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Placodermi (armour-plated fish)

Placodermi

Taxonomy

Placodermi was named by M'Coy (1848).

It was reranked as the superorder Placodermi by Hay (1902); it was reranked as the subclass Placodermata by Jaekel (1911); it was reranked as the subclass Placodermi by Bryant (1932); it was reranked as the unranked clade Placodermi by Säve-Söderbergh (1934).

It was assigned to Azygostei by Hay (1902); to Hypostomata by Jaekel (1911); to Elasmobranchii by Bryant (1932); to Elasmobranchii by Säve-Söderbergh (1934); to Gnathostomata by Denison (1975); to Gnathostomata by Dineley and Metcalf (1999); to Chordata by Sepkoski (2002); to Vertebrata by Kiessling (2004); and to Placodermiomorphi by Long (2011), Nelson et al. (2016).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1848	Placodermi M'Coy
1902	Placodermi Hay p. 342
1911	Placodermata Jaekel p. 44
1932	Placodermi Bryant p. 232
1934	Placodermi Säve-Söderbergh p. 17
1975	Placodermi Denison p. 23
1999	Placodermi Dineley and Metcalf p. 11
2002	Placodermi Sepkoski
2004	Placodermi Kiessling
2011	Placodermi Long p. 241
2016	Placodermi Nelson et al. p. 36

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874

Rank	Name	Author
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Placodermiomorphi
class	Placodermi	M'Coy 1848
class	Placodermi	M'Coy 1848

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Cl. †Placodermi M'Coy 1848 [armour-plated fish]

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Or. †Acanthothoraci Stensiö 1944

G. †Breizosteus Goujet 1980

G. †Murrindalaspis Long 1984

†Murrindalaspis bairdi Long 1984

†Murrindalaspis wallacei Long 1984

Fm. †Palaeacanthaspidae Stensio 1944

G. †Arabosteus Olive et al. 2011

†Arabosteus variabilis Olive et al. 2011

G. †Dobrowlania Stensiö 1944

†Dobrowlania podolica Stensio 1944

G. †Kimaspis Mark-Kurik 1973

†Kimaspis tienshanica Mark-Kurik 1973

G. †Kolymaspis Bystrow 1956

†Kolymaspis sibirica Bystrow 1956

G. †Kosoraspis Gross 1959

†Kosoraspis peckai Gross 1959

G. †Palaeacanthaspis Brotzen 1934

†Palaeacanthaspis vasta Brotzen 1934

G. †Radotina Gross 1950

†Radotina kosorensis Gross 1950

†Radotina prima Barrande 1872

†Radotina tessellata Gross 1958

G. †Romundina Orvig 1975

†Romundina stellina Orvig 1975

G. †Sudaspis Vaškaninová and Ahlberg 2017

†Sudaspis chlupaci Vaškaninová and Ahlberg 2017

G. †Tlamaspis Vaškaninová and Ahlberg 2017

†Tlamaspis inopinatus Vaškaninová and Ahlberg 2017

G. †Weejasperaspis White 1978

†Weejasperaspis gavini White 1978

Invalid names: Kolymaspidae Bystrow 1956 [empty], Radotinidae Arambourg 1958 [empty]

Or. †Antiarcha Cope 1885

G. †Grossaspis White and Moy-Thomas 1940

†Grossaspis carinata Schluter 1887

Invalid names: Ceraspis carinata Schluter 1887 [replaced]

Invalid names: Ceraspis Schlüter 1887 [replaced]

G. †Jiangxilepis Zhang and Liu 1991

†Jiangxilepis longibrachius Zhang and Liu 1991

G. †Lepadolepis White and Moy-Thomas 1940

†Lepadolepis stensioei Gross 1933

Invalid names: Ceratolepis Gross 1933 [replaced]

G. †Liujiangolepis Wang 1987

†Liujiangolepis suni Wang 1987

G. †Macrodontophion Zborzewski 1834

G. †Microbrachius Traquair 1888

†Microbrachius chuandongensis Wang and Zhang 1999

†Microbrachius dicki Traquair 1888

†Microbrachius kedoae den Blaauwen et al. 2018

†Microbrachius sinensis Pan 1984

G. †Phymolepis Zhang 1978

†Phymolepis cuifengshanensis Zhang 1978

†Phymolepis guoruii Zhu 1996

G. †Pterichthyodid

†Pterichthyodid anitarch Turner et al. 1981

Fm. †Silurolepidae Zhang et al. 2010

G. †Silurolepis Zhang et al. 2010

†Silurolepis platydorsalis Zhang et al. 2010

G. †Xichonolepis P’an and Wang 1978

†Xichonolepis qujingensis P’an and Wang 1978

G. †Zhanjilepis Zhang 1978

†Zhanjilepis aspratilis Zhang 1978

Invalid names: Antiarchi Cope 1885 [synonym], Yunnanolepiformes Zhang 1978 [empty]

Or. †Antiarchiformes Grande and Eastman 1986

Subor. †Bothriolepidoidei Cope 1886

Fm. †Dianolepididae Long 1983

G. †Kirgisolepis Panteleyev 1992

†Kirgisolepis karabaltaensis Panteleyev 1992

Infraor. †Sinolepidida

Fm. †Sinolepidae Liu and P'an 1958

G. †Dayaoshania Ritchie et al. 1992

G. †Grenfellaspis Ritchie et al. 1992

G. †Sinolepis Liu and Pan 1958

G. †Tenizolepis Malinovskaya 1977

†Tenizolepis asiatica Malinovskaya 1977

†Tenizolepis rara Malinovskaya 1977

Fm. †Tubalepididae Moloshnikov 2011

G. †Tongdulepis Luo et al. 2025

†Tongdulepis concavus Luo et al. 2025

G. †Tubalepis Panteleyev and Moloshnikov 2003

†Tubalepis extensa Sergienko 1961

Subor. †Yunnanolepidoidei

Fm. †Chuchinolepidae Chang 1978

G. †Chuchinolepis Chang 1978

†Chuchinolepis dongmoensis Thanh and Janvier 1990

†Chuchinolepis gracilis Chang 1978

Invalid names: Orientolepis neokwangsiensis P 'an and Wang 1978 [synonym]

†Chuchinolepis qujingensis Zhang 1984

†Chuchinolepis robusta Zhu 1996

†Chuchinolepis sulcata Zhu 1996

Invalid names: Orientolepis P'an and Wang 1978 [synonym], Procondylolepis Zhang 1984 [synonym], Qujinolepis Zhang 1978 [synonym]

