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Taxonomy
Hominoidea was named by Gray (1825). It is extant.
It was assigned to Primates by Simons (1965), Andrews and Simons (1977), Leakey and Leakey (1986), Leakey and Leakey (1986), Begun (1992), Ishida et al. (1999); to Anthropoidea by Simons and Chopra (1969), Simons et al. (1987), Simons (1989), Conroy et al. (1992), Simons (1992), White et al. (1994), Schwartz et al. (1995), White et al. (1995), Simons (1997), Ward et al. (1999), Brunet et al. (2002), Chaimanee et al. (2003), Moyà-Solà et al. (2004), Chaimanee et al. (2004), Brown et al. (2004), Berger et al. (2010); and to Catarrhini by Carroll (1988), Kunimatsu (1997), Gebo et al. (1997), Begun (2002), Kelley (2002), Poux and Douzery (2004), Harrison and Andrews (2009), Harrison (2010), Zalmout et al. (2010), Alba et al. (2012), McNulty et al. (2015), Harrison (2016), Nengo et al. (2017), Gilbert et al. (2020).
It was assigned to Primates by Simons (1965), Andrews and Simons (1977), Leakey and Leakey (1986), Leakey and Leakey (1986), Begun (1992), Ishida et al. (1999); to Anthropoidea by Simons and Chopra (1969), Simons et al. (1987), Simons (1989), Conroy et al. (1992), Simons (1992), White et al. (1994), Schwartz et al. (1995), White et al. (1995), Simons (1997), Ward et al. (1999), Brunet et al. (2002), Chaimanee et al. (2003), Moyà-Solà et al. (2004), Chaimanee et al. (2004), Brown et al. (2004), Berger et al. (2010); and to Catarrhini by Carroll (1988), Kunimatsu (1997), Gebo et al. (1997), Begun (2002), Kelley (2002), Poux and Douzery (2004), Harrison and Andrews (2009), Harrison (2010), Zalmout et al. (2010), Alba et al. (2012), McNulty et al. (2015), Harrison (2016), Nengo et al. (2017), Gilbert et al. (2020).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1825 | Hominoidea Gray |
| 1965 | Hominoidea Simons p. 135 |
| 1969 | Hominoidea Simons and Chopra p. 2 |
| 1977 | Hominoidea Andrews and Simons |
| 1986 | Hominoidea Leakey and Leakey p. 143 |
| 1987 | Hominoidea Simons et al. p. 140 |
| 1988 | Hominoidea Carroll |
| 1989 | Hominoidea Simons p. 9956 |
| 1992 | Hominoidea Begun |
| 1992 | Hominoidea Conroy et al. |
| 1992 | Hominoidea Simons p. 10743 |
| 1994 | Hominoidea White et al. p. 306 |
| 1995 | Hominoidea Schwartz et al. p. 16 |
| 1995 | Hominoidea White et al. p. 88 |
| 1997 | Hominoidea Gebo et al. p. 404 |
| 1997 | Hominoidea Kunimatsu |
| 1997 | Hominoidea Simons p. 14970 |
| 1999 | Hominoidea Ishida et al. |
| 1999 | Hominoidea Ward et al. p. 1383 |
| 2002 | Hominoidea Begun |
| 2002 | Hominoidea Brunet et al. p. 145 |
| 2002 | Hominoidea Kelley |
| 2003 | Hominoidea Chaimanee et al. p. 62 |
| 2004 | Hominoidea Brown et al. p. 1055 |
| 2004 | Hominoidea Chaimanee et al. p. 439 |
| 2004 | Hominoidea Moyà-Solà et al. p. 1339 |
| 2004 | Hominoidea Poux and Douzery |
| 2009 | Hominoidea Harrison and Andrews p. 481 |
| 2010 | Hominoidea Berger et al. p. 195 |
| 2010 | Hominoidea Harrison |
| 2010 | Hominoidea Zalmout et al. pp. Supp. 4 figs. Table 2 |
| 2012 | Hominoidea Alba et al. |
| 2015 | Hominoidea McNulty et al. |
| 2016 | Hominoidea Harrison |
| 2017 | Hominoidea Nengo et al. |
| 2020 | Hominoidea Gilbert et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Superfm. Hominoidea Gray 1825 [ape]
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G. †Ekembo McNulty et al. 2015
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†Ekembo heseloni Walker et al. 1933
†Ekembo nyanzae Le Gros Clark and Leakey 1950
Fm. Hominidae Gray 1825 [ape]
