PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Ornithischia (ornithischian)

Reptilia

Taxonomy

Ornithischia was named by Seeley (1888). It was considered monophyletic by Nesbitt (2011), unknown by Zheng et al. (2012).

It was synonymized subjectively with Orthopoda by Hay (1902); it was synonymized subjectively with Postpubici by Jaekel (1910), Jaekel (1911); it was synonymized subjectively with Orthopoda by Hay (1930); it was reranked as the suborder Ornithischia by Parks (1935), Young (1935); it was reranked as the subclass Ornithischia by Bakker and Galton (1974); it was reranked as the superorder Ornithischia by Cooper (1985), Watabe et al. (2011); it was reranked as the unranked clade Ornithischia by Swinton (1934), Gauthier and Padian (1985), Gauthier (1986), Brinkman and Sues (1987), Gauthier et al. (1989), Novas (1989), Benton (1990), Buffetaut and Ingavat (1992), Novas (1993), Sereno et al. (1993), Novas (1996), Sereno (1997), Sereno (1998), Sereno (1999), Langer and Benton (2006), Ezcurra (2006), Martínez and Alcober (2009), Zheng et al. (2009), Cruzado-Caballero et al. (2010), Nesbitt (2011), Jasinski and Sullivan (2011), Shibata et al. (2011), Zheng et al. (2012), Yang et al. (2013), Evans et al. (2013), Arbour et al. (2014), Escaso et al. (2014), Freedman Fowler and Horner (2015), Gasulla et al. (2015), Shibata et al. (2015), Leahey et al. (2015), Rivera-Sylva et al. (2017), Penkalski and Tumanova (2017), Wang et al. (2017), Brown et al. (2017), Arbour and Evans (2017), Madzia et al. (2018), Zheng et al. (2018), Murray et al. (2019), Martz and Small (2019), Ibiricu et al. (2019), Novas et al. (2019), Napoli et al. (2019), Kobayashi et al. (2019), Prieto-Márquez et al. (2019), Arbour and Evans (2019), Fowler and Freedman Fowler (2020), Wilson et al. (2020), Ibiricu et al. (2021), Rozadilla et al. (2021), Moyano-Paz et al. (2022), Ryan et al. (2023), Agnolín et al. (2023), Tanaka et al. (2024), Zafaty et al. (2024), Carrano (2025).

It was assigned to Archosauromorpha by Huene (1948), Huene (1954); to Dinosauria by Bakker and Galton (1974); to Reptilia by Seeley (1888), Lull (1924), Kuhn (1946), Sternberg (1954), Estes (1964), Ellenberger (1972), Madsen and Miller (1979), Benton (1979); to Archosauria by Haughton and Brink (1954), Parsch (1963), Kuhn (1964), Romer (1966), Charig (1967), Haubold (1971), Haubold (1974), Thulborn (1975), Thurmond and Jones (1981); to Ornithischiformes by Cooper (1985); to Archosauria by Roxo (1937), Romer (1956), Ostrom (1980), Carroll (1988); to Dinosauria by Seeley (1888), Seeley (1888), Huene (1909), Lull (1915), Swinton (1934), Parks (1935), Young (1935), Zhao (1983), Long and Murry (1995); to Dinosauria by Peng et al. (2001); to Archosauria by Kuhn (1966), Martinelli and Forasiepi (2004); to Dinosauria by Tatarinov (1964), Coria et al. (2012), Apesteguía et al. (2012); to Dinosauria by Gardiner (1982), Gauthier and Padian (1985), Gauthier (1986), Brinkman and Sues (1987), Gauthier et al. (1989), Novas (1989), Benton (1990), Buffetaut and Ingavat (1992), Novas (1993), Sereno et al. (1993), Novas (1996), Sereno (1997), Sereno (1998), Sereno (1999), Langer and Benton (2006), Ezcurra (2006), Martínez and Alcober (2009), Zheng et al. (2009), Cruzado-Caballero et al. (2010), Nesbitt (2011), Jasinski and Sullivan (2011), Watabe et al. (2011), Shibata et al. (2011), Zheng et al. (2012), Yang et al. (2013), Evans et al. (2013), Arbour et al. (2014), Escaso et al. (2014), Freedman Fowler and Horner (2015), Gasulla et al. (2015), Shibata et al. (2015), Leahey et al. (2015), Rivera-Sylva et al. (2017), Penkalski and Tumanova (2017), Wang et al. (2017), Brown et al. (2017), Arbour and Evans (2017), Madzia et al. (2018), Zheng et al. (2018), Murray et al. (2019), Martz and Small (2019), Ibiricu et al. (2019), Novas et al. (2019), Napoli et al. (2019), Kobayashi et al. (2019), Prieto-Márquez et al. (2019), Arbour and Evans (2019), Fowler and Freedman Fowler (2020), Wilson et al. (2020), Ibiricu et al. (2021), Rozadilla et al. (2021), Moyano-Paz et al. (2022), Ryan et al. (2023), Agnolín et al. (2023), Tanaka et al. (2024), Zafaty et al. (2024); and to Eudinosauria by Novas (1992), Carrano (2025).