Infraor. †Euantiarcha Janvier and Pan 1982

Fm. †Asterolepididae Traquair 1888

G. †Asterolepis Eichwald 1840

G. †Byssacanthus Agassiz 1845

G. †Gerdalepis Gross 1941

G. †Pterichthyodes Bleeker 1859

G. †Pterichthys Agassiz 1843

G. †Remigolepis Stensio 1931

G. †Stegolepis Malinovskaya 1973

Invalid names: Pterichthyidae [synonym]

Subor. †Asterolepidoidei Miles 1968

G. †Asperaspis Malinovskaya 1973

G. †Colombialepis Olive et al. 2019

G. †Hunanolepis Wang 1991

G. †Merimbulaspis Young 2010

G. †Nawagiaspis Young 1990

Fm. †Pambulaspidae Young 1983

Fm. †Pterichthyodidae Stensiӧ 1948

G. †Venezuelepis Young and Moody 2002

Fm. †Bothriolepididae Cope 1886

G. †Briagalepis Long et al. 1990

G. †Chahuaqingolepis Liu et al. 2023

G. †Grossilepis Stensiö 1948

G. †Livnolepis Moloshnikov 2008

G. †Monarolepis Young 1988

G. †Vietnamaspis Long et al. 1990

G. †Wufengshania Pan et al. 2018

G. †Luquanolepis Zhang and Young 1992

†Luquanolepis pileos Zhang and Young 1992

Fm. †Microbrachiidae

G. †Hohsienolepis P’an and Wang 1978

Invalid names: Gerdalepididae [empty]

G. †Vanchienolepis Thanh and Janvier 1990

†Vanchienolepis langsonensis Thanh and Janvier 1990

Fm. †Yunnanolepididae Zhang 1978

G. †Heteroyunnanolepis Wang 1994

†Heteroyunnanolepis qujingensis Wang 1994

G. †Mizia Zhu 1996

†Mizia longhuaensis Zhu 1996

†Mizia parvus Zhu 1996

G. †Parayunnanolepis Zhang et al. 2001

†Parayunnanolepis xitunensis Zhang et al. 2001

G. †Yunnanolepis Liu 1963

†Yunnanolepis bacboensis Thanh and Janvier 1990

†Yunnanolepis chii Liu 1963

†Yunnanolepis deprati Thanh and Janvier 1990

†Yunnanolepis porifera Zhu 1996

†Yunnanolepis spinulosa Janvier and Phuong 1999

Invalid names: Chuchinolepididae [empty], Yunnanolepida [synonym]

Invalid names: Bothriolepoidei [empty]

Or. †Arthrodira Woodward 1891

Fm. †Acanthaspida Heintz 1921

G. †Euryaspis Bryant 1932

†Euryaspis brachycephalus Bryant 1932

G. †Svalbardaspis Heintz 1929

†Svalbardaspis montanus Bryant 1932

Subor. †Actinolepina Miles 1973

Fm. †Actinolepidae Gross 1940

G. †Actinolepis Agassiz 1845

†Actinolepis magna Mark-Kurik 1973

†Actinolepis spinosa Mark-Kurik 1985

†Actinolepis tuberculata Agassiz 1845

†Actinolepis zaikai Plax and Newman 2020

G. †Aethaspis Denison 1958

†Aethaspis major Denison 1958

†Aethaspis utahensis Denison 1958

G. †Ailuracantha White 1969

†Ailuracantha dorsifelis White 1969

G. †Aleosteus Johnson et al. 2000

†Aleosteus eganensis Johnson et al. 2000

G. †Anarthraspis Bryant 1934

†Anarthraspis chamberlini Bryant 1932

†Anarthraspis montanus Bryant and Ruedemann 1934

G. †Baringaspis Miles 1973

†Baringaspis dineleyi Miles 1973

G. †Bollandaspis Schmidt 1976

†Bollandaspis woschmidti Schmidt 1976

G. †Bryantolepis Denison 1958

†Bryantolepis brachycephala Bryant 1932

†Bryantolepis cristata Bryant 1934

†Bryantolepis williamsi Elliott and Carr 2010

G. †Heightingtonaspis White 1969

†Heightingtonaspis anglica Traquair 1890

†Heightingtonaspis clarkei Eastman 1907

†Heightingtonaspis willsi White 1961

G. †Kujdanowiaspis Stensio 1942

†Kujdanowiaspis buczacziensis Brotzen 1934

†Kujdanowiaspis podolica Brotzen 1934

Invalid names: Kujdanowiaspis rectiformis Brotzen 1934 [synonym]

