
†Nessariostoma granulosum Broili 1933
Invalid names: Nessariostoma Broili 1933 [objective synonym]
G. †Oestophorus Miller 1892
+
†Oestophorus lilleyi Newberry 1889
Invalid names: Sphenophorus Newberry 1889 [replaced]
Subor. †Petalichthyida Jaekel 1911
+
G. †Diandongpetalichthys P’an and Wang 1978
+
†Diandongpetalichthys liaojiaoshanensis P’an and Wang 1978
Invalid names: Diandongpetalichthys P’an and Wang 1978 [valid], Eurycaraspis Liu 1991 [valid], Litilpetalichthyes [valid], Macropetalichthyida [empty], Macropetalichthyida [empty], Petalichthyiformes [synonym], Petalichthyiformes [synonym], Shearsbyaspis Young 1984 [valid], Xinanpetalichthys P’an and Wang 1978 [valid]
Subor. †Petalichthyida Jaekel 1911
+
G. †Diandongpetalichthys P’an and Wang 1978
+
†Diandongpetalichthys liaojiaoshanensis P’an and Wang 1978
Invalid names: Diandongpetalichthys P’an and Wang 1978 [valid], Eurycaraspis Liu 1991 [valid], Litilpetalichthyes [valid], Macropetalichthyida [empty], Macropetalichthyida [empty], Petalichthyiformes [synonym], Petalichthyiformes [synonym], Shearsbyaspis Young 1984 [valid], Xinanpetalichthys P’an and Wang 1978 [valid]
+
Or. †Ptyctodontida Gross 1932
+
G. †Rhamphodopsis Watson 1938
+
†Rhamphodopsis threiplandi Watson 1934
†Rhamphodopsis trispinatus Watson 1938
G. †Tollodus Mark-Kurik 1977
Or. †Rhenanida Broili 1930
+
Fm. †Asterosteidae Woodward 1891
+
Invalid names: Gemuendinidae Traquair 1903 [synonym], Jagorinidae Woodward 1932 [synonym]
G. †Bolivosteus Goujet et al. 1986
Or. †Stensioelliformes Romer 1945
+
G. †Wangolepis Pan 1986
Invalid names: Acanthothoraciformes [empty], Petalichthyida Jaekel 1911 [empty], Pseudopetalichthyida Denison 1975 [empty], Rhenaniformes [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available