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Elephantiformes
Taxonomy
Elephantiformes was named by Tassy (1988). It is extant.
It was reranked as the unranked clade Elephantiformes by Shoshani and Tassy (2005), Wang et al. (2017).
It was assigned to Proboscidea by Shoshani and Tassy (2005); to Proboscidea by Lambert and Shoshani (1998), Sach and Heizmann (2001), Sanders and Miller (2002), Shoshani et al. (2006); and to Proboscidea by Shoshani and Tassy (1996), Sanders (1999), Sanders (2007), Christiansen (2007), Sanders et al. (2010), Wang et al. (2017).
It was reranked as the unranked clade Elephantiformes by Shoshani and Tassy (2005), Wang et al. (2017).
It was assigned to Proboscidea by Shoshani and Tassy (2005); to Proboscidea by Lambert and Shoshani (1998), Sach and Heizmann (2001), Sanders and Miller (2002), Shoshani et al. (2006); and to Proboscidea by Shoshani and Tassy (1996), Sanders (1999), Sanders (2007), Christiansen (2007), Sanders et al. (2010), Wang et al. (2017).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1988 | Elephantiformes Tassy |
| 1996 | Elephantiformes Shoshani and Tassy p. 352 |
| 1998 | Elephantiformes Lambert and Shoshani p. 608 |
| 1999 | Elephantiformes Sanders p. 793 |
| 2001 | Elephantiformes Sach and Heizmann p. 40 |
| 2002 | Elephantiformes Sanders and Miller p. 389 |
| 2005 | Elephantiformes Shoshani and Tassy p. 9 figs. Table 2 |
| 2006 | Elephantiformes Shoshani et al. p. 17300 |
| 2007 | Elephantiformes Christiansen p. 427 |
| 2007 | Elephantiformes Sanders p. 2 |
| 2010 | Elephantiformes Sanders et al. p. 181 |
| 2017 | Elephantiformes Wang et al. p. 601 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Subor. Elephantiformes Tassy 1988
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Superfm. Elephantoidea Gray 1821
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Fm. Elephantidae Gray 1821 [elephant]
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Subfm. Elephantinae Gray 1821
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Tr. Elephantini Gray 1821
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G. Elephas Linnaeus 1758 [elephant]
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Invalid names: Elephantus Geoffroy and Cuvier 1795 [objective synonym], Hesperoloxodon Osborn 1931 [synonym], Hypselephas Osborn 1942 [synonym], Leithadamsia Matsumoto 1927 [synonym], Omoloxodon Deraniyagala 1955 [synonym], Pilgrimia Osborn 1924 [synonym], Platelephas Osborn 1942 [synonym], Sivalikia Osborn 1924 [synonym], Stegoloxodon Kretzoi 1950 [synonym]
G. †Mammuthus Brookes 1828 [mammoth]
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Invalid names: Archidiskodon Pohling 1888 [synonym], Parelephas Osborn 1924 [synonym]
Invalid names: Elephantina Gray 1825 [empty], Loxodontina Osborn 1918 [empty]
G. †Primelephas Maglio 1970
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†Primelephas korotorensis Coppens 1965
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Invalid names: Primelephas gomphotheroides Maglio 1970 [synonym]
G. †Emmenodon Cope 1889
G. †Palaeoloxodon Matsumoto 1924
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†Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) cephallonicus Theodorou et al. 2018
†Elephas antiquus leonardii Aguirre 1969
†Loxodonta (Palaeoloxodon) tokunagai Matsumoto 1924
†Palaeoloxodon antiquus Falconer and Cautley 1847
†Palaeoloxodon creutzburgi Kuss 1965
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Invalid names: Elephas chaniensis Symeonidis et al. 2000 [synonym]
†Palaeoloxodon cypriotes Bate 1903
†Palaeoloxodon lomolinoi van der Geer et al. 2014
†Palaeoloxodon mnaidriensis Adamas 1874
†Palaeoloxodon namadicus Falconer 1846
†Palaeoloxodon naumanni Makiyama 1924
†Palaeoloxodon recki Dietrich 1915
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†Elephas recki recki Dietrich 1915
†Palaeoloxodon recki atavus Arambourg 1947
†Palaeoloxodon recki brumpti Beden 1980
†Palaeoloxodon recki ileretensis Beden 1987
†Palaeoloxodon tiliensis Theodorou et al. 2007
†Palaeoloxodon turkmenicus Dubrovo 1955
†Palaeoloxodon xylophagou Athanassiou 2015
G. †Stegodon Falconer 1857
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†Stegodon bombifrons Falconer 1847
†Stegodon elephantoides Clift 1829
†Stegodon florensis Hooijer 1957
†Stegodon ganesa Falconer and Cautley 1875
†Stegodon hypsilophus Hooijer 1954
†Stegodon kaisensis Hopwood 1939
†Stegodon luzonensis von Koenigswald 1956
†Stegodon mediterraneus Hooijer 1960
†Stegodon miensis Matsumoto 1941