G. †Lataspis Strand 1932

†Lataspis brevicornis Heintz 1929

†Lataspis rotundicomis Heintz 1929

G. †Lehmanosteus Goujet 1984

†Lehmanosteus hyperboreus Goujet 1984

G. †Mediaspis Heintz 1929

†Mediaspis problematica Heintz 1929

G. †Proaethaspis Denison 1978

†Proaethaspis ohioensis Denison 1960

G. †Sigaspis Goujet 1973

†Sigaspis lepidophora Goujet 1973

G. †Simblaspis Denison 1958

†Simblaspis cachensis Denison 1958

G. †Stuertzaspis Westoll and Miles 1963

†Stuertzaspis germanica Traquair 1903

G. †Szelepis Liu 1979

†Szelepis yunnanensis Liu 1979

G. †Africanaspis Long et al. 1997

†Africanaspis doryssa Long et al. 1997

†Africanaspis edmountaini Gess and Trinajstic 2017

G. †Antarctolepis White 1968

†Antarctolepis gunni White 1968

Fm. †Arctolepidae Heintz 1937

G. †Plataspis Westwood 1837

G. †Arctonema Orvig 1969

†Arctonema crassum Orvig 1969

G. †Arenipiscis Young 1981

G. †Aspidichthys Newberry 1873

†Aspidichthys clavatus Newberry 1873

†Aspidichthys ingens Koenen 1883

†Aspidichthys notabilis Whiteaves 1892

G. †Atlantidosteus Lelievre 1984

Subor. †Brachythoraci Gross 1932

Superfm. †Brachydeiroidea Denison 1978

Fm. †Brachydeiridae Gross 1932

G. †Brachydeirus Koenen 1880

G. †Oxyosteus Jaeckel 1911

G. †Synauchenia Jaeckel 1919

Fm. †Leptosteidae Jaekel 1911

G. †Leptosteus Jaeckel 1919

Superfm. †Buchanosteoidea Denison 1978

Fm. †Buchanosteidae White 1952

G. †Buchanosteus Stensiö 1945

G. †Parabuchanosteus Young 1979

G. †Richardosteus Long et al. 2014

Fm. †Williamsaspidae White 1952

G. †Elvaspis Young 2009

G. †Williamsaspis White 1952

Superfm. †Coccosteoidea Denison 1978

Fm. †Coccosteidae Asmuss 1856

G. †Agassichthys Newberry 1857

G. †Anomalichthys Koenen 1883

G. †Aspidophorus Newberry 1870

G. †Asteroplax Woodward 1891

G. †Belgiosteus Lehman 1973

G. †Brachydirus Koenen 1880

G. †Clarkeosteus Obruchev 1964

G. †Coccosteus Agassiz 1843

G. †Dickosteus Miles and Westoll 1962

G. †Eldenosteus Hussakof 1942

G. †Lispognathus Miller 1892

G. †Livosteus Obrucheva 1962

G. †Millerosteus Stensio 1959

G. †Phlyctaenaspis Traquair 1890

G. †Physichthys Meyer 1855

G. †Plourdosteus Orvig 1951

Invalid names: Tomaiosteus Kulczycki 1957 [synonym]

G. †Ponerichthys Miller 1892

G. †Siphonodus Fischer von Waldheim 1852

G. †Watsonosteus Miles and Westoll 1963

G. †Woodwardosteus White and Moy-Thomas 1940

Invalid names: Coccosteinae Hay 1902 [empty]

Fm. †Gemuendenaspidae Miles 1962

G. †Gemuendenaspis Miles 1962

Fm. †Pholidosteidae Gross 1932

G. †Malerosteus Kulczycki 1957

G. †Pholidosteus Jaeckel 1907

G. †Tapinosteus Stensio 1963

Superfm. †Dinichthyoidea Denison 1978

Fm. †Leiosteidae Stensiö 1963

G. †Erromenosteus Jaeckel 1919

Fm. †Trematosteidae Gross 1932

G. †Belosteus Jaeckel 1927

G. †Brachyosteus Jaeckel 1927

G. †Cyrtosteus Gross 1932

G. †Parabelosteus

G. †Trematosteus Jaeckel 1927

G. †Doseyosteus Young 2004

†Doseyosteus talenti Young 2004

Superfm. †Heterosteoidea Denison 1984

Fm. †Heterosteidae Jaekel 1903

G. †Herasmius Orvig 1969

G. †Heterosteus Asmuss 1856

Superfm. †Homosteoidea Denison 1978

Fm. †Homostiidae Jaekel 1903

G. †Angarichthys Obruchev 1927

G. †Antineosteus Lelievre 1984

G. †Cavanosteus Young 2004

G. †Dhanguura Young 2004

G. †Euleptaspis White and Moy-Thomas 1940

G. †Lophostracon Lankester 1884

G. †Luetkeichthys Bystrow 1957

G. †Tityosteus Gross 1960

G. †Maideria Lelievre 1995

†Maideria falipoui Lelievre 1995

G. †Bruntonichthys DENNIS and MILES 1980

†Bruntonichthys multidens DENNIS and MILES 1980

G. †Bullerichthys DENNIS and MILES 1980

†Bullerichthys fascidens DENNIS and MILES 1980

Fm. †Bungartiidae Denison 1975

G. †Bungartius Dunkle 1947

†Bungartius perissus Dunkle 1947

G. †Burrinjucosteus White 1978

†Burrinjucosteus asymmetricus White 1978

G. †Callognathus Newberry 1890

†Callognathus regularis Newberry 1889

†Callognathus serratus Newberry 1889

Fm. †Camuropiscidae Dennis and Miles 1979

G. †Camuropiscis Dennis and Miles 1979

†Camuropiscis concinnus Dennis and Miles 1979

†Camuropiscis laidlawi Dennis and Miles 1979

G. †Fallacosteus Long 1990

†Fallacosteus turneri Long 1990

Or. †Coccosteina Heintz 1932

Invalid names: Euleptaspididae Obruchev 1964 [empty], Gemuendenaspoidea Denison 1978 [empty]

G. †Copanognathus Hussakof and Bryant 1920

†Copanognathus crassus Hussakof and Bryant 1919

G. †Cosmacanthus Agassiz 1845

†Cosmacanthus bullatus Saint John and Worthen 1875

†Cosmacanthus carinatus Davis 1883

†Cosmacanthus malcolmsoni Agassiz 1844

†Cosmacanthus marginalis Davis 1883

†Cosmacanthus priscus Mcoy 1848

†Cosmacanthus stellatus Saint John and Worthen 1875

G. †Cravenaspis Young and Goujet 2003

†Cravenaspis trematosus Young and Goujet 2003

G. †Diplognathus Newberry 1878

†Diplognathus mirabilis Newberry 1878

G. †Erikaspis Dupret et al. 2007

†Erikaspis zychi Dupret et al. 2007

G. †Errolosteus Young 1981

G. †Eskimaspis Dineley and Yuhai 1984

†Eskimaspis heintzi Dineley and Yuhai 1984

Superor. †Euarthrodira

Invalid names: Arctolepidida Obruchev 1964 [empty]

