PBDB Taxon

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Temnospondyli

Amphibia - Temnospondyli

Taxonomy

Temnospondyli was named by von Zittel (1887). It is not extant. It was considered monophyletic by Laurin et al. (2000).

It was reranked as the order Temnospondyli by Gadow (1898), Kuhn (1946), Romer (1947), Carroll (1967), Bolt (1969), Haubold (1971), Daly (1973), Carroll (1988), Murry (1989), Sumida et al. (1998) and Schoch and Milner (2000); it was reranked as the order Temnospondylia by Haubold (1974); it was reranked as the suborder Temnospondyli by Yates and Warren (2000); it was reranked as the subclass Temnospondyli by Shishkin et al. (2000); it was reranked as the unranked clade Temnospondyli by Gardiner (1982), Sequeira (2004) and Martens et al. (2005).

It was assigned to Stegocephala by Moodie (1909); to Stegocephali by von Zittel (1887) and Swinton (1934); to Stegocephalia by Kuhn (1946); to Labyrinthodontia by Romer (1947); to Labyrinthodontia by Carroll (1967), Bolt (1969), Haubold (1971), Daly (1973), Haubold (1974), Carroll (1988) and Murry (1989); to Choanata by Yates and Warren (2000); to Stegocephali by Gadow (1898) and Laurin et al. (2000); to Amphibia by Gauthier et al. (1989), Sumida et al. (1998), Schoch and Milner (2000), Shishkin et al. (2000) and Sepkoski (2002); to Tetrapoda by Gardiner (1982) and Sequeira (2004); and to Amphibia by Martens et al. (2005).

Subtaxa

Almasauroidea, Anthichnium, Archegosauriformes, Archegosauroidea, Arkanserpeton, Arkanserpeton arcuatum, Baropezia, Capetus, Colosteoidea, Edopoidea, Edopsoidea, Episcopopus, Eurycervix, Euskelia, Eutemnospondyli, Hemiprichisaurus, Hesperoherpeton, Hylopus, Ichthyostegalia, Labyrinthodon laniarius, Labyrinthodon pachygnathus, Labyrinthodon ventricosus, Limnarchia, Lissamphibia, Lysipterygiidae, Megapezia, Miobatrachus, Nanopus (syn. Allopus), Orthosauriscus, Otuminisaurus, Otuminisaurus limensis, Palaeosauropus (syn. Sauropus), Palatinerpeton, Petrophryne major, Phrynosuchus, Phrynosuchus whaitsi, Pleuronoura, Porierpeton, Ptychosphenodon, Ptychosphenodon browni, Rhinesuchoidea, Rileymillerus, Saharastega, Saurischiocomes, Saurischiocomes keuperinus, Syphonodon, Syphonodon thecomastodon, Temnocorpichnus, Zatrachys conchigerus

Sister taxa

Ichthyostegalia

Synonyms

Labyrinthodon pachygnathus was named by Owen (1841).

It was considered a nomen vanum by Welles and Cosgriff (1965).
Labyrinthodon ventricosus was named by Owen (1841).

It was considered a nomen vanum by Welles and Cosgriff (1965).
Labyrinthodon laniarius was named by Owen (1842). It is not extant.

It was considered a nomen vanum by Welles and Cosgriff (1965).
Saurischiocomes keuperinus was named by Kuhn (1939). It is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Baerecke-Limpricht clay pit, Halberstadt (bed 13), which is in a Rhaetian floodplain sandstone in the Trossingen Formation of Germany.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Joyce (2017).
Phrynosuchus was named by Broom (1913). It is not extant.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Schoch and Milner (2000) and Damiani and Rubidge (2003).
Phrynosuchus whaitsi was named by Broom (1913). Its type specimen is SAM 2357, a partial skeleton, and it is a 3D body fossil.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Schoch and Milner (2000) and Damiani and Rubidge (2003).
Petrophryne major was named by Owen (1876). It is not extant. Its type specimen is BMNH R4145, a partial skull.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Damiani and Rubidge (2003).
Ptychosphenodon was named by Seeley (1907). It is not extant. Its type is Ptychosphenodon browni.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Damiani and Rubidge (2003).
Ptychosphenodon browni was named by Seeley (1907). It is not extant. Its type specimen is BMNH R3503, a mandible. It is the type species of Ptychosphenodon.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Damiani and Rubidge (2003).
Syphonodon was named by Seeley (1908). It is not extant.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Damiani and Rubidge (2003).
Syphonodon thecomastodon was named by Seeley (1908). Its type specimen is BMNH R3609, a tooth, and it is a 3D body fossil.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Damiani and Rubidge (2003).
Hesperoherpeton was named by Peabody (1958). It is not extant. Its type is Hesperoherpeton garnettense.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Milner (1985).

