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Elephantinae
Taxonomy
Elephantinae was named by Gray (1821). It is extant. Its type is Elephas.
It was assigned to Elephantoidea by Osborn (1921); and to Elephantidae by Maglio (1970), Maglio (1973), Shoshani and Tassy (1996), McKenna and Bell (1997), Shoshani and Tassy (2005), Rogaev et al. (2006), Sanders (2007).
It was assigned to Elephantoidea by Osborn (1921); and to Elephantidae by Maglio (1970), Maglio (1973), Shoshani and Tassy (1996), McKenna and Bell (1997), Shoshani and Tassy (2005), Rogaev et al. (2006), Sanders (2007).
Subtaxa
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1821 | Elephantinae Gray |
| 1921 | Elephantinae Osborn p. 2 |
| 1970 | Elephantinae Maglio |
| 1973 | Elephantinae Maglio |
| 1996 | Elephantinae Shoshani and Tassy p. 352 |
| 1997 | Elephantinae McKenna and Bell p. 503 |
| 2005 | Elephantinae Shoshani and Tassy p. 10 figs. Table 2 |
| 2006 | Elephantinae Rogaev et al. |
| 2007 | Elephantinae Sanders p. 7 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Subfm. Elephantinae Gray 1821
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Tr. Elephantini Gray 1821
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G. Elephas Linnaeus 1758 [elephant]
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Subg. †Elephas (Euelephas) Leidy 1858
Subg. Elephas (Loxodon) Müller and Henle 1838
†Elephas beyeri von Koenigswald 1956
†Elephas ekorensis Maglio 1970
†Elephas falconeri Busk 1867
†Elephas hysudricus Falconer and Cautley 1875
†Elephas hysudrindicus Dubois 1908
†Elephas jolensis Pomel 1895
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Invalid names: Archidiskodon broomi Osborn 1928 [synonym], Archidiskodon sheppardi Dart 1927 [synonym], Archidiskodon transvaalensis Dart 1927 [synonym]
†Elephas kiangnanensis Pei 1987
Elephas maximus Linnaeus 1758 [Asian elephant]
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Elephas maximus hirsutus Lydekker 1914 [Malaysian elephant]
Elephas maximus indicus Cuvier 1798
Elephas maximus maximus Linnaeus 1758 [Sri Lankan elephant]
Invalid names: Elephas asiaticus Blumenbach 1797 [synonym], Elephas gigas Perry 1811 [synonym]
Elephas maximus sumatranus Temminck 1847 [Sumatran elephant]
†Elephas melitensis Falconer 1868
†Elephas moghrebiensis Arambourg 1970
†Elephas nawataensis Tassy 2003
†Elephas planifrons Falconer and Cautley 1846
†Elephas platycephalus Osborn 1929
†Elephas priscus Goldfuss 1821
Invalid names: Elephantus Geoffroy and Cuvier 1795 [objective synonym], Hesperoloxodon Osborn 1931 [synonym], Hypselephas Osborn 1942 [synonym], Leithadamsia Matsumoto 1927 [synonym], Omoloxodon Deraniyagala 1955 [synonym], Pilgrimia Osborn 1924 [synonym], Platelephas Osborn 1942 [synonym], Sivalikia Osborn 1924 [synonym], Stegoloxodon Kretzoi 1950 [synonym]
G. †Mammuthus Brookes 1828 [mammoth]
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†Mammuthus africanavus Arambourg 1952
†Mammuthus chosaricus Dubrovo 1966
†Mammuthus columbi Falconer 1857 [Columbian mammoth]
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Invalid names: Elephas eellsi Hay 1926 [synonym], Elephas floridanus Osborn 1929 [synonym], Elephas jacksoni Mather 1838 [synonym], Elephas jeffersonii Osborn 1922 [synonym], Elephas maibeni Barbour 1925 [synonym], Elephas roosevelti Hay 1922 [synonym], Elephas washingtonii Osborn 1923 [synonym], Mammuthus imperator Leidy 1858 [synonym], Parelephas progressus Osborn 1942 [synonym]
†Mammuthus creticus Bate 1907
†Mammuthus exilis Maglio 1970 [pygmy mammoth]
†Mammuthus hayi Barbour 1915
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Invalid names: Elephas haroldcooki Hay 1928 [synonym], Elephas scotti Barbour 1925 [synonym]
†Mammuthus lamarmorae Major 1883
†Mammuthus meridionalis Nesti 1825
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Invalid names: Archidiskodon nebrascensis Osborn 1932 [synonym], Archidiskodon scotti Barbour 1925 [synonym]
†Mammuthus paramammonteus Matsumoto 1959
†Mammuthus primigenius Blumenbach 1799 [wooly mammoth]
