Basic info Taxonomic history Classification Included Taxa
Morphology Ecology and taphonomy External Literature Search Age range and collections

Cercopithecidae (monkey)

Mammalia - Primates - Cercopithecidae

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1758Simia faunus Linnaeus p. 26
1821Cercopithecidae Gray p. 297
1883Cercopithecidae Flower p. 186
1889Cercopithecidae Cope p. 876
1891Cercopithecidae Flower and Lydekker p. 92
1903Cercopithecidae Wortman p. 413
1910Cercopithecidae Gregory p. 465
1968Cercopithecidae Kurten p. 58
1969Cercopithecidae Verma
1986Cercopithecidae Benefit and Pickford
1988Cercopithecidae Carroll
1991Cercopithecidae Koufos et al. p. 285
1991Cercopithecidae Nowak
2001Cercopithecidae Frost
2002Cercopithecidae Jablonski
2005Cercopithecidae Delson et al. p. 161
2005Cercopithecidae Wilson and Reeder
2007Cercopithecidae Hlusko
2010Cercopithecidae Jablonski and Frost
2013Cercopithecidae Gilbert
2019Cercopithecidae Pallas et al.
2019Cercopithecidae Plavcan et al.
2020Cercopithecidae Frost et al.

Is something missing? Join the Paleobiology Database and enter the data

RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Eugnathostomata
—Teleostomi(Bonaparte 1836)
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
subclassSynapsida
—Therapsida()
RankNameAuthor
infraorderCynodontia()
—Mammaliamorpha
—Mammaliaformes
classMammalia
—Cladotheria
—Zatheria
subclassTribosphenida()
subclassTheria
—Eutheria()
—Placentalia
—Boreoeutheria
—EuarchontogliresMurphy et al. 2001
—Euarchonta
orderPrimates
infraorderHaplorhini(Pocock 1918)
—Anthropoidea(Mivart 1864)
infraorderCatarrhiniGeoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1812
superfamilyCercopithecoidea
familyCercopithecidae
familyCercopithecidae

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. Cercopithecidae Gray 1821 [monkey]
show all | hide all
G. †Anomalopithecus Arambourg 1979
+
†Anomalopithecus bicuspidatus Arambourg 1979
+
Tr. Cercopithecini Gray 1825
+
G. Allenopithecus Lang 1923
+
G. Allochrocebus Elliot 1913 [terrestrial guenons]
+
Allochrocebus lhoesti Sclater 1899
Allochrocebus preussi Matschie 1898 [Preuss's Guenon]
Allochrocebus solatus Harrison 1988
G. Cercopithecus Linnaeus 1758
+
Cercopithecus albogularis Sykes 1831 [Sykes' monkey]
Cercopithecus ascanius Audebert 1799
Cercopithecus campbelli Waterhouse 1838
Cercopithecus cephus Linnaeus 1758 [moustached guenon]
Cercopithecus denti Thomas 1907
Cercopithecus diana Linnaeus 1758 [Diana monkey]
Cercopithecus dryas Schwartz 1932
Cercopithecus erythrotis Waterhouse 1838 [red-eared guenon]
Cercopithecus kandti Matschie 1905
Cercopithecus lomamiensis Hart et al. 2012 [lesula]
Cercopithecus lowei Thomas 1923
Cercopithecus mitis Wolf 1822 [blue monkey]
+
Cercopithecus mitis boutourlini Giglioli 1888 [Boutourlini's blue monkey]
Cercopithecus mona Schreber 1774
Cercopithecus nictitans Linnaeus 1766 [greater spot-nosed monkey]
Cercopithecus pygerythrus Cuvier 1821 [vervet monkey]
Cercopithecus roloway Schreber 1774
Cercopithecus sabaeus Linnaeus 1766 [green monkey]
Cercopithecus schmidti Matschie 1892
Invalid names: Cercopithecus mitis omensis Thomas 1901 [synonym], Lasiopyga Illiger 1811 [synonym]
G. Chlorocebus Gray 1870
+
Chlorocebus aethiops Linnaeus 1758 [vervet monkey]
Chlorocebus cynosuros Scopoli 1786
Chlorocebus pygerythrus Cuvier 1821 [vervet monkey]
+
Chlorocebus sabaeus Linnaeus 1766 [green monkey]
G. Erythrocebus Trouessart 1897
+