It was assigned to Seymouriamorpha by Carroll et al. (1972).
Hesperoherpeton garnettense was named by Peabody (1958). Its type specimen is KUVP 9976 (neural arch) and is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Garnett Quarry, which is in a Missourian fine channel fill mudstone in the Stanton Formation of Kansas. It is the type species of Hesperoherpeton.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Schoch and Milner (2014).
Arkanserpeton arcuatum was named by Lane (1932). Its type specimen is KUVP 9973, a limb element, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Paris, Logan County, which is in a Kasimovian terrestrial coal/shale in the Allegheny Formation of Arkansas.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Schoch and Milner (2014).
Zatrachys conchigerus was named by Cope (1896). It is not extant. Its type locality is Coffee Creek, 34 (Arroyo Formation), which is in a Kungurian terrestrial claystone/sandstone in the Arroyo Formation of Texas.

It was considered a nomen vanum by Langston (1953); it was considered a nomen dubium by Schoch and Milner (2014).
Otuminisaurus was named by Rusconi (1948). It is not extant.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Marsicano (1996).

It was assigned to Archegosauridae by Rusconi (1948); and to Lydekkerinidae by Rusconi (1951).
Otuminisaurus limensis was named by Rusconi (1948). Its type specimen is MCNA 2500, specimen now lost, a partial skull, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Bajada de la Obligacion, Cerro Bayo, which is in a Carnian/Norian terrestrial siliciclastic in the Cacheuta Formation of Argentina.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Marsicano (1996).
Arkanserpeton was named by Lane (1932). It is not extant.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Schoch and Milner (2014).

It was assigned to Dissorophidae by Carroll (1988).
Saurischiocomes was named by Kuhn (1939).

It was considered a nomen dubium by Joyce (2017).

It was assigned to Testudinata by Kuhn (1939) and Kuhn (1964); to Testudines by Kuhn (1971); and to Proterochersidae by Carroll (1988).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1841	Labyrinthodon pachygnathus Owen
1841	Labyrinthodon ventricosus Owen
1842	Labyrinthodon laniarius Owen
1842	Labyrinthodon ventricosus Owen p. 191
1854	Labyrinthodon pachygnathus Mantell p. 753
1859	Labyrinthodon pachygnathus Owen p. 137
1859	Labyrinthodon ventricosus Owen p. 137
1861	Labyrinthodon ventricosus Owen p. 210
1861	Labyrinthodon pachygnathus Owen p. 212
1876	Petrophryne major Owen
1887	Temnospondyli von Zittel
1896	Zatrachys conchigerus Cope
1898	Temnospondyli Gadow p. 12
1902	Zatrachys conchigerus Hay p. 422
1907	Ptychosphenodon Seeley
1907	Ptychosphenodon browni Seeley
1908	Syphonodon Seeley
1908	Syphonodon thecomastodon Seeley
1909	Temnospondyli Moodie p. 39
1913	Phrynosuchus Broom
1913	Phrynosuchus whaitsi Broom
1925	Phrynosuchus whaitsi Haughton p. 258
1932	Arkanserpeton Lane
1932	Arkanserpeton arcuatum Lane p. 315
1934	Temnospondyli Swinton p. 78
1939	Saurischiocomes Kuhn p. 275
1939	Saurischiocomes keuperinus Kuhn p. 275 figs. Pl. 21:3-4; Pl. 2-:6
1942	Saurischiocomes keuperinus Kuhn p. 194
1946	Temnospondyli Kuhn p. 51
1947	Temnospondyli Romer p. 311
1948	Otuminisaurus Rusconi
1948	Otuminisaurus limensis Rusconi
1951	Otuminisaurus Rusconi
1958	Hesperoherpeton Peabody
1958	Hesperoherpeton garnettense Peabody
1964	Saurischiocomes Kuhn p. 325
1967	Temnospondyli Carroll p. 113
1969	Temnospondyli Bolt p. 888
1971	Temnospondyli Haubold p. 13
1971	Saurischiocomes Kuhn p. 10
1972	Hesperoherpeton Carroll et al. p. 21
1972	Hesperoherpeton garnettense Carroll et al. p. 43
1973	Temnospondyli Daly p. 568
1974	Temnospondylia Haubold p. 24
1982	Temnospondyli Gardiner p. 228
1988	Arkanserpeton Carroll
1988	Saurischiocomes Carroll
1988	Temnospondyli Carroll
1989	Temnospondyli Gauthier et al. p. 339
1989	Temnospondyli Murry p. 271
1998	Temnospondyli Sumida et al. p. 610
2000	Temnospondyli Laurin et al. p. 120 fig. 2b
2000	Temnospondyli Schoch and Milner
2000	Temnospondyli Shishkin et al. p. 40
2000	Temnospondyli Yates and Warren p. 79
2002	Temnospondyli Sepkoski
2004	Temnospondyli Sequeira p. 37
2005	Temnospondyli Martens et al.