Sister taxa

Lesothosauria

Year	Name and author
1866	Orthopoda Cope
1869	Orthopoda Cope p. 90
1870	Orthopoda Cope p. 90
1871	Orthopoda Cope p. 234
1875	Orthopoda Cope p. 13
1877	Orthopoda Cope p. 572
1879	Orthopoda Seeley p. 183
1883	Orthopoda Cope p. 98
1887	Orthopoda Baur p. 101
1887	Omosauria Seeley p. 562
1888	Ornithischia Seeley
1889	Orthopoda Cope p. 16
1890	Orthopoda Zittel pp. 450, 736
1891	Orthopoda Cope p. 43
1897	Orthopoda Gadow p. 204
1898	Orthopoda Cope p. 68
1898	Orthopoda Gadow p. 22
1900	Orthopoda Van Den Broeck p. 82
1901	Orthopoda Gadow p. 424
1901	Orthopoda Nopcsa p. 207
1902	Orthopoda Hay p. 495
1902	Orthopoda Huene
1903	Orthopoda Osborn p. 456
1904	Orthopoda Lull p. 479
1904	Orthopoda Osborn p. 114
1905	Orthopoda Lambe p. 48
1909	Orthopoda Arldt p. 263
1909	Ornithischia Huene p. 16
1909	Orthopoda Huene p. 17
1914	Orthopoda Huene p. 38
1915	Ornithischia Lull p. 117
1915	Orthopoda Lull p. 117
1917	Orthopoda Lull p. 117
1922	Orthopoda Joleaud p. 59
1923	Orthopoda Nopcsa p. 126
1924	Ornithischia Lull p. 236
1927	Orthopoda Huene p. 259
1928	Orthopoda Nopcsa p. 184
1928	Orthopoda Perrier p. 3118
1929	Orthopoda Huene p. 155
1930	Orthopoda Hay p. 201
1934	Ornithischia Swinton p. 40
1935	Ornithischia Parks p. 184
1935	Ornithischia Young p. 5
1937	Ornithischia Roxo p. 44
1946	Ornithischia Kuhn p. 66
1948	Ornithischia Huene p. 93
1954	Ornithosuchia Haughton and Brink p. 4
1954	Ornithischia Huene p. 48
1954	Ornithischia Sternberg p. 383
1956	Ornithischia Romer p. 624
1963	Ornithischia Parsch p. 4
1964	Ornithischia Estes p. 144
1964	Fabrosaurus Ginsburg pp. 2366-2368
1964	Fabrosaurus australis Ginsburg p. 2367
1964	Ornithischia Kuhn p. 312
1964	Ornithischia Tatarinov p. 552
1966	Ornithischia Kuhn p. 99
1966	Ornithischia Romer p. 370
1967	Ornithischia Charig p. 715
1970	Fabrosaurus australis Demathieu p. 19
1970	Fabrosaurus Ellenberger p. 349
1970	Fabrosaurus australis Ellenberger p. 349
1970	Fabrosaurus australis Thulborn p. 414
1970	Fabrosaurus Thulborn p. 430
1971	Ornithischia Haubold p. 86
1971	Fabrosaurus Thulborn pp. 76-77
1972	Fabrosaurus australis Ellenberger p. 10
1972	Ornithischia Ellenberger p. 152
1972	Fabrosaurus Galton p. 465
1972	Fabrosaurus Thulborn p. 50
1972	Fabrosaurus australis Thulborn p. 50
1973	Fabrosaurus Galton p. 17
1974	Fabrosaurus Bakker and Galton p. 170
1974	Ornithischia Bakker and Galton p. 171
1974	Fabrosaurus Galton p. 150
1974	Ornithischia Haubold p. 46
1974	Fabrosaurus Maryańska and Osmólska p. 101
1974	Fabrosaurus australis Maryańska and Osmólska p. 101
1974	Fabrosaurus australis Thulborn p. 152
1974	Fabrosaurus Thulborn p. 171
1975	Alocodon Thulborn p. 90
1975	Alocodon kuehnei Thulborn p. 90 figs. 1-10
1975	Fabrosaurus australis Thulborn p. 99
1975	Trimucrodon Thulborn pp. 118-119
1975	Trimucrodon cuneatus Thulborn pp. 118-119 fig. 25
1975	Alocodon Thulborn p. 133
1975	Fabrosaurus Thulborn p. 133
1975	Trimucrodon Thulborn p. 133
1975	Ornithischia Thulborn p. 267
1976	Fabrosaurus Bonaparte p. 815
1976	Fabrosaurus Santa Luca et al. p. 324
1978	Fabrosaurus Anderson and Cruickshank p. 31
1978	Fabrosaurus Galton p. 156
1978	Fabrosaurus australis Galton p. 156
1978	Trimucrodon Galton p. 159
1978	Alocodon Galton p. 230
1978	Amtosaurus Kurzanov and Tumanova p. 371 fig. 2
1978	Amtosaurus magnus Kurzanov and Tumanova p. 371 fig. 2
1978	Fabrosaurus Thuborn p. 187
1978	Fabrosaurus australis Thuborn p. 187
1979	Ornithischia Benton p. 142
1979	Ornithischia Madsen and Miller p. 5
1980	Trimucrodon Galton p. 88
1980	Ornithischia Ostrom p. 22
1981	Ornithischia Thurmond and Jones p. 144
1982	Ornithischia Gardiner p. 229
1983	Trimucrodon Galton p. 11
1983	Trimucrodon cuneatus Galton p. 11
1983	Alocodon Weishampel and Weishampel p. 44
1983	Alocodon kuehnei Weishampel and Weishampel p. 44
1983	Fabrosaurus Weishampel and Weishampel p. 44
1983	Fabrosaurus australis Weishampel and Weishampel p. 44
1983	Trimucrodon Weishampel and Weishampel p. 44
1983	Trimucrodon cuneatus Weishampel and Weishampel p. 44
1983	Ornithischia Zhao p. 295
1984	Alocodon Milner and Norman p. 146
1984	Trimucrodon Milner and Norman p. 146
1984	Alocodon Norman p. 342
1984	Trimucrodon Norman p. 342
1984	Fabrosaurus Olsen and Galton p. 91
1984	Fabrosaurus australis Olsen and Galton p. 91
1984	Fabrosaurus Santa Luca
1985	Ornithischia Cooper p. 284
1985	Ornithischia Gauthier and Padian pp. 189-190 fig. 2
1986	Fabrosaurus Battail p. 50
1986	Ornithischia Gauthier p. 44
1987	Ornithischia Brinkman and Sues p. 502 fig. 7
1987	Amtosaurus Tumanova p. 17
1987	Amtosaurus magnus Tumanova p. 18
1988	Amtosaurus Carroll
1988	Fabrosaurus Carroll
1988	Ornithischia Carroll
1988	Trimucrodon Carroll
1989	Fabrosaurus australis Frances and Sanz p. 141
1989	Ornithischia Gauthier et al. p. 346
1989	Ornithischia Novas p. 686 fig. 2
1990	Ornithischia Benton p. 19
1991	Alocodon Antunes and Sigogneau-Russell p. 113
1991	Alocodon Galton p. 300
1991	Alocodon kuehnei Galton p. 300
1991	Trimurodon Galton p. 300
1991	Trimurodon cuneatus Galton p. 300
1991	Alocodon Sereno pp. 172-173
1991	Alocodon kuehnei Sereno pp. 172-173
1991	Trimucrodon Sereno pp. 172-173
1991	Trimucrodon cuneatus Sereno pp. 172-173
1992	Ornithischia Buffetaut and Ingavat
1992	Ornithischia Novas pp. 59-60 fig. 6
1993	Ornithischia Novas p. 110
1993	Ornithischia Sereno et al. p. 65 fig. 2
1994	Fabrosaurus australis Chure et al. p. 306
1994	Trimucrodon cuneatus Galton p. 256
1994	Trimucrodon Galton p. 265
1994	Fabrosaurus Hunt and Lucas p. 238
1994	Fabrosaurus australis Hunt and Lucas p. 238
1995	Ornithischia Long and Murry p. 191
1996	Ornithischia Novas p. 737 fig. 10
1997	Amtosaurus Barsbold p. 450
1997	Amtosaurus magnus Barsbold p. 450
1997	Fabrosaurus Peng p. 237–238
1997	Fabrosaurus australis Peng p. 237–238
1997	Ornithischia Sereno p. 443
1998	Ornithischia Sereno p. 61
1999	Fabrosaurus Knoll p. 65
1999	Ornithischia Sereno p. 2138 fig. 2
2000	Amtosaurus Ford p. 176
2000	Amtosaurus magnus Ford p. 176
2000	Trimucrodon Ruiz-Omeñaca p. 69
2000	Amtosaurus Tumanova p. 522
2000	Amtosaurus magnus Tumanova p. 522
2001	Ornithischia Peng et al. p. 33
2002	Amtosaurus Averianov
2004	Ornithischia Martinelli and Forasiepi p. 260
2004	Amtosaurus Vickaryous et al. p. 367
2004	Amtosaurus magnus Vickaryous et al. p. 367
2006	Ornithischia Ezcurra p. 657 fig. 3
2006	Ornithischia Langer and Benton pp. 345-347 fig. 15
2006	Trimucrodon cuneatus Mateus p. 231
2007	Fabrosaurus Gand et al. p. 74
2007	Fabrosaurus australis Gand et al. p. 74
2009	Ornithischia Martínez and Alcober p. 11 fig. 10
2009	Alocodon kuehnei Ortega et al. p. 48
2009	Trimucrodon cuneatus Ortega et al. p. 48
2009	Ornithischia Zheng et al. p. 333
2010	Ornithischia Cruzado-Caballero et al.
2010	Trimucrodon cuneatus Mateus and Milàn p. 253
2010	Alocodon Mateus and Milàn p. 254
2010	Alocodon kuehnei Mateus and Milàn p. 254
2010	Trimucrodon Mateus and Milàn p. 254
2011	Amtosaurus magnus Carpenter et al. p. 2
2011	Ornithischia Jasinski and Sullivan p. 202
2011	Ornithischia Nesbitt p. 210 fig. 52
2011	Ornithischia Shibata et al. p. 970
2011	Ornithischia Watabe et al. p. 490
2012	Ornithischia Apesteguía et al.
2012	Ornithischia Coria et al. p. 3
2012	Ornithischia Zheng et al. p. 210
2013	Ornithischia Evans et al. p. 2
2013	Ornithischia Yang et al. p. 268
2014	Ornithischia Arbour et al.
2014	Ornithischia Escaso et al. p. 1103
2015	Ornithischia Freedman Fowler and Horner
2015	Ornithischia Gasulla et al.
2015	Ornithischia Leahey et al.
2015	Ornithischia Shibata et al.
2017	Ornithischia Arbour and Evans p. 7
2017	Ornithischia Brown et al.
2017	Ornithischia Penkalski and Tumanova
2017	Ornithischia Rivera-Sylva et al.
2017	Ornithischia Wang et al.
2018	Ornithischia Madzia et al.
2018	Ornithischia Zheng et al.
2019	Ornithischia Arbour and Evans
2019	Ornithischia Ibiricu et al.
2019	Ornithischia Kobayashi et al.
2019	Ornithischia Martz and Small p. 54 fig. 23
2019	Ornithischia Murray et al.
2019	Ornithischia Napoli et al.
2019	Ornithischia Novas et al. p. 230
2019	Ornithischia Prieto-Márquez et al.
2020	Alocodon Carvalho p. 14
2020	Alocodon kuehnei Carvalho p. 14
2020	Ornithischia Fowler and Freedman Fowler
2020	Alocodon kuehnei Rotatori et al. p. 36
2020	Trimucrodon cuneatus Rotatori et al. p. 36
2020	Ornithischia Wilson et al.
2021	Ornithischia Ibiricu et al.
2021	Ornithischia Rozadilla et al. p. 2
2022	Ornithischia Moyano-Paz et al. p. 17
2023	Ornithischia Agnolín et al.
2023	Ornithischia Ryan et al.
2024	Ornithischia Tanaka et al. p. 5
2024	Ornithischia Zafaty et al. p. 347
2025	Ornithischia Carrano p. 128

