PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Mammuthus (mammoth)

Osteichthyes - Proboscidea - Elephantidae

Taxonomy

Mammuthus was named by Brookes (1828) [also attributed to Burnett 1830 by Aguirre 1969].

It was assigned to Elephantina by McKenna and Bell (1997); to Elephantinae by Shoshani and Tassy (1996), Rogaev et al. (2006), Sanders (2007); to Elephantidae by Brookes (1828), Hibbard (1955), Wilson (1967), Puckette and Scholtz (1974), Kurten and Anderson (1980), Carroll (1988), Kalb and Frohelich (1995), Capasso Barbato and Gliozzi (1995), Lambert and Shoshani (1998), Barriel et al. (1999), Christiansen (2007); and to Elephantini by Shoshani and Tassy (2005), Rohland et al. (2010).

Species

Archidiskodon celebensis, Archidiskodon gromovi, Archidiskodon haroldcooki, M. africanavus, M. chosaricus, M. columbi (syn. Elephas eellsi, Elephas roosevelti, Elephas maibeni, Elephas floridanus, Elephas jeffersonii, Elephas jacksoni, M. imperator, Archidiskodon sonoriensis, Parelephas progressus, Elephas washingtonii), M. creticus, M. exilis, M. hayi (syn. Elephas haroldcooki, Elephas scotti), M. lamarmorae, M. meridionalis (syn. Archidiskodon nebrascensis, Archidiskodon scotti), M. paramammonteus, M. primigenius (syn. Elephas boreus), M. rumanus, M. subplanifrons, M. trogontherii (syn. M. armeniacus), M. weifangensis, M. wusti

Synonyms

Archidiskodon was named by Pohling (1888). It is not extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Euelephas by Osborn (1918); it was reranked as Mammuthus (Archidiskodon) by Haury et al. (1953); it was synonymized subjectively with Mammuthus by Kurten and Anderson (1980), Shoshani and Tassy (1996), Christiansen (2007).

It was assigned to Mammuthus by Haury et al. (1953); and to Elephantidae by Jin (1983).
Parelephas was named by Osborn (1924).

It was reranked as Mammuthus (Parelephas) by Haury et al. (1953); it was synonymized subjectively with Mammuthus by Aguirre (1969), Maglio (1973), Miller (1976), Kurten and Anderson (1980), Lister (1993), Webb and Dudley (1995), Shoshani and Tassy (1996), Christiansen (2007).

It was assigned to Mammuthus by Haury et al. (1953).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1828	Mammuthus Brookes
1888	Archidiskodon Pohlig
1888	Archidiskodon Pohling
1924	Parelephas Osborn
1953	Mammuthus (Archidiskodon) Haury et al. p. 21
1953	Mammuthus (Parelephas) Haury et al. p. 21
1955	Mammuthus Hibbard p. 220
1967	Mammuthus Wilson p. 214
1974	Mammuthus Puckette and Scholtz p. 53
1980	Mammuthus Kurten and Anderson p. 350
1983	Archidiskodon Jin
1988	Mammuthus Carroll
1995	Mammuthus Capasso Barbato and Gliozzi p. 244
1995	Mammuthus Kalb and Frohelich p. 732
1996	Mammuthus Shoshani and Tassy p. 352
1997	Mammuthus McKenna and Bell p. 504
1998	Mammuthus Lambert and Shoshani p. 608
1999	Mammuthus Barriel et al.
2005	Mammuthus Shoshani and Tassy p. 10 figs. Table 2
2006	Mammuthus Rogaev et al.
2007	Mammuthus Christiansen p. 428
2007	Mammuthus Sanders p. 10
2010	Mammuthus Rohland et al. p. 6

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
class	Osteichthyes
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()

Rank	Name	Author
—	Mammaliamorpha
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
superorder	Afrotheria
—	Paenungulatomorpha
superorder	Paenungulata
—	Tethytheria
order	Proboscidea	()
suborder	Elephantiformes	Tassy 1988
superfamily	Elephantoidea
family	Elephantidae
subfamily	Elephantinae	Gray 1821
tribe	Elephantini	Gray 1821
genus	Mammuthus	Brookes 1828

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Mammuthus Brookes 1828 [mammoth]

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†Mammuthus africanavus Arambourg 1952

†Mammuthus chosaricus Dubrovo 1966

†Mammuthus columbi Falconer 1857 [Columbian mammoth]