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()

Rank	Name	Author
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
class	Amphibia
order	Temnospondyli	()
order	Temnospondyli	()

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Or. †Temnospondyli von Zittel 1887

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G. †Anthichnium Nopcsa 1923

†Anthichnium ichnops Nopcsa 1923

†Anthichnium obtusus Matthew 1904

†Anthichnium quadratum Matthew 1904

Unr. †Archegosauriformes Schoch and Milner 2000

Fm. †Actinodontidae Lydekker 1885

G. †Chelydosaurus Fritsch 1885

†Chelydosaurus marahomensis Verma 1962

†Chelydosaurus vranii Fritsch 1889

G. †Syndyodosuchus Konzhukova 1956

†Syndyodosuchus tetricus Konzhukova 1956

Fm. †Intasuchidae Konzhukova 1956

G. †Intasuchus Konzhukova 1956

†Intasuchus silvicola Konzhukova 1956

Superfm. †Archegosauroidea von Meyer 1857

Fm. †Archegosauridae von Meyer 1857

G. †Bashkirosaurus Gubin 1981

†Bashkirosaurus tcherdyncevi Gubin 1981

G. †Collidosuchus Gubin 1986

†Collidosuchus tchudinovi Gubin 1986

G. †Kashmirosaurus Werneburg and Schneider 1996

†Kashmirosaurus ornatus Woodward 1905

Invalid names: Archegosaurus kashmiriensis Tewari 1960 [synonym]

Subfm. †Melosaurinae Fritsch

G. †Koinia Gubin 1993

†Koinia silantjevi Golubev 1993

G. †Melosaurus von Meyer 1857

†Melosaurus compilatus Golubev 1995

†Melosaurus kamaensis Gubin 1991

†Melosaurus platyrhinus Golubev 1995

†Melosaurus uralensis Meyer 1857

Subfm. †Platyoposaurinae Gubin 1991

G. †Bageherpeton Dias and Barberena 2001

†Bageherpeton longignathus Dias and Barberena 2001

G. †Prionosuchus Price 1948

†Prionosuchus plummeri Price 1948

G. †Platyoposaurus Lydekker 1889

†Platyoposaurus rickardi Tvelvetrees 1880

†Platyoposaurus stuckenbergi Trautschold 1884

†Platyoposaurus watsoni Efremov 1933

Invalid names: Platyoposaurus vjuschkovi Gubin 1989 [nomen dubium]

G. †Platyops Twelvetrees 1880

Subfm. †Tryphosuchinae Golubev 1995

G. †Tryphosuchus Konzhukova 1955

†Tryphosuchus kinelensis Vjuschkov 1955

†Tryphosuchus paucidens Konzhukova 1955

G. †Uralosuchus Gubin 1993

†Uralosuchus tverdochlebovae Gubin 1993

Invalid names: Archegosaurinae Lydekker 1885 [empty], Platyposaurinae Lydekker 1889 [empty]

Invalid names: Melosauridae Fritsch 1885 [empty]

G. †Baropezia Matthew 1903

†Baropezia eakini Gilmore 1926

†Baropezia sydnensis Dawson 1891

Invalid names: Baropezia abscissa Matthew 1904 [synonym]

G. †Capetus Steen 1938

†Capetus palustris Steen 1938

Superfm. †Edopoidea Romer 1945

Fm. †Cochleosauridae Broili 1923

G. †Adamanterpeton Milner and Sequeira 1998

†Adamanterpeton ohioensis Milner and Sequeira 1998

G. †Chenoprosopus Mehl 1913

†Chenoprosopus milleri Mehl 1913

Invalid names: Chenoprosopus lewisi Hook 1993 [synonym]

G. †Cochleosaurus Fritsch 1885

†Cochleosaurus bohemicus Fritsch 1885

Invalid names: Cochleosaurus falax Fritsch 1885 [synonym], Dendrerpeton deprivatum Fritsch 1885 [synonym], Dendrerpeton pyriticum Fritsch 1885 [synonym], Gaudrya latistoma Fritsch 1885 [synonym], Nyrania trachystoma Fritsch 1885 [synonym]