Erythrocebus patas Schreber 1775 [patas monkey]
+
Invalid names: Cercopithecus ruber Gmelin 1788 [synonym]
G. Miopithecus Geoffroy 1842 [talapoin]
+
Miopithecus ogouensis Kingdon 1997
Miopithecus talapoin von Schreber 1774
G. †Nanopithecus Plavcan et al. 2019
+
†Nanopithecus browni Plavcan et al. 2019
G. Mandrillus Ritgen 1824
+
Mandrillus leucophaeus Cuvier 1807 [drill]
+
Invalid names: Simia (Papio) cinerea Kerr 1792 [synonym], Simia (Papio) sylvicola Kerr 1792 [synonym], Simia (Papio) uvea Kerr 1792 [synonym], Simia (Papio) variegata Kerr 1792 [synonym], Simia silvestris Schreber 1800 [synonym], Simia sylvestris Link 1795 [synonym]
Mandrillus sphinx Linnaeus 1758 [mandrill]
+
Invalid names: Simia maimon Linnaeus 1766 [synonym], Simia mormon Alströmer 1766 [synonym]
Invalid names: Chaeropithecus Gray 1870 [synonym], Drill Reichenbach 1862 [synonym], Maimon Trouessart 1904 [synonym], Mandril Voigt 1831 [synonym], Mormon Wagner 1839 [synonym]
+
G. Macaca Lacépède 1799 [macaque]
+
†Macaca anderssoni Schlosser 1924
Macaca arctoides Geoffroy 1831 [stump-tailed macaque]
Macaca assamensis MacClelland 1839
+
Invalid names: Macacus (Pithex) pelops Hodgson 1840 [synonym], Macacus problematicus Gray 1870 [synonym], Macacus rhesosimilis Sclater 1872 [synonym]
Macaca cyclopis Swinhoe 1863 [Formosan rock macaque]
Macaca fascicularis Raffles 1822 [crab eating macaque]
+
Invalid names: Macacus irus Blanford 1887 [synonym]
†Macaca florentina Cocchi 1872
Macaca fuscata Blyth 1875
Macaca hecki Matschie 1901
†Macaca jiangchuanensis Pan et al. 1992
Macaca leonina Blyth 1863
Macaca leucogenys Li et al. 2015
†Macaca libyca Stromer 1920
Macaca maura Schinz 1825
Macaca mordax Thomas and Wroughton 1909
Macaca mulatta Zimmermann 1780 [rhesus monkey]
+
Invalid names: Macacus (Pithex) oinops Hodgson 1840 [synonym], Simia (Cercopithecus) fulvus Kerr 1792 [synonym], Simia erythraea Shaw 1800 [synonym], Simia rhesus Audebert 1798 [synonym]
Macaca munzala Sinha et al. 2005
Macaca nemestrina Linnaeus 1766 [southern pig-tailed macaque]
Macaca nigra Desmarest 1822 [Celebes crested macaque]
Macaca nigrescens Temminck 1849
Macaca ochreata Ogilby 1841
Macaca pagensis Miller 1903
Macaca phaeura Miller 1903
†Macaca prisca Gervais 1859
Macaca radiata Geoffroy 1812 [bonnet macaque]
Macaca siberu Fuentes and Olson 1995
Macaca silenus Linnaeus 1758 [lion-tailed macaque]
Macaca sinica Linnaeus 1771 [toque macaque]
+
Invalid names: Cynomolgus (Zati) audeberti Reichenbach 1862 [synonym]
Macaca sylvanus Linnaeus 1758 [Barbary macaque]
+
Invalid names: Simia inuus Linnaeus 1766 [synonym]
Macaca thibetana Milne-Edwards 1870 [Tibetan macaque]
Macaca tonkeana Meyer 1899
Subg. Macacus (Pithex) Hodgson 1840
Macacus cynomolgus Schreber 1775
†Macacus eocaenus Owen 1846
†Macacus priscus Gervais 1859
†Macacus robustus Young
†Macacus sivalensus Lydekker 1878
Invalid names: Eopithecus [synonym]
Subtr. Macacina Owen 1843
+
G. †Paradolichopithecus Necrasov et al. 1961
+
†Paradolichopithecus gansuensis Qiu et al. 2004
†Paradolichopithecus geticus Necrasov et al. 1961
G. †Procynocephalus Schlosser 1924
+
†Procynocephalus wimani Schlosser 1924
Subtr. Papionina
+
G. Cercocebus Geoffroy 1812
+
Cercocebus agilis Milne-Edwards 1886
Cercocebus atys Audebert 1799
+
Invalid names: Cercocebus fuliginosus Geoffroy 1812 [synonym]
Cercocebus lunulatus Temminck 1853
Cercocebus sanjei Mittermeier 1986
Cercocebus torquatus Kerr 1792 [collared mangabey]
+
Invalid names: Cercocebus collaris Gray 1843 [objective synonym]