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Invalid names: Elephas boreus Hay 1924 [synonym]
†Mammuthus rumanus Ştefanescu 1924
†Mammuthus subplanifrons Osborn 1928
†Mammuthus weifangensis Jin 1983
†Mammuthus wusti Pavlow 1910
Invalid names: Archidiskodon Pohling 1888 [synonym], Parelephas Osborn 1924 [synonym]
Invalid names: Elephantina Gray 1825 [empty], Loxodontina Osborn 1918 [empty]
Tr. Loxodontini Osborn 1918
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G. Loxodonta Cuvier 1825 [African elephant]
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Elephas africanus cavendishi Lydekker 1907
†Loxodonta adaurora Maglio 1970
Loxodonta africana Blumenbach 1797 [African bush elephant]
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Elephas africanus orleansi Lydekker 1907
Elephas africanus peeli Lydekker 1907
Elephas africanus rothschildi Lydekker 1907
Elephas africanus selousi Lydekker 1907
Elephas africanus toxotis Lydekker 1907
Invalid names: Elephas africanus knochenhaueri Matschie 1900 [synonym], Elephas africanus oxyotis Matschie 1900 [synonym], Elephas capensis Cuvier 1798 [synonym]
†Loxodonta atlantica Pomel 1879
†Loxodonta atlantica zulu Scott 1907
†Loxodonta cookei Sanders 2007
Loxodonta cyclotis Matschie 1900 [African forest elephant]
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Invalid names: Elephas africanus albertensis Lydekker 1907 [synonym], Elephas africanus cottoni Lydekker 1908 [synonym], Elephas africanus pumilio Noack 1906 [synonym]
†Loxodonta exoptata Dietrich 1941
Invalid names: Elephas africanus fransseni Schouteden 1914 [synonym]
G. †Primelephas Maglio 1970
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†Primelephas korotorensis Coppens 1965
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Invalid names: Primelephas gomphotheroides Maglio 1970 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Hendy et al. 2009, Ji et al. 2002, Lillegraven 1979, Nowak 1991, Carroll 1988 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Messinian to the top of the Holocene or 7.24600 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 5.333 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 5.333 Ma
Collections (918 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Miocene - Pliocene | Uganda | Loxodonta sp. (22393 22394 22395 22408 22428 22433) Mammuthus sp. (22344) Primelephas gomphotheroides (22451) | |
| Miocene - Pliocene | South Africa | Loxodonta sp. (22220) Mammuthus sp. (22228) Mammuthus subplanifrons (22229) | |
| Neogene | Taiwan (Tainan) | Elephas sp. (76866) | |
| Neogene | Taiwan | Elephas sp. (76865) Stegodon sinensis (76863) | |
| Neogene | USA (West Virginia) | Mammuthus sp. (123931) | |
| Neogene | Myanmar | Elephas clifti (215569) | |
| Neogene | Taiwan (Taichung) | Stegodon sinensis (76862) | |
| Miocene - Pleistocene | South Africa | Mammuthus subplanifrons (22230) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Thailand (Nakhon Ratchasima) | Elephas sp. (144187) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | South Africa (Namaqualand) | Loxodonta sp. (51189) | |
| Tortonian - Messinian | Kenya | Primelephas gomphotheroides (22241) | |
| Vallesian - Turolian | Italy (Foggia) | Mammuthus lamarmorae (33295) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene - Early/Lower Pliocene | Chad | Elephantinae indet., Primelephas gomphotheroides (24181) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene - Early/Lower Pliocene | Uganda | Loxodonta sp. (22345 22423 22456) | |
| Tortonian - Zanclean | Kenya | Primelephas gomphotheroides (22236) | |
| Tortonian - Zanclean | Ethiopia | Primelephas gomphotheroides (22158) Primelephas gomphotheroides, Mammuthus subplanifrons (22139 22162 22179) | |
| Baodean | China (Yunnan) | Elephas sp. (183982) | |
| Messinian | Chad | Loxodonta sp. (59839) Primelephas korotorensis (125346 125347 125348) | |
| Messinian | Kenya | Loxodonta sp., Primelephas gomphotheroides (22274) Primelephas sp. (22275 22316) | |
| Messinian - Zanclean | Kenya | Elephas nawataensis (22242) | |