†Cochleosaurus florensis Rieppel 1980

Invalid names: Gaudrya Fritsch 1885 [synonym], Nyrania Fritsch 1885 [synonym]

G. †Nigerpeton Sidor et al. 2005

†Nigerpeton ricqlesi Sidor et al. 2005

G. †Procochleosaurus Sequeira 1996

†Procochleosaurus jarrowensis Sequeira 1996

Invalid names: Chenoprosopidae Langston 1953 [synonym], Cochleosaurinae Broili 1923 [empty], Nyraniidae Lydekker 1889 [synonym]

Fm. †Edopidae

G. †Edops Romer 1936

†Edops craigi Romer 1936

Superfm. †Edopsoidea Romer 1945

Invalid names: Batrachichnidae Haubold 1970 [empty]

G. †Episcopopus Ellenberger 1970

†Episcopopus ventrosus Ellenberger 1970

G. †Eurycervix Huene 1902

†Eurycervix posthumus Huene 1902

Unr. †Euskelia Yates and Warren 2000

Superfm. †Eryopoidea Säve-Söderbergh 1935

G. †Parabaropus Gilmore 1927

†Parabaropus coloradensis Lull 1918

Invalid names: Parioxyidae Moustafa 1955 [empty]

Unr. †Eutemnospondyli Schoch 2013

G. †Balanerpeton Milner and Sequeira 1994

†Balanerpeton woodi Milner and Sequeira 1994

Fm. †Dendrerpetidae Fritsch 1885

G. †Dendrerpeton Owen 1853

†Dendrerpeton acadianum Owen 1853

Invalid names: Dendrerpeton oweni Dawson 1863 [synonym], Hylonomus aciedentatus Dawson 1860 [synonym]

†Dendrerpeton annectens Bolt 1991

†Dendrerpeton confusum Milner 1996

†Dendrerpeton rugosum Huxley 1867

Invalid names: Erpetocephalus Huxley 1867 [synonym]

G. †Dendrysekos Steen 1934

†Dendrysekos helogenes Steen 1934

G. †Platystegos Dawson 1895

†Platystegos loricatum Dawson 1895

Unr. †Rhachitomi Cope 1882

Unr. †Dissorophoidea Bolt 1969

Fm. †Micromelerpetidae Boy 1972

G. †Branchierpeton Boy 1972

G. †Eimerisaurus Boy 2002

G. †Limnerpeton Fritsch 1881

G. †Limnogyrinus Milner 1986

G. †Micromelerpeton Bulman and Whittard 1926

G. †Nyranerpeton Werneburg 2012

G. †Palodromeus Schoch et al. 2021

†Palodromeus bairdi Schoch et al. 2021

Unr. †Xerodromes Schoch and Milner 2014

Unr. †Amphibamiformes Schoch 2019

Unr. †Olsoniformes Anderson et al. 2008

Unr. †Dvinosauria Warren 1998

G. †Dawsonerpeton Zajic 1984

†Dawsonerpeton polydens Fritsch 1879

Invalid names: Macromerion juvenile Fritsch 1885 [synonym]

Invalid names: Dawsonia Fritsch 1879 [replaced]

Superfm. †Dvinosauroidea Säve-Söderbergh 1935

G. †Bermanerpeton Werneburg et al. 2021

Fm. †Dvinosauridae Watson 1919

Fm. †Eobrachyopidae Shishkin 1964

Fm. †Tupilakosauridae Kuhn 1960

Invalid names: Kourerpetidae Olson and Lammers 1976 [synonym]

G. †Erpetosaurus Cope 1874

†Erpetosaurus radiatus Cope 1874

Invalid names: Diceratosaurus laevis Moodie 1909 [synonym], Diceratosaurus robustus Moodie 1909 [synonym]

G. †Eugyrinus Watson 1921

†Eugyrinus wildi Woodward 1891

Fm. †Laidleriidae Cosgriff 1965

G. †Uruyiella Pineiro et al. 2007

G. †Neldasaurus Chase 1965

†Neldasaurus wrightae Chase 1965

G. †Timonya Cisneros et al. 2015

†Timonya anneae Cisneros et al. 2015

Fm. †Trimerorhachidae Cope 1882

G. †Lafonius Berman 1973

G. †Nannospondylus Olson 1965

G. †Procuhy Cisneros et al. 2015

G. †Trimerorhachis Cope 1878

G. †Trypanognathus Schoch and Voigt 2019

†Trypanognathus remigiusbergensis Schoch and Voigt 2019

Invalid names: Saurerpetontidae Chase 1965 [empty], Trimerorhachoidea [invalid subgroup]