Unr. †Eubrachythoraci Miles 1971

Unr. †Aspinothoracidi Miles and Dennis 1979

Fm. †Dinichthyidae Newberry 1888

G. †Brachygnathus Agassiz 1843

G. †Brontichthys Claypole 1894

G. †Dinichthys Newberry 1868

G. †Eastmanosteus Obruchev 1964

G. †Holdenius Dunkle and Bungart 1942

G. †Hussakofia Cossman 1910

G. †Perissognathus Hussakof and Bryant

G. †Stenognathus Newberry 1889

G. †Westralichthys Long 1987

G. †Gorgonichthys Claypole 1892

†Gorgonichthys clarki Claypole 1892

G. †Hadrosteus Gross 1932

†Hadrosteus rapax Gross 1932

G. †Heintzichthys Whitley 1933

†Heintzichthys denticulatus Hussakof and Bryant 1919

†Heintzichthys dolichocephalus Eastman 1907

†Heintzichthys gouldii Newberry 1885

†Heintzichthys insignis Hussakof and Bryant 1919

†Heintzichthys mixeri Hussakof and Bryant 1919

†Heintzichthys ringuebergi Newberry 1889

G. †Homostius Asmuss 1840

†Homosteus milleri Traquair 1849

†Homostius arcticus Heintz 1934

†Homostius formosissimus Asmuss 1856

†Homostius kochi Stensio 1938

†Homostius latus Asmuss 1856

†Homostius manitobensis Okulitch 1944

†Homostius sulcatus Kutorga 1837

Unr. †Pachyosteomorphi Stensiö 1944

Superfm. †Dunkleosteoidea Vézina 1990

Fm. †Dunkleosteidae Stensiö 1963

Fm. †Panxiosteidae Wang 1979

G. †Kiangyousteus Liu 1955

†Kiangyousteus yohii Liu 1955

G. †Glyptaspis Newberry 1890

†Glyptaspis verrucosa Newberry 1889

G. †Goodradigbeeon White 1978

†Goodradigbeeon australianum White 1978

G. †Grazosteus Gross 1958

†Grazosteus hoernesi Gross 1958

Fm. †Groenlandaspididae Obruchev 1964

G. †Boomeraspis Long 1995

†Boomeraspis goujeti Long 1995

G. †Groenlandaspis Heintz 1932

†Groenlandaspis antarctica Ritchie 1975

†Groenlandaspis disjectus Woodward 1891

†Groenlandaspis howittensis Fitzpatrick et al. 2024

†Groenlandaspis mirabilis Heintz 1932

†Groenlandaspis pennsylvanica Daeschler et al. 2003

†Groenlandaspis potyi Olive et al. 2015

†Groenlandaspis riniensis Long et al. 1997

†Groenlandaspis seni Janvier and Ritchie 1977

†Groenlandaspis silva Deschenes 2019

†Groenlandaspis theroni Chaloner et al. 1980

†Groenlandaspis thorezi Janvier and Clement 2005

G. †Mulgaspis Ritchie 2004

†Mulgaspis altus Ritchie 2004

†Mulgaspis evansorum Ritchie 2004

G. †Turrisaspis Daeschler et al. 2003

†Turrisaspis elektor Daeschler et al. 2003

†Turrisaspis strudensis Olive et al. 2016

G. †Harrytoombsia MILES and DENNIS 1979

†Harrytoombsia elegans MILES and DENNIS 1979

G. †Heintzosteus Goujet 1984

†Heintzosteus brevis Goujet 1984

G. †Hollardosteus

†Hollardosteus marocanus Lehman 1976

G. †Huaningichthys Wang 1979

Superfm. †Incisoscutoidea Long 1994

Fm. †Incisoscutidae Denison 1984

G. †Incisoscutum Dennis and Miles 1981

†Incisoscutum ritchiei DENNIS and MILES 1981

†Incisoscutum sarahae Long 1994

Invalid names: Gogosteus Long 1994 [synonym]

Fm. †Plourdosteidae Vézina 1990

G. †Compagopiscis GARDINER and MILES 1994

†Compagopiscis croucheri GARDINER and MILES 1994

G. †Protitanichthys Eastman 1908

†Protitanichthys fossatus Eastman 1908

†Protitanichthys rockportensis Case 1931

G. †Kendrickichthys DENNIS and MILES 1980

†Kendrickichthys cavernosus DENNIS and MILES 1980

G. †Kimberleyichthys Dennis-Bryan and Miles 1983

Invalid names: Kimberia Dennis-Bryan and Miles 1983 [replaced]

G. †Kueichowlepis Pan and Wang 1975

G. †Latocamurus LONG 1988

†Latocamurus coulthardi LONG 1988

G. †Laurentaspis Pageau 1969

†Laurentaspis splendida Pageau 1969

G. †Lurapullaspis Young and Goujet 2003

†Lurapullaspis johannseni Young and Goujet 2003

G. †Machaerognathus Hussakof and Bryant 1919

†Machaerognathus woodwardi Hussakof and Bryant 1919

G. †Mcnamaraspis Long 1995

†Mcnamaraspis kaprios Long 1995

G. †Murmur Whitley 1951

†Murmur arcuatus Bryant 1935

Fm. †Mylostomatidae Woodward 1891

G. †Dinomylostoma Eastman 1906

†Dinomylostoma beecheri Eastman 1906

†Dinomylostoma buffaloensis Hussakof and Bryant 1919

†Dinomylostoma eastmani Hussakof 1913

G. †Mylostoma Newberry 1883

†Mylostoma eurhinus Dunkle and Bungart 1945

†Mylostoma newberryi Eastman 1907

†Mylostoma terrelli Newberry 1883

†Mylostoma variabile Newberry 1883

G. †Tafilalichthys Lehman 1956

†Tafilalichthys lavocati Lehman 1956

G. †Operchallosteus Kulczycki 1957

†Operchallosteus vialowi Kulczycki 1957

G. †Overtonaspis White 1961

†Overtonaspis billballi White 1961

Subor. †Pachyosteina Obruchev 1964

Invalid names: Erromenosteidae Obruchev 1964 [empty], Hussakofiidae Obruchev 1964 [empty]