Invalid names: Elephas eellsi Hay 1926 [synonym], Elephas floridanus Osborn 1929 [synonym], Elephas jacksoni Mather 1838 [synonym], Elephas jeffersonii Osborn 1922 [synonym], Elephas maibeni Barbour 1925 [synonym], Elephas roosevelti Hay 1922 [synonym], Elephas washingtonii Osborn 1923 [synonym], Mammuthus imperator Leidy 1858 [synonym], Parelephas progressus Osborn 1942 [synonym]

†Mammuthus creticus Bate 1907

†Mammuthus exilis Maglio 1970 [pygmy mammoth]

†Mammuthus hayi Barbour 1915

Invalid names: Elephas haroldcooki Hay 1928 [synonym], Elephas scotti Barbour 1925 [synonym]

†Mammuthus lamarmorae Major 1883

†Mammuthus meridionalis Nesti 1825

Invalid names: Archidiskodon nebrascensis Osborn 1932 [synonym], Archidiskodon scotti Barbour 1925 [synonym]

†Mammuthus paramammonteus Matsumoto 1959

†Mammuthus primigenius Blumenbach 1799 [wooly mammoth]

Invalid names: Elephas boreus Hay 1924 [synonym]

†Mammuthus rumanus Ştefanescu 1924

†Mammuthus subplanifrons Osborn 1928

†Mammuthus trogontherii Pohlig 1885

Invalid names: Mammuthus armeniacus Falconer 1857 [synonym]

†Mammuthus weifangensis Jin 1983

†Mammuthus wusti Pavlow 1910

Invalid names: Archidiskodon Pohling 1888 [synonym], Parelephas Osborn 1924 [synonym]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

part	N	mean
M2 height	1	137.0
M3 height	1	228.0
m3 height	1	145.0

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

terrestrialsubc

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

ground dwellingf

Diet:

grazerg

Reproduction:

viviparoussubc

Comments:

grazer based on stable isotopes (MacFadden and Cerling 1996)g

Created:

2009-01-04 10:21:31

Modified:

2009-01-04 12:24:32

Source: g = genus, f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: Ji et al. 2002, Hendy et al. 2009, Lillegraven 1979, Carroll 1988, MacFadden and Cerling 1996, Nowak 1991

Age range: base of the Zanclean to the top of the Holocene or 5.33300 to 0.00000 Ma

Collections (668 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Miocene - Pliocene	23.04 - 2.58	Uganda	Mammuthus sp. (22344)
Miocene - Pliocene	23.04 - 2.58	South Africa	Mammuthus sp. (22228) Mammuthus subplanifrons (22229)
Neogene	23.04 - 2.58	USA (West Virginia)	Mammuthus sp. (123931)
Miocene - Pleistocene	23.04 - 0.0117	South Africa	Mammuthus subplanifrons (22230)
Vallesian - Turolian	11.63 - 5.09	Italy (Foggia)	Mammuthus lamarmorae (33295)
Tortonian - Zanclean	11.63 - 3.6	Ethiopia	Mammuthus subplanifrons (22139 22162 22179)
Messinian - Piacenzian	7.246 - 2.58	South Africa (Cape)	Mammuthus subplanifrons (59167)
Messinian - Early/Lower Pleistocene	7.246 - 0.774	Netherlands	Mammuthus meridionalis, Mammuthus primigenius (189573)
Early/Lower Pliocene	5.333 - 3.6	Ethiopia	Mammuthus sp. (22135)
Zanclean	5.333 - 3.6	South Africa	Mammuthus subplanifrons (22221 22222)
Youngest occurrences
Time interval	Ma	Country or state	PBDB collection number
Late/Upper Pleistocene (high glacial)	0.129 - 0.0117	USA (Montana)	Mammuthus columbi (93182)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Germany	Mammuthus primigenius (240637)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	USA (Kansas)	Mammuthus columbi (37788)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Guatemala (El Petén)	Mammuthus columbi (189383)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	USA (Maine)	Mammuthus sp. (108264)
Late/Upper Pleistocene (high glacial)	0.129 - 0.0117	USA (Alaska)	Mammuthus sp. (93341)
Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial)	0.129 - 0.0117	USA (Utah)	Mammuthus columbi (74478) Mammuthus sp. (93266)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene	0.129 - 0.0	North Atlantic	Elephas primigenius (102954)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene	0.129 - 0.0	USA (New Mexico)	Elephas sp. (93376 93377)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	USA (Alaska)	Mammuthus primigenius (92955) Mammuthus sp. (220460)