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Subfm. †Dryopithecinae
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Tr. †Afropithecini Andrews 1992
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Tr. †Kenyapithecini
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G. †Limnopithecus Hopwood 1933
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†Limnopithecus evansi MacInnes 1943
†Limnopithecus legetet Hopwood 1933
G. †Udabnopithecus Burchak-Abramovich and Gabashvili 1945
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†Udabnopithecus garedziensis Burtshak and Gabashvili 1945
G. Gorilla Geoffroy 1852 [gorilla]
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Gorilla beringei Matschie 1903 [mountain gorilla]
Gorilla gorilla Savage and Wyman 1847 [gorilla]
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Gorilla gorilla gorilla Savage and Wyman 1847 [western lowland gorilla]
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Invalid names: Gorilla (Pseudogorilla) ellioti Frechkop 1943 [synonym], Pseudogorilla mayema Elliot 1912 [synonym]
Gorilla gorilla graueri Matschie 1914 [eastern lowland gorilla]
Invalid names: Gorilla gigas Haeckel 1903 [synonym]
Invalid names: Gorilla beringei mikenensis Lönnberg 1917 [synonym], Gorilla gorilla rexpygmaeorum Schwarz 1927 [synonym], Pseudogorilla Elliot 1912 [synonym]
Tr. Hominina Gray 1825
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G. †Paranthropus Broom 1938 [australopithecine]
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†Paranthropus aethiopicus Arambourg and Coppens 1968
†Paranthropus boisei Leakey 1959
†Paranthropus robustus Broom 1938
Subfm. Homininae Gray 1825
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Tr. †Dryopithecini
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G. †Dryopithecus Lartet 1856
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Subg. †Dryopithecus (Rangwapithecus) Andrews 1974
†Dryopithecus chinjiensis Pilgrim 1915
†Dryopithecus fontani Lartet 1856
†Dryopithecus mogharensis Fourtau 1918
Invalid names: Indopithecus von Koenigswald 1949 [synonym], Rangwapithecus (Ataxopithecus) Kretzoi 1984 [invalid subgroup], Rudapithecus Kretzoi 1969 [synonym]
Tr. †Graecopithecini Cameron 1997
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G. †Graecopithecus von Koenigswald 1972
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†Graecopithecus freybergi von Koenigswald 1972
Invalid names: Ouranopithecus de Bonis and Melentis 1977 [synonym]
Tr. Hominini Gray 1825
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G. †Ardipithecus White et al. 1995
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†Ardipithecus kadabba Haile-Selassie et al. 2004
†Ardipithecus ramidus White et al. 1994
G. †Australopithecus Dart 1925 [australopithecine]
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†Australopithecus afarensis Johanson et al. 1978
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Invalid names: Homo antiquus Ferguson 1984 [synonym], Praeanthropus afarensis Strait and Grine 2004 [synonym], Praeanthropus africanus Weinert 1950 [synonym]
†Australopithecus africanus Dart 1925
†Australopithecus anamensis Ward et al. 1999
†Australopithecus deyiremeda Haile-Selassie et al. 2015
†Australopithecus garhi Asfaw et al. 1999
†Australopithecus sediba Berger et al. 2010
Invalid names: Paraustralopithecus Arambourg and Coppens 1967 [synonym], Plesianthropus Broom 1938 [synonym], Zinjanthropus Leakey 1959 [synonym]
G. Homo Linnaeus 1758 [human]