G. †Parawilliamsaspis Liu 1980

Subor. †Phlyctaenina Miles 1973

Fm. †Holonematidae Obruchev 1932

G. †Belemnacanthus Eastman 1898

†Belemnacanthus giganteus Eastman 1898

G. †Deirosteus Wells 1942

†Deirosteus abbreviatus Eastman 1907

†Deirosteus angustatus Obruchev 1961

†Deirosteus omaliusii Agassiz 1844

G. †Deveonema Kulczycki 1957

†Deveonema obrucevi Kulczycki 1957

G. †Gyroplacosteus Obrutschev 1930

†Gyroplacosteus butovi Obruchev 1932

†Gyroplacosteus panderi Obruchev 1932

†Gyroplacosteus vialowi Kulczycki 1957

G. †Holonema Newberry 1890

†Holonema arcticum Mark-Kurik 1975

†Holonema farrowi Stevens 1964

†Holonema haiti Denison 1968

†Holonema harmae Mark 1953

†Holonema horrida Cope 1892

†Holonema obrutshevi Mark 1953

†Holonema ornatum Traquair 1908

†Holonema radiatum Obruchev 1932

†Holonema rugosa Claypole 1883

†Holonema westolli Miles 1971

G. †Megaloplax Obrutschev 1933

†Megaloplax marginalis Eichwald 1871

G. †Rhenonema Obruchev 1964

†Rhenonema eifeliense Kayser 1880

G. †Tiaraspis Gross 1962

†Tiaraspis barbarae Bardenheuer 1990

†Tiaraspis subtilis Gross 1962

G. †Tropidosteus Gross 1933

†Tropidosteus curvatus Gross 1933

Fm. †Phlyctaeniidae Fowler 1947

G. †Aggeraspis Gross 1962

†Aggeraspis heintzi Gross 1933

G. †Arctaspis Heintz 1929

†Arctaspis hoegi Heintz 1929

†Arctaspis hoeli Heintz 1929

†Arctaspis holtedahli Heintz 1929

†Arctaspis kiaeri Heintz 1929

†Arctaspis maxima Heintz 1929

†Arctaspis minor Heintz 1929

G. †Arctolepis Eastman 1908

†Arctolepis brevis Heintz 1929

†Arctolepis decipiens Woodward 1891

†Arctolepis lata Heintz 1929

†Arctolepis lewini Heintz 1929

†Arctolepis longicornis Heintz 1929

†Arctolepis solnoerdali Heintz 1929

G. †Barwickosteus Young and Long 2014

†Barwickosteus antarcticus Young and Long 2014

G. †Cartieraspis Pageau 1969

†Cartieraspis nigra Pageau 1969

G. †Diadsomaspis Gross 1937

†Diadsomaspis elongata Gross 1933

†Diadsomaspis remscheidensis Gross 1937

G. †Dicksonosteus Goujet 1975

†Dicksonosteus arcticus Goujet 1975

G. †Gaspeaspis Pageau 1969

†Gaspeaspis atholi Pageau 1969

†Gaspeaspis cassivii Pageau 1969

G. †Grifftaylor Young and Long 2014

†Grifftaylor antarcticus Young and Long 2014

G. †Heterogaspis Strand 1932

†Heterogaspis acuticornis Heintz 1929

†Heterogaspis borealis Heintz 1929

†Heterogaspis gigantea Heintz 1929

†Heterogaspis hornsundi Heintz 1929

†Heterogaspis minuta Heintz 1929

G. †Huginaspis Heintz 1929

†Huginaspis broeggeri Heintz 1929

†Huginaspis vogti Heintz 1929

G. †Kolpaspis Pageau 1969

†Kolpaspis beaudryi Pageau 1969

G. †Neophlyctaenius White 1969

†Neophlyctaenius sherwoodi Denison 1950

G. †Pageauaspis Denison 1978

†Pageauaspis russelli Pageau 1969

Invalid names: Quebecaspis russelli Pageau 1969 [replaced]

G. †Phlyctaenius Traquair 1890

†Phlyctaenius acadica Traquair 1890

†Phlyctaenius fulgens Pageau 1969

G. †Prosphymaspis Gross 1937

†Prosphymaspis constricta Gross 1933

†Prosphymaspis corneti Leriche 1948

G. †Platyaspis Koenen 1896

†Platyaspis tenuis Koenen 1895

G. †Prescottaspis

†Prescottaspis dineleyi White 1961

G. †Qataraspis

†Qataraspis deprofundis White 1969

Fm. †Rhachiosteidae Stensiö 1963

G. †Rachiosteus Gross 1938

†Rachiosteus pterygiatus Gross 1938

G. †Rolfosteus DENNIS and MILES 1979

†Rolfosteus canningensis DENNIS and MILES 1979

Fm. †Selenosteidae Dean 1901

G. †Alienacanthus Kulczycki 1957

†Alienacanthus malkowskii Kulczycki 1957

G. †Amazichthys Jobbins et al. 2022

†Amazichthys trinajsticae Jobbins et al. 2022

G. †Braunosteus Stensiö 1959

†Braunosteus schmidti Stensiö 1959

G. †Draconichthys Rücklin 2011

†Draconichthys elegans Rücklin 2011

G. †Driscollaspis Rucklin et al. 2015

†Driscollaspis pankowskiorum Rucklin et al. 2015

G. †Enseosteus Jaeckel 1919

†Enseosteus hermanni Stensiö 1959

†Enseosteus jaekeli Gross 1932

†Enseosteus marocanensis Rücklin 2011

†Enseosteus pachyostoides Stensiö 1959

G. †Gymnotrachelus Dunkle and Bongert 1939

†Gymnotrachelus hydei Dunkle and Bungart 1939

G. †Melanomontanosteus Prokofiev 2023

†Melanomontanosteus occitanus Prokofiev 2023

Invalid names: Melanosteus occitanus Lelièvre et al. 1987 [replaced]

Invalid names: Melanosteus Lelievre and Goujet 1987 [replaced]

