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Elephantoidea
Taxonomy
Elephantoidea was named by Gray (1821). It is extant. Its type is Elephantidae.
It was reranked as the suborder Elephantoidea by Simpson (1945); it was reranked as the infraorder Elephantoidea by Lambert and Shoshani (1998).
It was assigned to Proboscidea by McKenna and Bell (1997); to Proboscidea by Geraads et al. (2005); to Elephantida by Shoshani and Tassy (2005), Shoshani et al. (2006); to Proboscidea by Osborn (1921), Osborn (1936), Simpson (1945), Paula Couto (1956), McKenna (1975), Mahboubi et al. (1984), Hautier et al. (2009); and to Elephantiformes by Lambert and Shoshani (1998), Sanders (1999), Sanders and Miller (2002), Sanders (2007), Christiansen (2007), Sanders et al. (2010).
It was reranked as the suborder Elephantoidea by Simpson (1945); it was reranked as the infraorder Elephantoidea by Lambert and Shoshani (1998).
It was assigned to Proboscidea by McKenna and Bell (1997); to Proboscidea by Geraads et al. (2005); to Elephantida by Shoshani and Tassy (2005), Shoshani et al. (2006); to Proboscidea by Osborn (1921), Osborn (1936), Simpson (1945), Paula Couto (1956), McKenna (1975), Mahboubi et al. (1984), Hautier et al. (2009); and to Elephantiformes by Lambert and Shoshani (1998), Sanders (1999), Sanders and Miller (2002), Sanders (2007), Christiansen (2007), Sanders et al. (2010).
Subtaxa
Elephantidae (type family), Loxodontinae, Mammontinae, Mammutoidea, Paratetralophodon, Stegodontidae
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1821 | Elephantoidea Gray |
| 1921 | Elephantoidea Osborn p. 3 |
| 1936 | Elephantoidea Osborn p. 25 |
| 1945 | Elephantoidea Simpson |
| 1956 | Elephantoidea Paula Couto p. 105 |
| 1975 | Elephantoidea McKenna p. 43 |
| 1984 | Elephantoidea Mahboubi et al. p. 543 |
| 1997 | Elephantoidea McKenna and Bell p. 500 |
| 1998 | Elephantoidea Lambert and Shoshani p. 608 |
| 1999 | Elephantoidea Sanders p. 793 |
| 2002 | Elephantoidea Sanders and Miller p. 389 |
| 2005 | Elephantoidea Geraads et al. p. 526 |
| 2005 | Elephantoidea Shoshani and Tassy p. 9 figs. Table 2 |
| 2006 | Elephantoidea Shoshani et al. p. 17300 |
| 2007 | Elephantoidea Christiansen p. 427 |
| 2007 | Elephantoidea Sanders p. 2 |
| 2009 | Elephantoidea Hautier et al. p. 172 |
| 2010 | Elephantoidea Sanders et al. p. 185 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Superfm. Elephantoidea Gray 1821
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Fm. Elephantidae Gray 1821 [elephant]
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Subfm. Elephantinae Gray 1821
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Tr. Elephantini Gray 1821
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G. Elephas Linnaeus 1758 [elephant]
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Subg. †Elephas (Euelephas) Leidy 1858
Subg. Elephas (Loxodon) Müller and Henle 1838
†Elephas beyeri von Koenigswald 1956
†Elephas ekorensis Maglio 1970
†Elephas falconeri Busk 1867
†Elephas hysudricus Falconer and Cautley 1875
†Elephas hysudrindicus Dubois 1908
†Elephas jolensis Pomel 1895
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Invalid names: Archidiskodon broomi Osborn 1928 [synonym], Archidiskodon sheppardi Dart 1927 [synonym], Archidiskodon transvaalensis Dart 1927 [synonym]
†Elephas kiangnanensis Pei 1987
Elephas maximus Linnaeus 1758 [Asian elephant]
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Invalid names: Elephas asiaticus Blumenbach 1797 [synonym], Elephas gigas Perry 1811 [synonym]
†Elephas melitensis Falconer 1868
†Elephas moghrebiensis Arambourg 1970
†Elephas nawataensis Tassy 2003
†Elephas planifrons Falconer and Cautley 1846
†Elephas platycephalus Osborn 1929
†Elephas priscus Goldfuss 1821
Invalid names: Elephantus Geoffroy and Cuvier 1795 [objective synonym], Hesperoloxodon Osborn 1931 [synonym], Hypselephas Osborn 1942 [synonym], Leithadamsia Matsumoto 1927 [synonym], Omoloxodon Deraniyagala 1955 [synonym], Pilgrimia Osborn 1924 [synonym], Platelephas Osborn 1942 [synonym], Sivalikia Osborn 1924 [synonym], Stegoloxodon Kretzoi 1950 [synonym]
G. †Mammuthus Brookes 1828 [mammoth]
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†Mammuthus africanavus Arambourg 1952