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†Homo antecessor Bermudez de Castro 1997
†Homo floresiensis Brown et al. 2004 [hobbit]
†Homo georgicus Gabounia et al. 2002
†Homo habilis Leakey et al. 1964
†Homo heidelbergensis Schoetensack 1908
†Homo helmei Dreyer 1935
†Homo naledi Berger et al. 2015
†Homo neanderthalensis King 1864 [Neanderthal]
†Homo njarasensis Reck and Kohl-Larsen 1936
†Homo rhodesiensis Woodward 1921
†Homo rudolfensis Alexeev 1986
Homo sapiens Linnaeus 1758 [human]
Invalid names: Africanthropus Dreyer 1935 [synonym], Atlanthropus Arambourg 1954 [synonym], Bimanes Gray 1821 [invalid subgroup], Cyphanthropus Pycraft 1928 [synonym], Kenyanthropus Leakey 2001 [synonym], Pithecanthropus Dubois 1894 [synonym], Protanthropus Haeckel 1895 [synonym], Sinanthropus Black 1927 [synonym], Tchadanthropus Coppens 1965 [synonym], Telanthropus Broom and Anderson 1949 [synonym]
Subtr. Panina Delson 1977
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G. Pan Oken 1816 [chimpanzee]
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Invalid names: Anthropopithecus de Blainville 1839 [synonym], Bonobo Tratz and Heck 1954 [synonym], Chimpansee Voigt 1831 [synonym], Engeco Haeckel 1866 [synonym], Fsihego De Pauw 1905 [synonym], Hylanthropus Gloger 1841 [synonym], Mimetes Leach 1820 [synonym], Pongo Haeckel 1866 [synonym], Pseudanthropos Reichenbach 1862 [synonym], Theranthropus Brookes 1828 [synonym], Troglodytes Geoffroy 1812 [replaced]
Invalid names: Gorillini Hürzeler 1968 [empty]
G. †Lufengpithecus Wu 1987
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†Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis Woo 1957
†Lufengpithecus lufengensis Xu et al. 1978
Subfm. Ponginae Elliot 1913
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Tr. †Hispanopithecini Cameron 1997
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G. †Hispanopithecus Villalta and Crusafont-Pairó 1955
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Subg. †Hispanopithecus (Hispanopithecus) Villalta and Crusafont-Pairó 1944
G. †Khoratpithecus Chaimanee et al. 2004
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†Khoratpithecus ayeyarwadyensis Jaeger et al. 2011
†Khoratpithecus chiangmuanensis Chaimanee et al. 2003
†Khoratpithecus piriyai Chaimanee et al. 2004
Tr. Pongini
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G. Pongo Lacépède 1799 [orangutan]
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Pongo abelii Lesson 1827 [Sumatran orangutan]
†Pongo hooijeri Schwartz et al. 1995
Pongo pygmaeus Linnaeus 1760 [Bornean orangutan]
Pongo tapanuliensis Nater et al. 2017
Tr. †Sivapithecini
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G. †Sivapithecus Pilgrim 1910
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†Sivapithecus parvada Kelley 1988
†Sivapithecus punjabicus Pilgrim 1910
†Sivapithecus simsoni Kay 1982
Invalid names: Ankarapithecus Ozansoy 1965 [synonym], Palaeopithecus Lydekker 1879 [nomen dubium], Ramapithecus Lewis 1934 [synonym], Sivapithecus sivalensis Lydekker 1879 [nomen dubium]
Invalid names: Ramapithecidae Simonetta 1957 [invalid subgroup], Ramapithecinae Simonetta 1957 [invalid subgroup], Sivapithecinae [invalid subgroup]
Invalid names: Lufengpithecini Kelley 2002 [empty]
Subfm. †Preanthropinae Cela-Conde and Altaba 2002
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G. †Praeanthropus Senyurek 1955
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†Praeanthropus anamensis Leakey 1995
†Praeanthropus bahrelghazali Brunet 1996
†Praeanthropus garhi Asfaw 1999
†Praeanthropus tugenensis Senut 2001