G. †Microsteus Gross 1932

†Microsteus angusticeps Stensio 1963

†Microsteus dubius Gross 1932

G. †Pachyosteus Jaeckel 1903

†Pachyosteus bulla Jaekel 1903

G. †Paramylostoma

†Paramylostoma arcualis Dunkle and Bungart 1945

G. †Rhinosteus Jaeckel 1911

†Rhinosteus parvulus Gross 1932

†Rhinosteus traquairi Jaekel 1911

†Rhinosteus tuberculatus Gross 1932

G. †Selenosteus Dean 1901

†Selenosteus brevis Claypole 1869

G. †Stenosteus Dean 1901

†Stenosteus angustopectus Carr 1996

†Stenosteus glaber Dean 1901

†Stenosteus pertenuis Branson 1911

G. †Walterosteus Stensiö 1959

†Walterosteus grossi Rücklin 2011

†Walterosteus lelievrei Rücklin 2011

†Walterosteus pachyostoides Stensiö 1959

G. †Squamatognathus Hanke et al. 1996

G. †Taemasosteus White 1952

†Taemasosteus maclartiensis Long 1984

†Taemasosteus novaustrocambricus White 1952

G. †Taunaspis Schmidt 1933

†Taunaspis eurystethes Schmidt 1933

Or. †Temnothoraci

Fm. †Chelonichthyidae

G. †Chelonichthys Agassiz 1843

G. †Ichthyosauroides Kutorga 1837

G. †Timanosteus Obrucheva 1962

†Timanosteus tchernychevi Rohon 1900

Fm. †Titanichthyidae Dean 1901

G. †Holopetalichthys Koenen 1895

G. †Titanichthys Newberry 1885

†Titanichthys agassizii Newberry 1885

†Titanichthys attenuatus Wright 1893

†Titanichthys brevis Claypole 1896

†Titanichthys clarkii Newberry 1887

†Titanichthys hussakofi Hay 1932

†Titanichthys kozlowskii Kulczycki 1957

†Titanichthys rectus Claypole 1893

†Titanichthys termieri Lehman 1954

G. †Toombalepis Young and Goujet 2003

†Toombalepis tuberculata Young and Goujet 2003

G. †Toombsosteus White 1978

†Toombsosteus denisoni White 1978

G. †Torosteus Gardiner and Miles 1990

†Torosteus pulchellus Gardiner and Miles 1990

†Torosteus tuberculatus Gardiner and Miles 1990

G. †Trachosteus Newberry 1890

†Trachosteus clarkii Newberry 1889

G. †Tubonasus DENNIS and MILES 1979

†Tubonasus lennardensis DENNIS and MILES 1979

G. †Tyriolepis Karatajute-Talimaa 1968

G. †Wheathillaspis White 1961

†Wheathillaspis wickhamkingi White 1961

Subor. †Wuttagoonaspina Ritchie 1973

Fm. †Wuttagoonaspidae Ritchie 1973

G. †Wuttagoonaspis Ritchie 1973

†Wuttagoonaspis fletcheri Ritchie 1973

†Wuttagoonaspis milligani Young and Goujet 2003

G. †Yiminaspis Dupret 2008

†Yiminaspis shenme Dupret 2008

G. †Yinosteus Wang and Wang 1984

†Yinosteus major Wang and Wang 1984

Invalid names: Arthrodiriformes Grande and Eastman 1986 [synonym], Brachydeirina Denison 1975 [empty], Heterostiina Denison 1975 [empty], Holonematina Denison 1975 [empty], Pachyosteidae Gross 1932 [empty], Phylctaeniida [empty], Stegophthalami [empty]

G. †Asiacanthus Liu 1948

†Asiacanthus kaoi P'am 1964

†Asiacanthus multituberculatus Liu 1948

†Asiacanthus suni P'an 1964

G. †Austroptyctodus Long 1997

†Austroptyctodus gardineri Miles and Young 1977

G. †Bianchengichthys Li et al. 2021

†Bianchengichthys micros Li et al. 2021

Or. †Brindabellaspida Young 1980

G. †Brindabellaspis Young 1980

†Brindabellaspis stensioi Young 1980

G. †Campbellodus Miles and Young 1977

†Campbellodus decipiens Miles and Young 1977

G. †Changyonophyton Sze 1952

†Changyanophyton hupeiense Sze 1952

†Changyonophyton hupeiense Sze 1952

Or. †Coccostei Jaekel 1911

Invalid names: Coccostei Jaekel 1911 [empty], Heterostei Jaekel 1911 [empty], Homostei Jaekel 1911 [empty]

G. †Coelosteichthys Whitley 1940

G. †Deinodus Hussakof and Bryant 1919

†Deinodus bennetti Hussakof and Bryant 1919

G. †Entelognathus Zhu et al. 2013

†Entelognathus primordialis Zhu et al. 2013

G. †Hybosteus Gross 1933

†Hybosteus mirabilis Gross 1930

G. †Neopetalichthys Liu 1973

†Neopetalichthys yenmenpaensis Liu 1973

G. †Nessariostoma Broili 1933

†Nessariostoma granulosum Broili 1933

Invalid names: Nessariostoma Broili 1933 [objective synonym]

G. †Oestophorus Miller 1892

†Oestophorus lilleyi Newberry 1889

Invalid names: Sphenophorus Newberry 1889 [replaced]

Subor. †Petalichthyida Jaekel 1911

G. †Diandongpetalichthys P’an and Wang 1978

†Diandongpetalichthys liaojiaoshanensis P’an and Wang 1978

G. †Eurycaraspis Liu 1991

†Eurycaraspis incilis Liu 1991

G. †Litilpetalichthyes

Fm. †Macropetalichthyidae Eastman 1898

G. †Ellopetalichthys Orvig 1957

†Ellopetalichthys scheii Kiaer 1915

G. †Epipetalichthys Stensio 1925

†Epipetalichthys wildungensis Stensio 1925

G. †Guangxipetalichthys Ji and Pan 1997

†Guangxipetalichthys bobaiensis Ji and Pan 1997

†Guangxipetalichthys tiaomajianensis Ji and Pan 1997

G. †Lunaspis Broili 1929

†Lunaspis broilii Gross 1937

†Lunaspis heroldi Broili 1929

†Lunaspis pruemiensis Kayser 1880

G. †Macropetalichthys Norwood and Owen 1846

†Macropetalichthys agassizi Meyer 1846

†Macropetalichthys pelmensis Hennig 1907

†Macropetalichthys rapheidolabis Norwood and Owen 1846

†Macropetalichthys sullivanti Newberry 1857

Invalid names: Agassichthys manni Newberry 1857 [synonym]

G. †Notopetalichthys Woodward 1941

†Notopetalichthys hillsi Woodward 1941

G. †Pampetalichthys Zhu 2000

†Pampetalichthys longhuaensis Zhu 2000

Invalid names: Holopetalichthys longhuaensis Zhu and Wang 1996 [replaced]

G. †Quasipetalichthys Liu 1973

†Quasipetalichthys haikouensis Liu 1973

G. †Sinopetalichthys P'an et al. 1975

†Sinopetalichthys kueiyangensis P'an et al. 1975

G. †Wijdeaspis Obruchev 1964

†Wijdeaspis arctica Heintz 1929

†Wijdeaspis warrooensis Young 1978

Fm. †Quasipetalichthyidae Liu 1991

G. †Pauropetalichthys Pan et al. 2015

†Pauropetalichthys magnoculus Pan et al. 2015

G. †Shearsbyaspis Young 1984

†Shearsbyaspis oepiki Young 1984

G. †Xinanpetalichthys P’an and Wang 1978

†Xinanpetalichthys shendaowanensis P’an and Wang 1978

Invalid names: Diandongpetalichthys P’an and Wang 1978 [valid], Eurycaraspis Liu 1991 [valid], Litilpetalichthyes [valid], Macropetalichthyida [empty], Macropetalichthyida [empty], Macropetalichthyidae Eastman 1898 [valid], Petalichthyiformes [synonym], Petalichthyiformes [synonym], Quasipetalichthyidae Liu 1991 [valid], Shearsbyaspis Young 1984 [valid], Xinanpetalichthys P’an and Wang 1978 [valid]