†Mammuthus chosaricus Dubrovo 1966
†Mammuthus columbi Falconer 1857 [Columbian mammoth]
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Invalid names: Elephas eellsi Hay 1926 [synonym], Elephas floridanus Osborn 1929 [synonym], Elephas jacksoni Mather 1838 [synonym], Elephas jeffersonii Osborn 1922 [synonym], Elephas maibeni Barbour 1925 [synonym], Elephas roosevelti Hay 1922 [synonym], Elephas washingtonii Osborn 1923 [synonym], Mammuthus imperator Leidy 1858 [synonym], Parelephas progressus Osborn 1942 [synonym]
†Mammuthus creticus Bate 1907
†Mammuthus exilis Maglio 1970 [pygmy mammoth]
†Mammuthus hayi Barbour 1915
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Invalid names: Elephas haroldcooki Hay 1928 [synonym], Elephas scotti Barbour 1925 [synonym]
†Mammuthus lamarmorae Major 1883
†Mammuthus meridionalis Nesti 1825
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Invalid names: Archidiskodon nebrascensis Osborn 1932 [synonym], Archidiskodon scotti Barbour 1925 [synonym]
†Mammuthus paramammonteus Matsumoto 1959
†Mammuthus primigenius Blumenbach 1799 [wooly mammoth]
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Invalid names: Elephas boreus Hay 1924 [synonym]
†Mammuthus rumanus Ştefanescu 1924
†Mammuthus subplanifrons Osborn 1928
†Mammuthus weifangensis Jin 1983
†Mammuthus wusti Pavlow 1910
Invalid names: Archidiskodon Pohling 1888 [synonym], Parelephas Osborn 1924 [synonym]
Invalid names: Elephantina Gray 1825 [empty], Loxodontina Osborn 1918 [empty]
Tr. Loxodontini Osborn 1918
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G. Loxodonta Cuvier 1825 [African elephant]
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†Loxodonta adaurora Maglio 1970
Loxodonta africana Blumenbach 1797 [African bush elephant]
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Invalid names: Elephas africanus knochenhaueri Matschie 1900 [synonym], Elephas africanus oxyotis Matschie 1900 [synonym], Elephas capensis Cuvier 1798 [synonym]
†Loxodonta atlantica Pomel 1879
†Loxodonta cookei Sanders 2007
Loxodonta cyclotis Matschie 1900 [African forest elephant]
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Invalid names: Elephas africanus cottoni Lydekker 1908 [synonym], Elephas africanus fransseni Schouteden 1914 [synonym], Elephas africanus pumilio Noack 1906 [synonym]
†Loxodonta exoptata Dietrich 1941
Invalid names: Elephas africanus albertensis Lydekker 1907 [synonym]
G. †Primelephas Maglio 1970
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†Primelephas korotorensis Coppens 1965
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Invalid names: Primelephas gomphotheroides Maglio 1970 [synonym]
G. †Emmenodon Cope 1889
G. †Palaeoloxodon Matsumoto 1924
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†Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) cephallonicus Theodorou et al. 2018
†Elephas antiquus leonardii Aguirre 1969
†Elephas recki recki Dietrich 1915
†Loxodonta (Palaeoloxodon) tokunagai Matsumoto 1924
†Palaeoloxodon antiquus Falconer and Cautley 1847
†Palaeoloxodon creutzburgi Kuss 1965
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Invalid names: Elephas chaniensis Symeonidis et al. 2000 [synonym]
†Palaeoloxodon cypriotes Bate 1903
†Palaeoloxodon lomolinoi van der Geer et al. 2014
†Palaeoloxodon mnaidriensis Adamas 1874
†Palaeoloxodon namadicus Falconer 1846
†Palaeoloxodon naumanni Makiyama 1924
†Palaeoloxodon recki Dietrich 1915
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†Palaeoloxodon recki atavus Arambourg 1947
†Palaeoloxodon recki brumpti Beden 1980
†Palaeoloxodon recki ileretensis Beden 1987
†Palaeoloxodon tiliensis Theodorou et al. 2007
†Palaeoloxodon turkmenicus Dubrovo 1955
†Palaeoloxodon xylophagou Athanassiou 2015
G. †Stegodon Falconer 1857
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†Stegodon bombifrons Falconer 1847
†Stegodon elephantoides Clift 1829
†Stegodon florensis Hooijer 1957
†Stegodon ganesa Falconer and Cautley 1875
†Stegodon hypsilophus Hooijer 1954
†Stegodon kaisensis Hopwood 1939
†Stegodon luzonensis von Koenigswald 1956
†Stegodon mediterraneus Hooijer 1960
†Stegodon miensis Matsumoto 1941