G. †Dinopithecus Broom 1936
+
†Dinopithecus ingens Broom 1937
G. †Gorgopithecus Broom and Robinson 1949
+
†Gorgopithecus major Broom 1940
G. Lophocebus Palmer 1903 [crested mangabey]
+
Lophocebus albigena Gray 1850 [gray-cheeked mangabey]
Lophocebus aterrimus Oudemans 1890
Lophocebus johnstoni Lydekker 1900
Lophocebus opdenboschi Scouteden 1944
Lophocebus osmani Groves 1978
Lophocebus ugandae Matschie 1912
G. Papio Erxleben 1777 [baboon]
+
Subg. Papio (Inuus) Matschie 1901
Papio anubis Cuvier 1824 [olive baboon]
Papio anubis doguera Pucheran 1856
Papio cynocephalus Linnaeus 1766 [yellow baboon]
+
+
Invalid names: Papio ruhei Zukowsky 1942 [synonym]
Papio hamadryas Linnaeus 1758 [Hamadryas baboon]
+
Invalid names: Cercopithecus hamadryas Kerr 1792 [synonym], Simia cynamolgos Linnaeus 1758 [synonym]
†Papio izodi Gear 1926
Papio kindae Lönnberg 1919
Papio papio Desmarest 1820 [Guinea baboon]
+
Invalid names: Cynocephalus olivaceus Geoffroy 1848 [synonym]
Papio porcarius Boddaert 1787
†Papio quadratirostris Iwamoto 1982
†Papio robinsoni Freedman 1957
Papio thoth Ogilby 1843
Papio ursinus Kerr 1792
Invalid names: Cynocephalus Cuvier and Geoffroy 1795 [synonym]
G. †Parapapio Jones 1937
+
†Parapapio ado Hopwood 1936
†Parapapio angusticeps Broom 1940
†Parapapio antiquus Haughton 1925
†Parapapio broomi Jones 1937
†Parapapio jonesi Broom 1940
†Parapapio lothagamensis Leakey et al. 2003
†Parapapio whitei Broom 1940
G. Theropithecus Geoffroy 1843 [gelada]
+
†Theropithecus darti Broom and Jepsen 1946
Theropithecus gelada Rüppell 1835 [gelada]
+
Invalid names: Gelada ruppellii Gray 1843 [synonym]
†Theropithecus oswaldi Andrews 1916
Invalid names: Gelada Gray 1843 [synonym], Simopithecus Andrews 1916 [synonym]
G. †Pliopapio Frost 2001
+
†Pliopapio alemui Frost 2001
G. †Procercocebus Gilbert 2007
+
†Procercocebus antiquus Gilbert 2007
G. †Soromandrillus Gilbert 2013
Subfm. Colobinae Jerdon 1867
+
G. †Cercopithecoides Mollett 1947
+
†Cercopithecoides alemayehui Gilbert and Frost 2008
†Cercopithecoides bruneti Pallas et al. 2019
†Cercopithecoides haasgati McKee et al. 2011
†Cercopithecoides kerioensis Leakey et al. 2003
†Cercopithecoides kimeui Leakey 1982
†Cercopithecoides meavae Frost and Delson 2002
Tr. Colobini Blyth 1875
+
G. †Microcolobus Benefit and Pickford 1986
+
†Microcolobus tugenensis Benefit and Pickford 1986
G. †Rhinocolobus Leakey 1982
+
G. Colobus Illiger 1811
+
Colobus angolensis Sclater 1860 [Angola colobus]
Colobus cottoni Lydekker 1905
Colobus guereza Rüppell 1835 [mantled guereza]
+
Invalid names: Colobus abyssinicus Oken 1816 [synonym]
Colobus polykomos Zimmermann 1780 [king colobus]
Colobus satanas Waterhouse 1838 [black colobus]
Colobus vellerosus Geoffroy 1834
G. †Dolichopithecus Depéret 1889
+
†Dolichopithecus arvernensis Depéret 1929
†Dolichopithecus ruscinensis Depéret 1889
+
Invalid names: Dolichopithecus hipsulophus Gremyatski 1958 [synonym]
G. †Kuseracolobus Frost 2001
+
†Kuseracolobus aramisi Frost 2001
G. †Mesopithecus Wagner 1839
+
†Mesopithecus pentelicus Wagner 1839
G. Nasalis Geoffroy 1812
+
Nasalis larvatus Wurmb 1787 [proboscis monkey]
Nasalis nasuus Kerr 1792
+
Invalid names: Simia (Cercopithecus) capistratus Kerr 1792 [synonym], Simia nasalis Shaw 1800 [synonym]
G. †Paracolobus Leakey 1969
+
†Paracolobus chemeroni Leakey 1969
†Paracolobus enkorikae Hlusko 2007
†Paracolobus mutiwa Leakey 1982
G. Piliocolobus Rochebrune 1887
+