Invalid names: Orrorin Senut 2001 [synonym]
Invalid names: Australopithecinae Gregory and Hellman 1939 [empty], Cercopithecina Gray 1825 [empty], Dryopithecidae [synonym], Homo troglodytes Linnaeus 1758 [nomen vanum], Oreopithecidae Schwalbe 1915 [synonym], Pongidae Elliot 1913 [synonym], Presbytina Gray 1825 [empty], Simiina Gray 1825 [empty]
Fm. Hylobatidae Gray 1870 [gibbon]
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G. Hoolock Mootnick and Groves 2005 [hoolock gibbon]
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Hoolock hoolock Harlan 1834 [western hoolock gibbon]
Hoolock leuconedys Groves 1967 [eastern hoolock gibbon]
Hoolock tianxing Fan et al. 2017 [Gaoligong hoolock gibbon]
G. Hylobates Illiger 1811
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Hylobates abbotti Kloss 1929 [Abbott's Müller's Bornean gibbon]
Hylobates agilis Cuvier 1821 [agile gibbon]
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Invalid names: Hylobates rafflesi Geoffroy 1828 [synonym], Hylobates unko Lesson 1840 [synonym]
Hylobates albibarbis Lyon 1911 [Bornean white-bearded gibbon]
Hylobates funereus Geoffroy 1850 [northern Müller's Bornean gibbon]
Hylobates klossii Miller 1903 [Kloss's gibbon]
Hylobates lar Linnaeus 1771 [lar gibbon]
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Hylobates lar carpenteri Groves 1968 [Carpenter's lar gibbon]
Hylobates lar entelloides Geoffroy 1842 [mainland lar gibbon]
Hylobates lar lar Linnaeus 1771 [Malayan lar gibbon]
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Invalid names: Pithecus variegatus Geoffroy 1812 [synonym], Simia albimana Vigors and Horsfield 1828 [synonym]
Hylobates lar yunnanensis Ma and Wang 1986 [Yunnan lar gibbon]
Hylobates lar vestitus Miller, Jr. 1942 [Sumatran lar gibbon]
Hylobates moloch Audebert 1797 [silvery Javan gibbon]
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Hylobates cinereus cinereus Latreille 1804
Invalid names: Hylobates leuciscus Schreber 1799 [synonym], Simia cinerea Latreille 1804 [synonym]
Hylobates muelleri Martin 1841 [eastern Müller's Bornean gibbon]
Hylobates pileatus Gray 1861 [pileated gibbon]
G. Nomascus Miller 1933
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Hylobates (Nomascus) gabriellae gabriellae Thomas 1909
Nomascus annamensis Van Ngoc Thinh et al. 2010
Nomascus concolor Harlan 1826 [black crested gibbon]
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Hylobates concolor concolor Harlan 1826
Hylobates concolor henrici de Pousargues 1896
Nomascus concolor concolor Harlan 1826
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Invalid names: Hylobates concolor furvogaster Ma and Wang 1986 [synonym]
Nomascus concolor lu Delacour 1951 [Laotian black crested gibbon]
Invalid names: Hylobates concolor jingdongensis Ma and Wang 1986 [synonym], Hylobates harlani Lesson 1827 [synonym], Hylobates niger Ogilby 1840 [synonym]
Nomascus gabriellae Thomas 1909 [yellow-cheeked gibbon]
Nomascus hainanus Thomas 1892 [Hainan black crested gibbon]
Nomascus leucogenys Ogilby 1840 [northern white-cheeked gibbon]
Nomascus nasutus Kunkel d'Herculais 1884 [eastern black crested gibbon]
Nomascus siki Delacour 1951 [southern white-cheeked gibbon]
G. Symphalangus Gloger 1941 [siamang]
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Hylobates syndactylus continentis Thomas 1908
Symphalangus syndactylus Raffles 1822 [siamang]
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Hylobates syndactylus syndactylus Raffles 1822
Invalid names: Siamanga syndactyla volzi Pohl 1911 [synonym]