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Invalid names: Stegodon shinshuensis Sawamura et al. 1979 [synonym]
†Stegodon mindanensis Naumann 1890
†Stegodon namadicus Biswas and Dassarma 1981
†Stegodon preorientalis Young 1938
†Stegodon rathiansis Sawar et al. 1985
†Stegodon sompoensis Hooijer 1964
†Stegodon sondaari van den Bergh 1999
†Stegodon sumbaensis Sartono 1979
†Stegodon syrticus Petrocchi 1943
†Stegodon trigonocephalus ngandongensis Osborn 1936
†Stegodon yuanmouensis You et al. 1978
†Stegodon zdanskyi Hopwood 1935
†Stegodon zhaotongensis Chow and Zhai 1962
G. †Stegotetrabelodon Petrocchi 1941
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†Stegotetrabelodon lybicus Petrocchi 1943
†Stegotetrabelodon orbus Maglio 1970
†Stegotetrabelodon syrticus Petrocchi 1941
Invalid names: Stegodontinae Osborn 1918 [empty], Stegotetrabelodontinae Aguirre 1969 [empty], Suina Gray 1825 [empty]
G. †Paratetralophodon Tassy 1983
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†Paratetralophodon exoletus Hopwood 1935
†Paratetralophodon hasnotensis Osborn 1929
Fm. †Stegodontidae Osborn 1918
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G. †Stegolophodon Pohlig 1888
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†Stegolophodon cautleyi Lydekker 1886
†Stegolophodon iravaticus Sein 2020
†Stegolophodon primitium Liu 1973
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Invalid names: Stegolophodon banguoensis Tang et al. 1974 [synonym], Stegotetrabelodon gomphotheroides Ji and Zhang 1997 [synonym], Stegotetrabelodon jiangyiensis Ji and Zhang 1997 [synonym]
†Stegolophodon pseudolatidens Yabe 1950
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Invalid names: Stegolophodon miyokoae Hatai 1959 [synonym]
†Stegolophodon sahabianus Petrocchi 1943
†Stegolophodon stegodontoides Pilgrim 1913
Invalid names: Loxodontinae Osborn 1921 [empty], Mammontinae Osborn 1921 [empty], Mammutoidea [empty]
Fm. †Palaeomastodontidae Andrews 1906
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G. †Palaeomastodon Andrews 1901
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†Palaeomastodon barroisi Pontier 1907
†Palaeomastodon beadnelli Andrews 1901
†Palaeomastodon parvus Andrews 1905
Invalid names: Phiomiidae Kalandadze and Rautian 1992 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Hendy et al. 2009, Ji et al. 2002, Lillegraven 1979, Carroll 1988, Nowak 1999 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Lutetian to the top of the Holocene or 48.07000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 41.03 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 41.03 Ma
Collections (1417 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lutetian | Togo | Dagbatitherium tassyi (223952) | |
| Late/Upper Eocene - Early/Lower Oligocene | Egypt (Fayum) | Palaeomastodon beadnelli, Palaeomastodon parvus (65960) | |
| Oligocene | Libya | Palaeomastodon sp. (154222) | |
| Oligocene | Saudi Arabia (Al Hijaz) | Palaeomastodon sp. (97221) | |
| Chattian | Ethiopia | Palaeomastodon sp. nov. A, Palaeomastodon sp. nov. B (71941) | |
| Late/Upper Oligocene | Kenya | Palaeomastodontidae indet. (174672) | |
| Late/Upper Oligocene | Pakistan (Baluchistan) | Elephantoidea indet. (179812 180591) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Pakistan (Baluchistan) | Elephantoidea indet. (180605) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Japan (Miyagi) | Stegolophodon miyokoae (13454) | |
| Miocene | North Macedonia | Elephantoidea indet. (197469 197470) | |
| Miocene - Pliocene | South Africa | Loxodonta sp., Stegodon sp., Stegolophodon sp. (22220) Mammuthus sp. (22228) Mammuthus subplanifrons (22229) | |
| Miocene - Pliocene | Uganda | Elephantidae indet. (22413) Loxodonta sp. (22394 22395 22408 22428 22433) Loxodonta sp., Stegodon kaisensis (22393) Mammuthus sp. (22344) Stegodon kaisensis (22418 22420 22437) Stegotetrabelodon sp. (22453 22454) Stegotetrabelodon sp., Primelephas gomphotheroides (22451) | |
| Miocene - Pliocene | Mongolia | Serridentinus florescens (34486) | |
| Neogene | Taiwan (Tainan) | Elephas sp. (76866) | |
| Neogene | Taiwan | Elephas sp. (76865) Stegodon sinensis (76863) | |
| Neogene | Taiwan (Taichung) | Stegodon insignis (76860) Stegodon insignis, Stegodon sinensis, Stegodon orientalis (76862) Stegodon orientalis (76861) | |
| Neogene | USA (West Virginia) | Mammuthus sp. (123931) | |
| Neogene | Myanmar | Mastodon elephantoides, Elephas clifti, Elephas insignis (215569) | |
| Neogene | Greece (Kozani) | Stegodon sp. (202732) | |
| Miocene - Pleistocene | Ethiopia | Elephantidae indet. (22128) | |