Piliocolobus badius Kerr 1792 [western red colobus]
+
Invalid names: Simia ferruginea Shaw 1800 [synonym]
Piliocolobus bouvieri Rochebrune 1886
Piliocolobus epieni Grubb and Powell 1999
Piliocolobus foai de Pousargues 1899
Piliocolobus langi Allen 1925
Piliocolobus oustaleti Trouessart 1906
Piliocolobus parmentieri Colyn and Verheyen 1987
Piliocolobus pennantii Waterhouse 1838
Piliocolobus preussi Matschie 1900
Piliocolobus tholloni Milne-Edwards 1886
G. Presbytis Eschscholtz 1821
+
Presbytis bicolor Aimi and Bakar 1992
Presbytis canicrus Miller 1934
Presbytis comata Desmarest 1822
†Presbytis eohanuman Borissoglebskaya 1981
Presbytis femoralis Martin 1838
Presbytis frontata Müller 1838 [white-fronted surili]
Presbytis hosei Thomas 1889 [Hose's langur]
Presbytis melalophos Raffles 1822 [Sumatran surili]
+
Presbytis melalophos femoralis Müller and Schlegel 1861
Presbytis melalophos siamensis Müller and Schlegel 1841
Presbytis melalophos sumatranus Müller and Schlegel 1841
Presbytis melalophos sumatrana Müller and Schlegel 1841
Presbytis mitrata Eschscholtz 1821
Presbytis natunae Thomas and Hartert 1894
Presbytis potenziani Bonaparte 1856
Presbytis rubicunda Muller 1838 [maroon leaf monkey]
+
Presbytis sabana Thomas 1893 [Saban grizzled langur]
Presbytis schistaceus Wroughton 1914
Presbytis siamensis Müller and Schlegel 1841
Presbytis siberu Chasen and Kloss 1927
Presbytis sumatrana Müller and Schlegel 1841
Presbytis thomasi Collett 1893 [Thomas's langur]
Presbytis thomasi nubilus Miller, Jr. 1942
G. Procolobus Rochebrune 1877 [colobus]
+
Procolobus verus van Beneden 1838 [olive colobus monkey]
G. Pygathrix Geoffroy 1812 [douc langur]
+
Pygathrix cinerea Nadler 1997
Pygathrix nemaeus Linnaeus 1771 [red-shanked douc]
Pygathrix nigripes Milne-Edwards 1871 [black-shanked douc]
G. Rhinopithecus Milne-Edwards 1872 [snub-nosed monkey]
+
Subg. Rhinopithecus (Rhinopithecus) Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire 1812
Rhinopithecus avunculus Dollman 1912 [Tonkin snub-nosed monkey]
Rhinopithecus bieti Milne-Edwards 1897 [black snub-nosed monkey]
Rhinopithecus brelichi Thomas 1903 [gray snub-nosed monkey]
†Rhinopithecus lantianensis Hu and Qi 1978
Rhinopithecus roxellana Milne-Edwards 1870 [golden snub-nosed monkey]
Rhinopithecus strykeri Geissmann et al. 2010 [Burmese snub-nosed monkey]
†Rhinopithecus tingianus Matthew and Granger 1923
G. Simias Miller 1903
+
Simias concolor Miller 1903 [simakobu monkey]
G. Trachypithecus Reichenbach 1862 [lutung]
+
Trachypithecus auratus Geoffroy 1812 [Javan lutung]
+
Invalid names: Semnopithecus pyrrhus Horsfield 1824 [synonym]
Trachypithecus barbei Blythe 1847 [Tenasserim lutung]
Trachypithecus cristatus Raffles 1821 [silvery lutung]
+
Invalid names: Presbytis cristata pullata Thomas and Wroughton 1909 [synonym], Presbytis vigilans Miller 1913 [synonym], Pygathrix ultima Elliot 1910 [synonym], Semnopithecus pruinosus Desmarest 1822 [synonym], Semnopithecus rutledgii Anderson 1878 [synonym], Simia villosa Griffith 1821 [synonym]
Trachypithecus delacouri Osgood 1911 [Delacour's langur]
Trachypithecus ebenus Brandon-Jones 1995
Trachypithecus francoisi de Pousargues 1898 [Francois' langur]
Trachypithecus geei Khajuria 1956 [Gee's golden langur]
Trachypithecus germaini Milne-Edwards 1876 [Indochinese lutung]
Trachypithecus laotum Thomas 1921 [Laotian langur]
Trachypithecus mauritius Roos et al. 2008
Trachypithecus maurus Schreber 1775
Trachypithecus obscurus Reid 1837 [dusky leaf monkey]