Invalid names: Siamanga Gray 1843 [synonym]
Fm. †Proconsulidae Leakey 1963
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G. †Heliopithecus Andrews and Martin 1987
G. †Nyanzapithecus Harrison 1987
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†Nyanzapithecus alesi Nengo et al. 2017
†Nyanzapithecus harrisoni Kunimatsu 1997
†Nyanzapithecus pickfordi Harrison 1986
†Nyanzapithecus vancouveringorum Andrews 1974
G. †Proconsul Hopwood 1933
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†Proconsul africanus Hopwood 1933
†Proconsul gitongai Pickford and Kunimatsu 2005
†Proconsul major Le Gros Clark and Leakey 1950
†Proconsul meswae Harrison and Andrews 2009
Invalid names: Ugandapithecus Senut et al. 2000 [synonym]
Invalid names: Proconsulinae Leakey 1963 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: o = order, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Ji et al. 2002, Lillegraven 1979, Nowak 1999, Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Chattian to the top of the Holocene or 28.10000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 23.03 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 23.03 Ma
Collections (506 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Late/Upper Oligocene | Tanzania (Mbeya) | Rukwapithecus fleaglei (179687) | |
| Chattian | Kenya | Hominoidea indet. (27855) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Kenya | Kenyapithecus walkeri, Sivapithecus sp. (70808) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene - Middle Miocene | Uganda | Afropithecus turkanensis, Ugandapithecus sp. (28293) Hominoidea indet. (28292) | |
| Miocene | China (Yunnan) | Dryopithecus keiyuanensis (42483) | |
| MN 2 | Uganda | Proconsul major (21722) | |
| Burdigalian | Kenya | Afropithecus turkanensis (83629) Hominoidea indet. (27856) Hominoidea indet. B, Afropithecus turkanensis, Hominoidea indet. A (38060) Hominoidea indet., Proconsul major (27858) Proconsul heseloni (84800) Proconsul major, Limnopithecus evansi (87341) | |
| Burdigalian | South Africa (Namaqualand) | Kenyapithecus sp. (51190) | |
| Burdigalian | Uganda | Limnopithecus legetet (192070) | |
| Burdigalian | Kenya (Northern Frontier District) | Dryopithecus nyanzae (122454) | |
| Burdigalian | Kenya (Rusinga Island) | Kenyapithecus africanus (21357) | |
| Burdigalian | China (Jiangsu) | Hominoidea indet. (43400) | |
| MN 4 | Egypt | Dryopithecus mogharensis (53970) | |
| Langhian | Kenya | Dryopithecus sp., Kenyapithecus sp., Kenyapithecus africanus (22071) Hominidae indet., Proconsul major (22305) Kenyapithecus africanus, Ramapithecus wickeri, Limnopithecus legetet (22078) Kenyapithecus sp., Kenyapithecus africanus (22082) Limnopithecus legetet (22081) Nyanzapithecus pickfordi (22079) Proconsul vancouveringi, Kenyapithecus africanus, Kenyapithecus wickeri, Nyanzapithecus pickfordi, Limnopithecus legetet (22070) Proconsul vancouveringi, Ramapithecus wickeri, Limnopithecus legetet (22069) | |
| Langhian | Kenya (Nyanza) | Pongidae indet., Dryopithecus sp., Sivapithecus sp., Sivapithecus africanus, Ramapithecus wickeri (21339) Ramapithecus wickeri (21338) | |
| MN 5 | Turkey (Bursa) | Sivapithecus darwini, Ramapithecus wickeri (68547) | |
| Langhian - Serravallian | Kenya | Hominoidea indet. (22303) Kenyapithecus africanus (22304) Proconsul major (22273) | |
| Middle Miocene | Nepal | Sivapithecus punjabicus (48666) | |
| Middle Miocene | Kenya (Nachola) | Nyanzapithecus harrisoni (201479) | |
| Middle Miocene | Namibia | Otavipithecus namibiensis (201487) | |