Subor. †Petalichthyida Jaekel 1911

G. †Diandongpetalichthys P’an and Wang 1978

†Diandongpetalichthys liaojiaoshanensis P’an and Wang 1978

G. †Eurycaraspis Liu 1991

†Eurycaraspis incilis Liu 1991

G. †Litilpetalichthyes

Fm. †Macropetalichthyidae Eastman 1898

G. †Ellopetalichthys Orvig 1957

†Ellopetalichthys scheii Kiaer 1915

G. †Epipetalichthys Stensio 1925

†Epipetalichthys wildungensis Stensio 1925

G. †Guangxipetalichthys Ji and Pan 1997

†Guangxipetalichthys bobaiensis Ji and Pan 1997

†Guangxipetalichthys tiaomajianensis Ji and Pan 1997

G. †Lunaspis Broili 1929

†Lunaspis broilii Gross 1937

†Lunaspis heroldi Broili 1929

†Lunaspis pruemiensis Kayser 1880

G. †Macropetalichthys Norwood and Owen 1846

†Macropetalichthys agassizi Meyer 1846

†Macropetalichthys pelmensis Hennig 1907

†Macropetalichthys rapheidolabis Norwood and Owen 1846

†Macropetalichthys sullivanti Newberry 1857

Invalid names: Agassichthys manni Newberry 1857 [synonym]

G. †Notopetalichthys Woodward 1941

†Notopetalichthys hillsi Woodward 1941

G. †Pampetalichthys Zhu 2000

†Pampetalichthys longhuaensis Zhu 2000

Invalid names: Holopetalichthys longhuaensis Zhu and Wang 1996 [replaced]

G. †Quasipetalichthys Liu 1973

†Quasipetalichthys haikouensis Liu 1973

G. †Sinopetalichthys P'an et al. 1975

†Sinopetalichthys kueiyangensis P'an et al. 1975

G. †Wijdeaspis Obruchev 1964

†Wijdeaspis arctica Heintz 1929

†Wijdeaspis warrooensis Young 1978

Fm. †Quasipetalichthyidae Liu 1991

G. †Pauropetalichthys Pan et al. 2015

†Pauropetalichthys magnoculus Pan et al. 2015

G. †Shearsbyaspis Young 1984

†Shearsbyaspis oepiki Young 1984

G. †Xinanpetalichthys P’an and Wang 1978

†Xinanpetalichthys shendaowanensis P’an and Wang 1978

Or. †Phyllolepida Stensiö 1934

Subor. †Antarctaspina Denison 1975

Fm. †Antarctaspididae White 1968

G. †Antarctaspis White 1968

†Antarctaspis mcmurdoensis White 1968

G. †Potangaspis Zhu et al. 2010

†Potangaspis parvoculatus Zhu et al. 2010

G. †Yujiangolepis Wang and Wang 1998

†Yujiangolepis liujingensis Wang and Wang 1998

Fm. †Gavinaspididae Dupret and Zhu 2008

G. †Gavinaspis Dupret and Zhu 2008

†Gavinaspis convergens Dupret and Zhu 2008

Subor. †Phyllolepina Denison 1975

Fm. †Phyllolepidae Woodward 1891

G. †Austrophyllolepis Long 1984

†Austrophyllolepis dulciensis Young 2005

†Austrophyllolepis quiltyi Young 2005

†Austrophyllolepis ritchiei Long 1984

†Austrophyllolepis youngi Long 1984

G. †Cowralepis Ritchie 2005

†Cowralepis mclachlani Ritchie 2005

G. †Pentagonolepis Lohest 1890

G. †Phyllolepis Agassiz 1843

†Phyllolepis concentrica Agassiz 1844

†Phyllolepis delicatula Newberry 1889

†Phyllolepis konincki Lohest 1888

†Phyllolepis nielseni Stensio 1939

†Phyllolepis orvini Heintz 1930

†Phyllolepis rossimontina Lane 2005

†Phyllolepis tolli Vasiliauskas 1963

†Phyllolepis undulata Lohest 1888

†Phyllolepis woodwardi Stensio 1939

G. †Placolepis Ritchie 1984

†Placolepis budawangensis Ritchie 1984

†Placolepis harajica Young 2005

†Placolepis tingeyi Young 2005

Or. †Pseudopetalichthyida Denison 1975

Fm. †Paraplesiobatidae Berg 1940

G. †Paraplesiobatis Broili 1933

†Paraplesiobatis heinrichsi Broili 1933

G. †Pseudopetalichthys Moy-Thomas 1939

†Pseudopetalichthys problematica Moy-Thomas 1939

Or. †Ptychostei Jaekel 1911

Invalid names: Phlyctaenaspi Jaekel 1911 [empty]

Or. †Ptyctodontida Gross 1932

G. †Denisonodus Johnson and Elliott 1996

†Denisonodus plutonensis Johnson and Elliott 1996

Fm. †Ptyctodontidae Woodward 1891

G. †Acmoniodus Hussakof and Bryant 1920

G. †Bulbocanthus Bryant 1932

†Bulbocanthus rugosus Bryant 1932

G. †Chelyophorus Agassiz 1845

†Chelyophorus griffithii M'Coy 1848

†Chelyophorus pskovensis Obruchev 1947

†Chelyophorus verneuili Agassiz 1844

G. †Ctenurella Ørvig 1960

†Ctenurella gladbachensis Ørvig 1960

G. †Desmoporella Orvig 1971

†Desmoporella minor Gross 1933

G. †Eczematolepis Miller 1892

†Eczematolepis fragilis Newberry 1857

†Eczematolepis pustulosus Newberry 1875

†Eczematolepis telleri Eastman 1898

Invalid names: Acantholepis Newberry 1875 [replaced]