Unr. †Ornithischia Seeley 1888 [ornithischian]

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G. †Apulosauripus Nicosia et al. 1999

†Apulosauripus federicianus Nicosia et al. 1999

G. †Archaeocursor Yao et al. 2025

†Archaeocursor asiaticus Yao et al. 2025

Subor. †Armatosauria Zhao 1983

Superfm. †Polysacralosauroidea Zhao 1983

G. †Sangonghesaurus Zhao 1983

Invalid names: Oligosacralosauroidea Zhao 1983 [empty], Scelidosauroidea Zhao 1983 [empty]

Fm. †Cairanoolithidae Sellés and Galobart 2016

G. †Cairanoolithus Vianey-Liaud et al. 1994

†Cairanoolithus dughii Vianey-Liaud et al. 1994

†Cairanoolithus roussetensis Vianey-Liaud et al. 1994

Invalid names: Dughioolithus Vianey-Liaud et al. 1994 [synonym]

G. †Chilesaurus Novas et al. 2015

†Chilesaurus diegosuarezi Novas et al. 2015

Fm. †Delatorrichnopodidae Bordy et al. 2020

G. †Afrodelatorrichnus Bordy et al. 2020

†Afrodelatorrichnus ellenbergeri Bordy et al. 2020

G. †Delatorrichnus Casamiquela 1964

†Delatorrichnus goyenechei Casamiquela 1964

Fm. †Fabrosauridae Galton 1972

G. †Eugongbusaurus Knoll 1999

G. †Gongbusaurus Dong et al. 1983

†Gongbusaurus shiyii Dong et al. 1983

†Gongbusaurus wucaiwanensis Dong 1989

G. †Xiaosaurus Dong and Tang 1983 [small lizard]

†Xiaosaurus dashanpensis Dong and Tang 1983

G. †Ferganocephale Averianov et al. 2005

†Ferganocephale adenticulatum Averianov et al. 2005

Unr. †Genasauria Sereno 1986

G. †Agilisaurus Peng 1990

†Agilisaurus louderbacki Peng 1990

Unr. †Cerapoda Sereno 1986

Unr. †Marginocephalia Sereno 1986

Unr. †Ceratopsia Marsh 1890 [ceratopsian]

G. †Albalophosaurus Ohashi and Barrett 2009

Fm. †Ceratopsidae Marsh 1888 [ceratopsid]

Invalid names: Agathaumidae Cope 1889 [synonym]

G. †Micropachycephalosaurus Dong 1978

Infraor. †Neoceratopsia Sereno 1986

G. †Notoceratops Tapia 1919 [southern horn face]

Fm. †Psittacosauridae Osborn 1923

Invalid names: Protiguanodontidae Osborn 1923 [synonym], Stenopelyxidae Nopcsa 1927 [synonym]

G. †Psittacosaurus Osborn 1923

Invalid names: Hongshanosaurus You et al. 2003 [synonym], Protiguanodon Osborn 1923 [synonym]

G. †Serendipaceratops Rich and Vickers-Rich 2003

Invalid names: Chaoyangosauridae Dong 1992 [empty], Dysganus Cope 1876 [nomen dubium], Eoceratopsinae Lambe 1915 [empty], Kulceratops Nessov 1995 [nomen dubium], Kulceratops kulensis Nessov 1995 [nomen dubium], Microceratus Mateus 2008 [nomen dubium], Pachyrhinosauridae Sternberg 1950 [empty], Ponderopoda Huene 1948 [synonym], Psittacosauroidea Zhao 1983 [empty], Psittacosaurus sattayaraki Buffetaut and Ingavat 1992 [nomen dubium]

Unr. †Pachycephalosauria Maryańska and Osmólska 1974

Unr. †Eupachycephalosauria Dieudonné et al. 2020

G. †Goyocephale Perle et al. 1982

Infraor. †Goyocephalia Sereno 1986

Fm. †Pachycephalosauridae Sternberg 1945

Invalid names: Tholocephalidae Sereno 1986 [synonym]