Trachypithecus phayrei Blyth 1847 [Phayre's leaf monkey]
Trachypithecus pileatus Blyth 1843 [capped langur]
Trachypithecus poliocephalus Trouessart 1911 [white-headed langur]
Trachypithecus sondaicus Robinson and Kloss 1919
Invalid names: Kasi Reichenbach 1862 [synonym]
Subfm. Colobinae Blyth 1875
+
G. †Libypithecus Stromer 1913
+
†Libypithecus markgrafi Stromer 1913
G. †Parapresbytis Kalmykov and Maschenko 1992
G. Rungwecebus Davenport et al. 2006
+
Rungwecebus kipunji Jones et al. 2005
G. Semnopithecus Desmarest 1822
+
Subg. Semnopithecus (Lophopithecus) Trouessart 1879
Semnopithecus ajax Pocock 1928
†Semnopithecus asnoti Pilgrim 1910
Semnopithecus entellus Dufresne 1797 [northern plains gray langur]
Semnopithecus johnii Fischer 1829 [Nilgiri langur]
Semnopithecus natunae Thomas and Hartert 1894
Semnopithecus vetulus Erxleben 1777 [purple-faced langur]
+
Invalid names: Simia cephaloptera Boddaert 1785 [synonym]
Invalid names: Simia faunus Linnaeus 1758 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: terrestrialsubc
Locomotion: actively mobilep
Life habit: arborealf
Diet: frugivoref
Diet 2: folivoref
Reproduction: viviparoussubc
Comments: life habit and diet based on Nowak 1999f
Created: 2005-06-08 10:11:09
Modified: 2005-08-22 19:20:00
Source: f = family, subc = subclass, subp = subphylum, p = phylum
References: Nowak 1991, Carroll 1988, Ji et al. 2002, Lillegraven 1979, Kiessling 2004

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Langhian to the top of the Holocene or 15.98000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 13.82 Ma

Collections (515 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Miocene - Pliocene23.04 - 2.58Uganda Paracolobus sp. (22405 22461)
Miocene - Pleistocene23.04 - 0.0117Ethiopia Cercopithecus sp. (22128)
Neogene - Quaternary23.04 - 0.0Slovakia Cercopithecidae indet. (35425)
Langhian15.98 - 13.82Kenya Cercopithecidae indet. (22071 22082)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.63Kenya Microcolobus tugenensis (22292)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.63Ukraine (Odessa) Mesopithecus pentelici (75786)
Tortonian11.63 - 7.246Kenya Microcolobus sp. (219711)
Tortonian11.63 - 7.246China (Yunnan) Macaca sp. (11798)
Late/Upper Miocene11.63 - 5.333Greece (Attica) Mesopithecus pentelici (182754) Mesopithecus pentelicus (202630)
Late/Upper Miocene11.63 - 5.333Bulgaria (Blagoevgrad) Mesopithecus pentelicus (197445)
Late/Upper Miocene11.63 - 5.333Greece (Attiki) Mesopithecus pentelicus (195562)
Late/Upper Miocene11.63 - 5.333Algeria (Oran) Macaca flandrini (136913)
Late/Upper Miocene11.63 - 5.333North Macedonia Mesopithecus pentelicus (197462)
Late/Upper Miocene11.63 - 5.333Algeria Colobus flandrini, Macaca sp. (34642)
Late/Upper Miocene11.63 - 5.333Greece (Chalkidona) Mesopithecus pentelici (182745)
Tortonian - Messinian11.63 - 5.333Kenya Cercopithecidae indet., Colobinae indet. A, Colobinae indet. B, Colobinae indet. small, Parapapio lothagamensis (22241) Parapapio lothagamensis (22243)
Tortonian - Zanclean11.63 - 3.6Ethiopia Cercopithecidae indet., Libypithecus sp., Macaca sp., Paracolobus chemeroni (22179) Cercopithecidae indet., Paracolobus chemeroni (22158) Macaca sp., Colobinae indet., Parapapio lothagamensis (22139)
Tortonian - Zanclean11.63 - 3.6Kenya Cercocebus sp., Parapapio sp. (22236)
MN 911.1 - 9.67Ethiopia (Oromīya) Cercopithecidae indet. (92148)
Turolian8.725 - 5.09Bulgaria Mesopithecus pentelicus (208569)