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Invalid names: Stegodon shinshuensis Sawamura et al. 1979 [synonym]
†Stegodon mindanensis Naumann 1890
†Stegodon namadicus Biswas and Dassarma 1981
†Stegodon preorientalis Young 1938
†Stegodon rathiansis Sawar et al. 1985
†Stegodon sompoensis Hooijer 1964
†Stegodon sondaari van den Bergh 1999
†Stegodon sumbaensis Sartono 1979
†Stegodon syrticus Petrocchi 1943
†Stegodon trigonocephalus ngandongensis Osborn 1936
†Stegodon yuanmouensis You et al. 1978
†Stegodon zdanskyi Hopwood 1935
†Stegodon zhaotongensis Chow and Zhai 1962
G. †Stegotetrabelodon Petrocchi 1941
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†Stegotetrabelodon lybicus Petrocchi 1943
†Stegotetrabelodon orbus Maglio 1970
†Stegotetrabelodon syrticus Petrocchi 1941
Invalid names: Stegodontinae Osborn 1918 [empty], Stegotetrabelodontinae Aguirre 1969 [empty], Suina Gray 1825 [empty]
G. †Paratetralophodon Tassy 1983
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†Paratetralophodon exoletus Hopwood 1935
†Paratetralophodon hasnotensis Osborn 1929
Fm. †Stegodontidae Osborn 1918
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G. †Stegolophodon Pohlig 1888
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†Stegolophodon cautleyi Lydekker 1886
†Stegolophodon iravaticus Sein 2020
†Stegolophodon primitium Liu 1973
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Invalid names: Stegolophodon banguoensis Tang et al. 1974 [synonym], Stegotetrabelodon gomphotheroides Ji and Zhang 1997 [synonym], Stegotetrabelodon jiangyiensis Ji and Zhang 1997 [synonym]
†Stegolophodon pseudolatidens Yabe 1950
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Invalid names: Stegolophodon miyokoae Hatai 1959 [synonym]
†Stegolophodon sahabianus Petrocchi 1943
†Stegolophodon stegodontoides Pilgrim 1913
Invalid names: Loxodontinae Osborn 1921 [empty], Mammontinae Osborn 1921 [empty], Mammutoidea [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Nowak 1999, Ji et al. 2002, Lillegraven 1979, Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Late/Upper Oligocene to the top of the Holocene or 27.30000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 23.04 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 23.04 Ma
Collections (1411 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Late/Upper Oligocene | Pakistan (Baluchistan) | Elephantoidea indet. (179812 180591) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Pakistan (Baluchistan) | Elephantoidea indet. (180605) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Japan (Miyagi) | Stegolophodon miyokoae (13454) | |
| Miocene | North Macedonia | Elephantoidea indet. (197469 197470) | |
| Miocene - Pliocene | Mongolia | Serridentinus florescens (34486) | |
| Miocene - Pliocene | South Africa | Loxodonta sp., Stegodon sp., Stegolophodon sp. (22220) Mammuthus sp. (22228) Mammuthus subplanifrons (22229) | |
| Miocene - Pliocene | Uganda | Elephantidae indet. (22413) Loxodonta sp. (22394 22395 22408 22428 22433) Loxodonta sp., Stegodon kaisensis (22393) Mammuthus sp. (22344) Stegodon kaisensis (22418 22420 22437) Stegotetrabelodon sp. (22453 22454) Stegotetrabelodon sp., Primelephas gomphotheroides (22451) | |
| Neogene | Taiwan | Elephas sp. (76865) Stegodon sinensis (76863) | |
| Neogene | Taiwan (Tainan) | Elephas sp. (76866) | |
| Neogene | Taiwan (Taichung) | Stegodon insignis (76860) Stegodon insignis, Stegodon sinensis, Stegodon orientalis (76862) Stegodon orientalis (76861) | |
| Neogene | Greece (Kozani) | Stegodon sp. (202732) | |
| Neogene | Myanmar | Mastodon elephantoides, Elephas clifti, Elephas insignis (215569) | |
| Neogene | USA (West Virginia) | Mammuthus sp. (123931) | |
| Miocene - Pleistocene | South Africa | Mammuthus subplanifrons (22230) | |
| Miocene - Pleistocene | Ethiopia | Elephantidae indet. (22128) | |
| Burdigalian | Japan (Nagasaki) | Stegolophodon pseudolatidens (93879) | |
| Burdigalian | Japan | Stegolophodon pseudolatidens (93788 93875) | |
| Burdigalian | Japan (Hyogo) | Stegolophodon pseudolatidens (93784) | |
| Burdigalian | Japan (Ibaraki) | Stegolophodon pseudolatidens (93880 93881) | |
| Burdigalian | Japan (Toyama) | Stegolophodon pseudolatidens (93789 93876 93877) | |