G. †Qiyunshanpus Yu 1998

G. †Tianyulong Zheng et al. 2009

G. †Wannanosaurus Hou 1977

Invalid names: Homalocephalidae Dong 1978 [empty], Pachycephalosauroidea Zhao 1983 [empty], Tianchungosauroidea Zhao 1983 [empty]

Unr. †Ornithopoda Marsh 1881 [ornithopod]

G. †Ampelognathus Tykoski et al. 2023

†Ampelognathus coheni Tykoski et al. 2023

Fm. †Anomoepodidae Lull 1904

G. †Apatichnus Hitchcock 1858

G. †Eoanomoepus Lockley et al. 2018

G. †Neoanomoepus Lockley et al. 2009

G. †Shenmuichnus Li et al. 2012

G. †Burianosaurus Madzia et al. 2018

†Burianosaurus augustai Madzia et al. 2018

G. †Changchunsaurus Zan et al. 2005

†Changchunsaurus parvus Zan et al. 2005

G. †Changmiania Yang et al. 2020

†Changmiania liaoningensis Yang et al. 2020

Unr. †Clypeodonta Norman 2014

Unr. †Hypsilophodontidae Dollo 1882 [hypsilophodontid]

Invalid names: Kalodontidae Nopcsa 1901 [synonym], Laosauridae Marsh 1895 [synonym], Macelognathidae Marsh 1884 [synonym]

Unr. †Iguanodontia Baur 1891

G. †Thescelosaurus Gilmore 1913

Invalid names: Bugenasaura Galton 1995 [synonym]

Invalid names: Hypsilophodontia Cooper 1985 [synonym]

G. †Dakotasaurus Branson and Mehl 1932

†Dakotasaurus browni Branson and Mehl 1932

G. †Dinosauropodes Douglass 1932

†Dinosauropodes bransfordii Lull 1932

†Dinosauropodes crawfordii Lull 1932

†Dinosauropodes magrawii Lull 1932

†Dinosauropodes nettletoni Lull 1932

†Dinosauropodes osborni Lull 1932

†Dinosauropodes sternbergii Lull 1932

†Dinosauropodes sweetii Lull 1932

†Dinosauropodes wilsoni Lull 1932

Unr. †Euornithopoda Sereno 1986

Infraor. †Heterodontosauria Cooper 1985

Invalid names: Camptosaurus valdensis Lydekker 1889 [nomen dubium], Gilmoreosaurus atavus Nessov 1995 [nomen dubium], Hypsilophodon wielandi Galton and Jensen 1979 [nomen dubium]

Subor. †Fabrosauria Cooper 1985

Invalid names: Fabrosauroidea Cooper 1985 [empty]

G. †Gideonmantellia Ruiz-Omeñaca et al. 2012

†Gideonmantellia amosanjuanae Ruiz-Omeñaca et al. 2012

G. †Hypsiloichnus Stanford et al. 2004

†Hypsiloichnus marylandicus Stanford et al. 2004

Fm. †Iguanodontipodidae Lockley et al. 2014

G. †Amblydactylus Sternberg 1932

G. †Hadrosauropodus Lockley et al. 2003

G. †Iguanodontipus Sarjeant et al. 1998

Fm. †Iguanodontipodidae Vyalov 1987

G. †Caririchnium Leonardi 1984

G. †Kharkushosauropus Dzhailov and Novikov 1993

Invalid names: Brachyguanodonipus Moratalla 1993 [nomen dubium], Gigantoshiraminesauropus Azuma and Takeyama 1991 [nomen dubium], Hadrosaurichnoides Casanovas Cladellas et al. 1994 [nomen dubium], Hadrosauropodus nanxiongensis Xing et al. 2009 [nomen dubium], Iguanodonipus Moratalla 1993 [nomen dubium], Limayichnus Calvo 1991 [nomen dubium], Ornithopodichnus Kim et al. 2009 [nomen dubium], Shiraminesauropus Azuma and Takeyama 1991 [nomen dubium], Sousaichnium Leonardi 1979 [nomen dubium], Staurichnium Leonardi 1979 [nomen dubium], Wealdenichnites Kuhn 1958 [nomen dubium]

Fm. †Moyenisauropodidae Ellenberger 1974

G. †Anomoepus Hitchcock 1848

Invalid names: Hopiichnus Welles 1971 [synonym], Moyenisauropus Ellenberger 1970 [synonym], Shensipus Young 1966 [synonym]

G. †Nanosaurus Marsh 1877

†Nanosaurus agilis Marsh 1877

Invalid names: Drinker nisti Bakker et al. 1990 [synonym], Nanosaurus rex Marsh 1877 [synonym], Othnielosaurus consors Marsh 1894 [synonym]

Invalid names: Drinker Bakker et al. 1990 [synonym], Othnielosaurus Galton 2007 [synonym]

G. †Ningxiapus Zong et al. 2013

†Ningxiapus liupanshanensis Zong et al. 2013

G. †Ponerosteus Olshevsky 2000

Invalid names: Procerosaurus Fritsch 1905 [replaced]

G. †Psilotrisauropus Ellenberger 1972

G. †Qantassaurus Rich and Vickers-Rich 1999

†Qantassaurus intrepidus Rich and Vickers-Rich 1999

Fm. †Tetrapodosauridae Sternberg 1932

G. †Tetrapodosaurus Sternberg 1932

G. †Unespichnium Bertini and Carvalho 2003

†Unespichnium ornithopodianus Bertini and Carvalho 2003

G. †Walmadanyichnus Salisbury et al. 2016

†Walmadanyichnus hunteri Salisbury et al. 2016

G. †Weewarrasaurus Bell et al. 2018

†Weewarrasaurus pobeni Bell et al. 2018

G. †Wintonopus Thulborn and Wade 1984

†Wintonopus latomorum Thulborn and Wade 1984

Invalid names: Skartopus australis Thulborn and Wade 1984 [synonym]

†Wintonopus middletonae Salisbury et al. 2016

Invalid names: Skartopus Thulborn and Wade 1984 [synonym]

Invalid names: Bonaparteichnium Calvo 1991 [nomen dubium], Brachypoda Thulborn 1974 [empty], Camptosaurichnus Casamiquela and Fasola 1968 [nomen dubium], Camptosauropus Gabuniya and Kurbatov 1988 [nomen dubium], Dolichopoda Thulborn 1974 [empty], Gilmoreosaurus arkhangelskyi Nessov 1995 [nomen dubium], Goseongosauripus Kim 1986 [nomen dubium], Jiayinosauropus Dong et al. 2003 [nomen dubium], Kalodontoidea Huene 1948 [empty], Laosaurus Marsh 1878 [nomen dubium], Laosaurus celer Marsh 1878 [nomen dubium], Laosaurus minimus Gilmore 1924 [nomen dubium], Ornithopodoidea Nopcsa 1929 [synonym], Ornithopoidea Nopcsa 1929 [empty], Othnielia Galton 1977 [nomen dubium], Phyllodon Thulborn 1975 [nomen dubium], Siluosaurus Dong 1997 [nomen dubium], Taponichnus Alonso and Marquillas 1986 [nomen dubium], Telosichnus Alonso and Marquillas 1986 [nomen dubium], Trachodontoidea Huene 1948 [empty]

Invalid names: Chasmatopia Buchholz 2002 [empty]