G. †Goniosteus Gross 1933

†Goniosteus gerolsteinensis Gross 1933

G. †Materpiscis Long et al. 2008

†Materpiscis attenboroughi Long et al. 2008

G. †Palaeomylus Woodward 1891

†Palaeomylus crassus Newberry 1873

†Palaeomylus frangens Newberry 1878

†Palaeomylus greenei Newberry 1889

†Palaeomylus hussakofi Bryant 1935

†Palaeomylus lunaeformis Hussakof and Bryant 1919

†Palaeomylus minor Bryant 1935

†Palaeomylus predator Eastman 1898

G. †Ptyctodopsis Denison 1985

†Ptyctodopsis menzeli Denison 1985

G. †Ptyctodus Pander 1858

†Ptyctodus bradyi Hussakof 1942

†Ptyctodus calceolus Newberry and Worthen 1866

†Ptyctodus compressus Eastman 1898

†Ptyctodus czarnockii Gorizdro-Kulczykka 1934

†Ptyctodus eastmani Weller 1906

†Ptyctodus ferox Eastman 1898

†Ptyctodus howlandi Hussakof and Bryant 1919

†Ptyctodus kielcensis Gorizdro-Kulczykka 1934

†Ptyctodus major Rohon 1895

†Ptyctodus molaris Eastman 1898

†Ptyctodus obliquus Pander 1858

†Ptyctodus panderi Eastman 1898

†Ptyctodus punctatus Eastman 1898

†Ptyctodus reimanni Carter 1942

†Ptyctodus sibericus Tolmachoff 1915

G. †Ramphodus Jaekel 1903

G. †Rhynchodus Newberry 1873

†Rhynchodus excavatus Newberry 1877

†Rhynchodus eximius Jaekel 1919

†Rhynchodus major Eastman 1898

†Rhynchodus marginalis Gorizdro-Kulczykka 1934

†Rhynchodus occidentalis Newberry 1878

†Rhynchodus ornatus Hussakof and Bryant 1919

†Rhynchodus pertenuis Eastman 1904

†Rhynchodus rostratus Eastman 1898

†Rhynchodus secans Newberry 1873

†Rhynchodus telleri Hussakof and Bryant 1919

†Rhynchodus tetrodon Jaekel 1903

†Rhynchodus wildungensis Jaekel 1929

G. Rinodus Newberry and Worthen 1866

G. †Rhamphodopsis Watson 1938

†Rhamphodopsis threiplandi Watson 1934

†Rhamphodopsis trispinatus Watson 1938

G. †Tollodus Mark-Kurik 1977

Invalid names: Ptyctodontiformes [synonym]

Or. †Rhenanida Broili 1930

Fm. †Asterosteidae Woodward 1891

G. †Asterosteus Newberry 1875

†Asterosteus stenocephalus Newberry 1875

G. †Gemuendina Traquair 1903

†Gemuendina stuertzi Traquair 1903

G. †Jagorina Jaekel 1921

†Jagorina pandora Jaekel 1921

G. †Ohioaspis Wells 1944

†Ohioaspis tumulosus Wells 1944

G. †Bolivosteus Goujet et al. 1986

G. †Sedowichthys Bystrow 1957

†Sedowichthys terraboreae Bystrow 1957

Or. †Stensioellida Romer 1945

Fm. †Stensioellidae Berg 1940

G. †Stensioella Broili 1933

†Stensioella heintzi Broili 1933

G. †Tollichthys Bystrow 1957

†Tollichthys polaris Bystrow 1957

G. †Wangolepis Pan 1986

G. †Yunnanacanthus Liu 1973

†Yunnanacanthus cuifengshanensis Liu 1973

Invalid names: Acanthothoraciformes [empty], Petalichthyida Jaekel 1911 [empty], Pseudopetalichthyiformes [empty], Rhenaniformes [empty]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

marinesubp

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

nektonicc

Diet:

carnivorec

Created:

2004-08-17 14:32:58

Modified:

2004-08-17 16:32:58

Source: c = class, subp = subphylum

Reference: Carroll 1988

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Telychian to the top of the Rhaetian or 438.60000 to 201.40000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 432.9 Ma

Collections (451 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Telychian	438.6 - 432.9	China (Hunan)	Wangolepis sp. (182541)
Homerian	430.6 - 426.7	China (Hunan)	Wangolepis sinensis (182542)
Homerian	430.6 - 426.7	China (Junnan)	Wangolepis sinensis (182560)
Homerian	430.6 - 426.7	China (Chongqing)	Wangolepis sinensis (182547)
Gorstian	426.7 - 425.0	China (Junnan)	Yunnanolepiformes sp., Silurolepis platydorsalis (182557)
Ludfordian	425.0 - 422.7	China (Junnan)	Arthrodira sp. (182558)
Ludfordian	425.0 - 422.7	China	Bianchengichthys micros (239381)
Pridoli	422.7 - 419.62	China (Junnan)	Petalichthyida sp. (182559)
Early/Lower Lochkovian	419.62 - 416.8	Canada (Nunavut)	Romundina stellina (238861)
Lochkovian	419.62 - 413.02	Czech Republic	Holopetalichthys kosorensis, Kosoraspis peckai, Sudaspis chlupaci, Radotina kosorensis, Tlamaspis inopinatus (231818)
Lochkovian	419.62 - 413.02	Canada (Nunavut)	Baringaspis dineleyi (238128) Baringaspis dineleyi, Eskimaspis heintzi (238034 238035) Eskimaspis heintzi (238036)
Lochkovian	419.62 - 413.02	United Kingdom	Prescottaspis dineleyi, Overtonaspis billballi (233164)
Lochkovian	419.62 - 413.02	Uzbekistan	Kimaspis tienshanica (238422)
Lochkovian	419.62 - 413.02	Russian Federation	Acanthothoraci indet. (26672)
Lochkovian	419.62 - 413.02	United Kingdom (England)	Arthrodira indet. (90351) Plataspis sp., Heightingtonaspis willsi, Heightingtonaspis anglica, Wheathillaspis wickhamkingi (90352)
Lochkovian	419.62 - 413.02	Canada (Northwest Territories)	Romundina sp. (237813)
Lochkovian	419.62 - 413.02	China (Guangxi)	Orientolepis neokwangsiensis, Yunnanolepis sp. (4007) Yunnanolepis sp., Asiacanthus suni, Asiacanthus kaoi (4005)
Lochkovian	419.62 - 413.02	USA (Maine)	Heightingtonaspis clarkei (238354)
Lochkovian	419.62 - 413.02	China (Yunnan)	Chuchinolepis gracilis, Yunnanolepis parvus, Yunnanolepis chii, Yunnanolepis porifera, Heteroyunnanolepis qujingensis, Zhanjilepis aspratilis, Minicrania lirouyii, Entelognathus primordialis (173380) Chuchinolepis sp., Chuchinolepis sulcata, Chuchinolepis gracilis, Chuchinolepis robusta, Chuchinolepis qujingensis, Mizia parvus, Parayunnanolepis xitunensis, Yunnanolepis sp., Yunnanolepis chii, Yunnanolepis porifera, Szelepis yunnanensis, Parawilliamsaspis yujiangensis, Zhanjilepis sp., Zhanjilepis aspratilis, Phymolepis guoruii, Phymolepis cuifengshanensis, Diandongpetalichthys liaojiaoshanensis, Asiacanthus suni, Asiacanthus kaoi, Pauropetalichthys magnoculus, Gavinaspis convergens (162781) Minicrania lirouyii (237781)
Lochkovian	419.62 - 413.02	Ukraine	Erikaspis zychi (233554 239224) Kujdanowiaspis podolica (239217 239250 239253 239254) Tyriolepis radiata (239220 239230 239235) Tyriolepis radiata, Kujdanowiaspis podolica, Erikaspis zychi (239221)