G. †Eocursor Butler et al. 2007

†Eocursor parvus Butler et al. 2007

G. †Hexinlusaurus Barrett et al. 2005

†Hexinlusaurus multidens He and Cai 1983

Unr. †Thyreophora Nopcsa 1915

Unr. †Ankylosauria Osborn 1923 [ankylosaur]

Fm. †Ankylosauridae Brown 1908 [ankylosaurid]

G. †Ahshislepelta Burns and Sullivan 2011

G. †Aletopelta Ford and Kirkland 2001

Subfm. †Ankylosaurinae Nopcsa 1918

G. †Bissektipelta Parish and Barrett 2004

G. †Cedarpelta Carpenter et al. 2001

G. †Chuanqilong Han et al. 2014

G. †Datai Xing et al. 2024

G. †Gobisaurus Vickaryous et al. 2001

Invalid names: Zhongyuansaurus Xu et al. 2007 [synonym]

G. †Huaxiazhoulong Zhu et al. 2024

G. †Liaoningosaurus Xu et al. 2001

G. †Shamosaurus Tumanova 1983

Invalid names: Dyoplosaurus giganteus Maleev 1956 [nomen dubium], Maleevus Tumanova 1987 [nomen dubium], Minmi Molnar 1980 [nomen dubium], Palaeoscincus asper Lambe 1902 [nomen dubium], Polacanthinae Lapparent and Lavocat 1955 [empty], Shamosaurinae Tumanova 1983 [empty], Stegopeltinae Ford 2000 [empty], Syrmosauridae Maleev 1952 [synonym], Syrmosaurinae Ford 2000 [empty]

G. †Dracopelta Galton 1980

†Dracopelta zbyszewskii Galton 1980

G. †Kunbarrasaurus Leahey et al. 2015

†Kunbarrasaurus ieversi Leahey et al. 2015

G. †Metatetrapous Ballerstedt 1922

†Metatetrapous valdensis Nopcsa 1923

Invalid names: Metatetrapous valdense Ballerstedt 1922 [synonym]

Fm. †Nodosauridae Marsh 1890

G. †Acantholipan Rivera-Sylva et al. 2018

G. †Animantarx Carpenter et al. 1999

G. †Anoplosaurus Seeley 1879

G. †Borealopelta Brown et al. 2017

G. †Dongyangopelta Chen et al. 2013

G. †Edmontonia Sternberg 1928

Invalid names: Chassternbergia Bakker 1988 [synonym], Denversaurus Bakker 1988 [synonym]

G. †Gargoyleosaurus Carpenter et al. 1998

G. †Gastonia Kirkland 1998

G. †Glyptodontopelta Ford 2000

G. †Hoplitosaurus Lucas 1902

G. †Hungarosaurus Osi 2005

G. †Hylaeosaurus Mantell 1833

G. †Invictarx McDonald and Wolfe 2018

G. †Mymoorapelta Kirkland and Carpenter 1994

G. †Niobrarasaurus Carpenter et al. 1995

G. †Nodosaurus Marsh 1889

G. †Panoplosaurus Lambe 1919

G. †Patagopelta Riguetti et al. 2022

G. †Pawpawsaurus Lee 1996

G. †Peloroplites Carpenter et al. 2008

G. †Polacanthus Fox 1866

Invalid names: Euacanthus Owen 1897 [objective synonym], Vectensia Delair 1982 [synonym]

G. †Propanoplosaurus Stanford et al. 2011

G. †Sauropelta Ostrom 1970

G. †Sauroplites Bohlin 1953

G. †Silvisaurus Eaton, Jr. 1960

G. †Stegopelta Williston 1905

Subfm. †Struthiosaurinae Nopcsa 1923

G. †Struthiosaurus Bunzel 1870

Invalid names: Crataeomus Seeley 1881 [synonym], Danubiosaurus Bunzel 1871 [synonym], Leipsanosaurus Nopcsa 1918 [synonym], Pleuropeltus Seeley 1881 [synonym]

G. †Taohelong Yang et al. 2013

G. †Tatankacephalus Parsons and Parsons 2009

G. †Texasetes Coombs 1995

Invalid names: Acanthopholinae Nopcsa 1902 [synonym], Antarctopelta Salgado and Gasparini 2006 [nomen dubium], Edmontoniinae Russell 1940 [empty], Hylaeosauridae Nopcsa 1902 [synonym], Nodosaurinae Abel 1919 [empty], Palaeoscincidae Nopcsa 1918 [synonym], Panoplosaurinae Nopcsa 1929 [empty], Sauropeltinae Ford 2000 [empty]

Superfm. †Nodosauroidea Bakker 1988

Invalid names: Edmontoniidae Bakker 1988 [empty]

Unr. †Parankylosauria Soto-Acuña et al. 2021

G. †Stegouros Soto-Acuña et al. 2021

G. †Qijiangpus Xing et al. 2007

†Qijiangpus sinensis Xing et al. 2007

G. †Sarcolestes Lydekker 1893

†Sarcolestes leedsi Lydekker 1893

G. †Sinankylosaurus Wang et al. 2020

†Sinankylosaurus zhuchengensis Wang et al. 2020

G. †Spicomellus Maidment et al. 2021

†Spicomellus afer Maidment et al. 2021

G. †Vectipelta Pond et al. 2023

†Vectipelta barretti Pond et al. 2023

Invalid names: Acanthopholis Huxley 1867 [nomen dubium], Acanthopholis eucercus Seeley 1879 [nomen dubium], Acanthopholis macrocercus Seeley 1869 [nomen dubium], Apraedentalia Huene 1948 [synonym], Brachypodosaurus Chakravarti 1934 [nomen dubium], Crichtonsaurus Dong 2002 [nomen dubium], Cryptodraco Lydekker 1889 [nomen dubium], Cryptosaurus Seeley 1875 [nomen dubium], Heishansaurus Bohlin 1953 [nomen dubium], Hierosaurus Wieland 1909 [nomen dubium], Palaeoscincus Leidy 1856 [nomen dubium], Palaeoscincus costatus Leidy 1856 [nomen dubium], Polacanthidae Wieland 1911 [empty], Polacanthoides Nopcsa 1928 [nomen dubium], Priconodon Marsh 1888 [nomen dubium], Priodontognathus Seeley 1875 [nomen dubium], Rhadinosaurus Seeley 1881 [nomen dubium], Rhodanosaurus Nopcsa 1929 [nomen dubium], Stegosaurus madagascariensis Piveteau 1926 [nomen dubium], Tianchiasaurus Dong 1993 [nomen dubium], Zhejiangosaurus Lü et al. 2007 [nomen dubium]

G. †Emausaurus Haubold 1990

†Emausaurus ernsti Haubold 1990

G. †Jakapil Riguetti et al. 2022

†Jakapil kaniukura Riguetti et al. 2022

G. †Scelidosaurus Owen 1859

†Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen 1861

G. †Scutellosaurus Colbert 1981

†Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert 1981

Unr. †Stegosauria Marsh 1877

G. †Adratiklit Maidment et al. 2020

†Adratiklit boulahfa Maidment et al. 2020

G. †Baiyinosaurus Li et al. 2024

†Baiyinosaurus baojiensis Li et al. 2024

G. †Bashanosaurus Hui et al. 2022

†Bashanosaurus primitivus Hui et al. 2022

G. †Deltapodus Whyte and Romano 1995

†Deltapodus brodricki Whyte and Romano 1995

†Deltapodus curriei Xing et al. 2013

†Deltapodus ibericus Cobos and Royo-Torres 2010

G. †Euskelesaurus Huxley 1866

G. †Garbina Salisbury et al. 2016

†Garbina roeorum Salisbury et al. 2016

G. †Huayangosaurus Dong et al. 1982

†Huayangosaurus taibaii Dong et al. 1982

G. †Isaberrysaura Salgado et al. 2017

†Isaberrysaura mollensis Salgado et al. 2017

G. †Kentrosaurus Hennig 1915

†Kentrosaurus aethiopicus Hennig 1915

Invalid names: Doryphorosaurus Nopcsa 1916 [synonym], Kentrurosaurus Hennig 1916 [synonym]

G. †Luluichnus Salisbury et al. 2016

†Luluichnus mueckei Salisbury et al. 2016

G. †Paranthodon Nopcsa 1929

†Paranthodon africanus Broom 1912

Invalid names: Paranthodon owenii Nopcsa 1929 [synonym], Paranthodon owenii Nopcsa 1929 [synonym]

G. †Stegopodus Lockley and Hunt 1998

†Stegopodus czerkasi Lockley and Hunt 1998

Fm. †Stegosauridae Marsh 1880

G. †Changdusaurus Zhao 1985

Subfm. †Dacentrurinae Olshevsky and Ford 1993

G. †Hesperosaurus Carpenter et al. 2001

Subfm. †Huayangosaurinae Dong et al. 1982

G. †Jiangjunosaurus Jia et al. 2007

G. †Loricatosaurus Maidment et al. 2008

G. †Mongolostegus Tumanova and Alifanov 2018

G. †Priodontosaurus Romer 1966

G. †Sauraechmodon

G. †Stegosaurus Marsh 1877

Invalid names: Diracodon Marsh 1881 [synonym], Hypsirophus Cope 1878 [synonym], Wuerhosaurus Dong 1973 [synonym]

G. †Yingshanosaurus Zhou 1986

Invalid names: Hypsirhophidae Cope 1891 [synonym], Kentrosaurinae Nopcsa 1923 [empty], Kentrurosaurinae Nopcsa 1923 [empty], Lexovisaurus Hoffstetter 1957 [nomen dubium], Omosauridae Lydekker 1888 [synonym], Scelidosaurinae Nopcsa 1923 [empty], Siamodracon Ulansky 2014 [nomen dubium], Stegosaurinae Nopcsa 1917 [empty], Wuerhosaurus mongoliensis Ulansky 2014 [nomen dubium]

G. †Tuojiangosaurus Dong et al. 1977

†Tuojiangosaurus multispinus Dong et al. 1977

G. †Yanbeilong Jia et al. 2024

†Yanbeilong ultimus Jia et al. 2024

Invalid names: Amargastegos Ulansky 2014 [nomen dubium], Chialingosaurus Young 1959 [nomen dubium], Chialingosaurus kuani Young 1959 [nomen dubium], Craterosaurus Seeley 1874 [nomen dubium], Eoplophysis Ulansky 2014 [nomen dubium], Ferganastegos Ulansky 2014 [nomen dubium], Huayangosauridae Dong et al. 1982 [empty], Lexovisaurus durobrivensis Hulke 1887 [nomen dubium], Monkonosaurus Zhao 1986 [nomen dubium], Omosaurus leedsi Seeley 1901 [nomen dubium], Regnosaurus Mantell 1848 [nomen dubium], Rigalitidae Kuhn 1961 [empty], Saldamosaurus Ulansky 2014 [nomen dubium], Wuerhosaurus ordosensis Dong 1994 [nomen dubium]

Infraor. †Stegosauromorpha Cooper 1985

Invalid names: Ankylosauroidea Huene 1914 [empty]

Subor. †Thyreophoroidea Nopcsa 1928

Unr. †Eurypoda Sereno 1986

Invalid names: Ankylosauromorpha Carpenter 2001 [empty]

G. †Yuxisaurus Yao et al. 2022

†Yuxisaurus kopchicki Yao et al. 2022

Invalid names: Andhrasaurus Ulansky 2014 [nomen dubium], Bienosaurus Dong 2001 [nomen dubium], Bienosaurus lufengensis Dong 2001 [nomen dubium], Lusitanosaurus Lapparent and Zbyszewski 1957 [nomen dubium], Lusitanosaurus liasicus Lapparent and Zbyszewski 1957 [nomen dubium], Omosaurus hastiger Owen 1877 [nomen dubium], Peishansaurus Bohlin 1953 [nomen dubium], Scelidosauria Seeley 1892 [empty], Scelidosauridae Cope 1869 [empty], Scelidosaurus arizonensis Ulansky 2014 [nomen dubium], Sinopeltosaurus Ulansky 2014 [nomen dubium], Stegosaurides Bohlin 1953 [nomen dubium], Tatisaurus Simmons 1965 [nomen dubium], Taveirosaurus Antunes and Sigogneau-Russell 1991 [nomen dubium]

G. †Gregaripus Weems 1987

†Gregaripus bairdi Weems 1987

G. †Gyrotrisauropus Ellenberger 1970

†Gyrotrisauropus planus Ellenberger 1970

Fm. †Heterodontosauridae Romer 1966 [heterodontosaurid]

G. †Echinodon Owen 1861

†Echinodon becklesii Owen 1861

Subfm. †Heterodontosaurinae Sereno 2012

G. †Abrictosaurus Hopson 1975

†Abrictosaurus consors Thulborn 1974

G. †Fruitadens Butler et al. 2010

†Fruitadens haagarorum Butler et al. 2010

G. †Heterodontosaurus Crompton and Charig 1962

†Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton and Charig 1962

G. †Lycorhinus Haughton 1924

†Lycorhinus angustidens Haughton 1924

Invalid names: Lanasaurus scalpridens Gow 1975 [synonym]

†Lycorhinus parvidens Broom

Invalid names: Lanasaurus Gow 1975 [synonym]

G. †Manidens Pol et al. 2011

†Manidens condorensis Pol et al. 2011

G. †Pegomastax Sereno 2012

†Pegomastax africanus Sereno 2012

Invalid names: Geranosaurus Broom 1911 [nomen dubium], Geranosaurus atavus Broom 1911 [nomen dubium], Lycorhinidae Thulborn 1971 [synonym]

G. †Komlosaurus Kordos 1983

†Komlosaurus carbonis Kordos 1983

G. †Krzyzanowskisaurus Heckert 2005

†Krzyzanowskisaurus hunti Heckert 2002

G. †Laquintasaura Barrett et al. 2014

†Laquintasaura venezuelae Barrett et al. 2014

G. †Lesothosaurus Galton 1978

†Lesothosaurus diagnosticus Galton 1978

Invalid names: Stormbergia dangershoeki Butler 2005 [synonym]

G. †Ligabueichnium Leonardi 1984

†Ligabueichnium bolivianum Leonardi 1984

G. †Minisauripus Zhen et al. 1994

†Minisauripus chuanzhuensis Zhen et al. 1994

†Minisauripus zhenshuonani Lockley et al. 2008

Unr. †Neornithischia Cooper 1985

Fm. †Jeholosauridae Han et al. 2012

G. †Jeholosaurus Xu et al. 2000

†Jeholosaurus shangyuanensis Xu et al. 2000

G. †Kulindapteryx Alifanov and Saveliev 2014

†Kulindapteryx ukureica Alifanov and Saveliev 2014

G. †Kulindadromeus Godefroit et al. 2014

†Kulindadromeus zabaikalicus Godefroit et al. 2014

G. †Minimocursor Manitkoon et al. 2023

†Minimocursor phunoiensis Manitkoon et al. 2023

G. †Sanxiasaurus Hu Dai et al. 2019

†Sanxiasaurus modaoxiensis Hu Dai et al. 2019

G. †Stormbergia Butler 2005

Fm. †Thescelosauridae Sternberg 1937

G. †Haya Makovicky et al. 2011

†Haya griva Makovicky et al. 2011

Subfm. †Orodrominae Brown et al. 2013

G. †Albertadromeus Brown et al. 2013

†Albertadromeus syntarsus Brown et al. 2013

G. †Koreanosaurus Huh et al. 2011

†Koreanosaurus boseongensis Huh et al. 2011

G. †Orodromeus Horner and Weishampel 1988

†Orodromeus makelai Horner and Weishampel 1988

G. †Oryctodromeus Varricchio et al. 2007

†Oryctodromeus cubicularis Varricchio et al. 2007

G. †Zephyrosaurus Sues 1980

†Zephyrosaurus schaffi Sues 1980

Subfm. †Thescelosaurinae Sternberg 1940

G. †Fona Avrahami et al. 2024

†Fona herzogae Avrahami et al. 2024

G. †Nevadadromeus Bonde et al. 2022

†Nevadadromeus schmitti Bonde et al. 2022

G. †Notohypsilophodon Martínez 1998

†Notohypsilophodon comodorensis Martínez 1998

G. †Parksosaurus Sternberg 1937

†Parksosaurus warreni Parks 1926

G. †Yandusaurus He 1979

†Yandusaurus hongheensis He 1979

Invalid names: Neornithopoda Norman 1984 [empty]

G. †Pisanosaurus Casamiquela 1967

†Pisanosaurus mertii Casamiquela 1967

Unr. †Predentata Marsh 1894

Invalid names: Orbitoscuta Bakker 1986 [empty]

G. †Tacuarembovum Mones 1980

†Tacuarembovum oblongum Mones 1980

Invalid names: Alocodon Thulborn 1975 [nomen dubium], Amtosaurus Kurzanov and Tumanova 1978 [nomen dubium], Enoplosauria Swinton 1970 [empty], Fabrosaurus Ginsburg 1964 [nomen dubium], Heterodontosauriformes Xu et al. 2006 [empty], Lesothosauria Olshevsky 1991 [empty], Omosauria Seeley 1887 [synonym], Orthopoda Cope 1866 [synonym], Trimucrodon Thulborn 1975 [nomen dubium]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
E. D. Cope 1869 (Orthopoda)	Proximal tarsal bones distinct from each other and from the tibia, articulating with a tibia and with a terminal face of a well developed fibula. The ilium with a massive narrowed anterior prolongation.
K. A. v. Zittel 1890 (Orthopoda)	Zwischenkiefer zahnlos oder nur seitlich mit Zähnen besetzt. Unterkiefer mit einem zahnlosen Symphysenbein (Praedentale). Zähne blattförmig, zusammengedrückt, am Vorder- und Hinterrand meist schief oder parallel der Längsaxe gezackt, bei längerem Gebrauch abgekaut. Nasenlöcher sehr gross, weit vorne. Prae orbitale Oeffnung klein oder fehlend. Wirbel massiv, opisthocöl, platycöl oder amphicöl. Schambeine entweder nach unten und vorn gerichtet, distal verbreitert und in der Symphyse verbunden (Ceratopsia) oder aus einem kurzen, frei nach vorn gerichteten Fortsatz und einem langen, dem Ischium parallelen Postpubis bestehend (Stegosauria, Ornithopoda). Extremitätenknochen hohl (Ornithopoda) oder massiv (Stegosauria, Ceratopsia). Vorderbeine meist sehr kurz, so dass der Körper beim Gehen von den langen Hinterbeinen getragen wird. Füsse digitigrad (Ornithopoda) oder plantigrad (Stegosauria, Ceratopsia). Hinterfüsse in der Regel mit drei, seltener mit vier functionirenden Zehen. Hautskelet sehr stark entwickelt (Stegosauria) oder fehlend {Ornithopoda).
H. Gadow 1898 (Orthopoda)	Each pubis consisting of an anterior (prepubis) and a posterior (postpubis) arm, without symphyses. Premaxilla without teeth, and with a predentary edentulous piece. Herbivorous.
H. Gadow 1901 (Orthopoda)	Each pubic bone consists of an anterior or pre-pubic and a posterior or post-pubic branch, neither of which forms a symphysis. Premaxillae without teeth. With a premandibular predentary piece. Herbivorous.
B. F. Nopcsa 1901 (Orthopoda)	Intermaxillare rendesen fogatlan: alsó állkapocs praedentaléval. A fogak levélalaknak, fürészelt élüek, hosszabb használat után rágó felülettel. Orrlyukak nagyok, igen elöl fekszenek, Praeorbitalis nyílás kicsiny vagy hiányzik; opistocöl, platicöl vagy amphicöl csigolyák. Erös processus pectinealis. Pubis hátrafelé irányitott, nagysága változó. Lábszárcsontok üresek vagy tömörek. Lábuk plantigrad vagy digitigrad. (Zittel szerint röviditve.) [Intermaxillary normally toothless: lower jaw with predentary. The teeth are leaf-shaped, saw-edged, with a chewing surface after prolonged use. Nasal holes large, very frontal, Preorbital opening small or missing; opistocoelous, platicoelous or amphicoelous vertebrae. Strong processus pectinealis. Pubis directed backwards, its size variable. Tibia hollow or solid. Their legs are plantigrade or digitigrade. (Abbreviated according to Zittel.)]
R. S. Lull 1924	The distinguishing feature of this order of predentate or beaked dinosaurs lies in the tetraradiate pelvis, in which the pubis has two branches, a forwardly directed prepubis, and a slender postpubis, varying in its development in the different families, but lying approximately parallel with the ischium. A further distinction is the direct outcome of their herbivorous mode of life, in that the teeth are confined almost entirely to the posterior part of the mouth, maxillaries and dentaries, while with but two known exceptions (Hypsilophodon and Protoceratops, see below) the premaxillae are toothless. The two rami of the mandible are united by a toothless symphyseal bone, the predentary. The Ceratopsia have in addition a rostral bone above in front of the premaxillaries. The anterior or prehensile part of the mouth was sheathed by a leathery or horny beak. The crowns of the teeth are generally more or less leaf-shaped, and the cutting surface faced inward in the upper jaws and outward in the lower. The anterior nares are very large and lateral in position, while the antorbital fenestrae are small, sometimes wanting; vertebral centra generally solid, opistho-, amphi- to platycoelous ; limb bones hollow or solid; digitigrade or semiplantigrade feet, generally depressed unguals, sometimes hoof-like; astragalus without ascending process; dermal skeleton sometimes very strongly developed, sometimes lacking; Upper Trias to Uppermost Cretaceous.
B. F. Nopcsa 1928 (Orthopoda)	predentary bone on mandibular symphysis; pubes rotated backward; pubic protuberance of ilium short; never rapacious
E. Perrier 1928 (Orthopoda)	Pubis présentant une branche antérieure (prépubis) et une branche postérieure (post-pubis), l'une et l'autre non réunies à leur congénère; prémaxillaires sans dents, mais avec une pièce préhensile prémandibulaire. Dents foliacées, disposées longitudinalement et dentées. Herbivores.
F. v. Huene 1948	Probably originating from Chirotherioidea. Pubis bent backwards, pre-pubis new formation. Therefore, it can be concluded from the musculature (pubo-ischio-femoralis externus), that the body was vigorously pushed forwards and this results in an accelerated locomotion i.e. a protection from enemies. Herbivorous animals. Premaxilla without teeth (with one exception); prerostral and predental are new dermal bones; preorbit small or absent; teeth more or less spatuliform; mandible with coronoid process; about 10 cervicals, numerous sacrals; often calcified dorsal tendons; often elongated lower arm; manus with 5 fingers; ilium with very long anterior spine, often antitrochanter; ischium with long peduncle; narrow pubis parallel to it, but of varying length; tibia not shorter than femur; pes digitigrad or secondarily plantigrade; two sternal plates; often armoured. Upper Triassic to Upper Cretaceous.
M. R. Cooper 1985	Herbivorous ornithischiformes with wear facets to the cheek teeth, an opisthopubic pelvis, a supraorbital element, a predentary bone to the mandible, an inturned head to the femur, and a pendent 4th trochanter.
S. J. Nesbitt 2011	The most inclusive clade containing Triceratops horridus Marsh, 1889, but not Passer domesticus Linnaeus, 1758, or Saltasaurus loricatus Bonaparte and Powell, 1980

Measurements

No measurements are available

Age range: base of the Tuvalian to the top of the Maastrichtian or 233.60000 to 66.00000 Ma

Collections (4746 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Carnian	237.0 - 227.3	Italy (Liguria)	Anomoepus sp. (68780)
Carnian	237.0 - 227.3	Morocco (Marrakech-Safi)	Anomoepus moghrebensis (34701)
Carnian	237.0 - 227.3	USA (New Mexico)	Ornithischia indet. (83736) Revueltosaurus hunti (223084)
Carnian	237.0 - 227.3	India (Madhya Pradesh)	Ornithischia indet. (105292 173722 207798)
Carnian	237.0 - 227.3	Italy (Toscana)	Ornithischia indet. (68779)
Late/Upper Triassic	237.0 - 201.4	USA (New Jersey)	Anomoepus intermedius (91694)
Late/Upper Triassic	237.0 - 201.4	USA (Utah)	Eoanomoepus latus (219952)
Late/Upper Triassic	237.0 - 201.4	China (Shaanxi)	Shenmuichnus sp. (126538)
Tuvalian	233.6 - 227.3	Argentina (La Rioja)	Pisanosaurus mertii (26452)
Tuvalian - Lacian	233.6 - 215.38	Italy (Veneto)	Ornithischia indet. (68833)
Youngest occurrences
Time interval	Ma	Country or state	PBDB collection number
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Mongolia (Omnogov)	Ankylosauria indet. (168988) Ankylosauria indet., Hadrosauridae indet. (168417) Ankylosauria indet., Saurolophus angustirostris, Hadrosauridae indet. (127674) Ankylosauria indet., Saurolophus sp., Spheroolithidae indet., Pachycephalosauria indet. (55257) Ankylosauria indet., Spheroolithidae indet., Pachycephalosauridae indet., Saurolophus sp. (127681) Ankylosauridae indet. (37006 38698 38700 180299 206054 206057) Ankylosauridae indet., Hadrosauridae indet. (100273 100275) Ankylosauridae indet., Pachycephalosauria indet., Hadrosauridae indet. (127670) Ankylosauridae indet., Saurolophus sp. (100268) Ankylosauridae indet., Saurolophus sp., Hadrosauridae indet. (100266) Bagaceratops sp., Protoceratopsidae indet. (168983) Dinosauria indet. (37010 59087 165580) Dyoplosaurus giganteus, Saurolophus angustirostris (53227) Dyoplosaurus sp. (38699) Hadrosauridae indet. (126783 126786 126787 126788 126789 126790 126791) Homalocephale calathocercos, Pachycephalosauridae indet. (37019) Ornithischia indet. (180473) Ovaloolithidae indet. (65345) Pachycephalosauria indet. (127675) Pachycephalosauria indet., Hadrosauridae indet. (127679 168810) Pachycephalosauridae indet. (180706) Protoceratopsidae indet., Ankylosauria indet. (55258) Protoceratopsidae indet., Saurolophus angustirostris (37020) Saurolophus angustirostris (38021 127671 180702 180703) Saurolophus angustirostris, Dyoplosaurus giganteus (179625) Saurolophus angustirostris, Hadrosauridae indet. (180786) Saurolophus angustirostris, Spheroolithus sp. (65335) Saurolophus sp. (127682 168809 180710 220943) Spheroolithidae indet. (108344) Tarchia tumanovae (226994)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Mexico (Coahuila)	Ceratopsidae indet. (46147) Hadrosauridae indet. (53915)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Argentina (Chubut)	Ankylosauria indet., Hadrosauroidea indet. (166583) Hadrosauridae indet. (191131) Notoceratops bonarelli (46148)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	China (Guangdong)	Hadrosauridae indet. (71854) Hadrosauropodus nanxiongensis (101462) Hadrosauropodus sp. (101484) Microhadrosaurus nanshiungensis (187119) Nodosauridae indet. (71855) Oolithes spheroides (71865)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Mongolia	Ankylosauridae indet. (206055)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (New Jersey)	Ankylosauria indet. (167743) Ankylosauria indet., Hadrosaurus sp. (57915) Edmontosaurus minor, Lambeosaurinae indet. (26818) Hadrosauridae indet. (78124 129265 167631 167741 167746) Hadrosauridae indet., Hadrosaurus minor (53054) Hadrosaurus cavatus (53122)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Wyoming)	Edmontonia sp. (225939) Nodosauridae indet., Ceratopsia indet., Camptosauridae indet. (165881) Ornithischia indet. (165886) Ornithopoda indet. (69889) Triceratops sp. (225318 225319)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	France (Occitanie)	Cairanoolithus dughii (226213)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (California)	Hadrosauridae indet. (24845 55360)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian - Danian	72.2 - 61.66	Slovenia (Obalno-Kraska)	Iguanodontidae indet., Ornithopoda indet., Hadrosauridae indet. (67198)