Unr. †Eryopiformes Schoch 2013

Fm. †Eryopidae Cope 1882

G. †Actinodon Gaudry 1866

G. †Anisodexis Cope 1882

Subfm. †Eryopinae Schoch and Milner 2014

G. †Stenokranio Werneburg et al. 2024

G. †Iberospondylus Laurin and Soler-Gijón 2001

†Iberospondylus schultzei Laurin and Soler-Gijón 2001

Unr. †Stereospondylomorpha Yates and Warren 2000

G. †Archegosaurus Goldfuss 1847

Invalid names: Memonomenos Steen 1938 [synonym]

G. †Cheliderpeton Fritsch 1877

G. †Glanochthon Schoch and Witzmann 2009

Fm. †Konzhukoviidae Pacheco et al. 2017

G. †Korkonterpeton Werneburg et al. 2020

G. †Sclerocephalus Goldfuss 1847

Invalid names: Lusor Steen 1938 [synonym], Pfarrwaldia Krätschmer 2004 [objective synonym], Raumbachia Krätschmer 2004 [synonym], Rehbornia Krätschmer 2004 [synonym], Weissia Branco 1887 [synonym]

Unr. †Stereospondyli von Zittel 1887

Invalid names: Sclerocephalidae Jaekel 1909 [empty]

G. †Macrerpeton Moodie 1909

†Macrerpeton huxleyi Cope 1875

Invalid names: Leptophractus dentatus Moodie 1916 [synonym], Mytaras macrognathus Steen 1931 [synonym]

G. †Macromerium Lydekker 1890

†Macromerium bayeri Fritsch 1875

†Macromerium schwarzenbergii Fritsch 1875

G. †Perryella Carlson 1987

†Perryella olsoni Carlson 1987

G. †Potamochoston Steen 1938

†Potamochoston limnaios Steen 1938

G. †Sparagmites Fritsch 1885

†Sparagmites lacertinus Fritsch 1889

Fm. †Zatracheidae Williston 1910

G. †Acanthostomatops Kuhn 1961

†Acanthostomatops vorax Credner 1883

Invalid names: Acanthostoma Credner 1883 [synonym]

G. †Chemnitzion Werneburg et al. 2022

†Chemnitzion richteri Werneburg et al. 2022

G. †Dasyceps Huxley 1859

†Dasyceps bucklandi Lloyd 1850

†Dasyceps microphthalmus Cope 1869

G. †Zatrachys Cope 1878

†Zatrachys apicalis Cope 1881

†Zatrachys crucifer Case 1903

†Zatrachys serratus Cope 1878

Invalid names: Acanthostomatidae Steen [synonym]

Invalid names: Micropholoidea Romer 1947 [empty]

G. †Hemiprichisaurus Kuhn 1939

†Hemiprichisaurus keuperinus Kuhn 1939

G. †Hylopus Dawson 1894

†Hylopus hardingi Dawson 1895

†Hylopus logani Dawson 1894

†Hylopus minor Dawson 1895

†Hylopus variabilis Matthew 1910

Unr. Lissamphibia Haeckel 1866

Fm. †Albanerpetontidae Fox and Naylor 1982

G. †Albanerpeton Estes and Hoffstetter 1976

†Albanerpeton arthridion Fox and Naylor 1982

†Albanerpeton cifellii Gardner 1999

†Albanerpeton galaktion Fox and Naylor 1982

†Albanerpeton gracilis Gardner 2000

†Albanerpeton inexpectatum Estes and Hoffstetter 1976

†Albanerpeton nexuosus Estes 1981

†Albanerpeton pannonicum Venczel and Gardner 2005

G. †Anoualerpeton Gardner et al. 2003

†Anoualerpeton priscus Gardner et al. 2003

†Anoualerpeton unicus Gardner et al. 2003

G. †Celtedens McGowan and Evans 1995

†Celtedens ibericus McGowan and Evans 1995

†Celtedens megacephalus Costa 1864

G. †Nukusurus Nessov 1981

†Nukusurus insuetus Nessov 1981

†Nukusurus sodalis Nessov 1997

G. †Shirerpeton Matsumoto and Evans 2018

†Shirerpeton isajii Matsumoto and Evans 2018

G. †Wesserpeton Sweetman and Gardner 2013

†Wesserpeton evansae Sweetman and Gardner 2013

G. †Yaksha Daza et al. 2020

†Yaksha perettii Daza et al. 2020

Unr. Batrachia Macartney 1802

Unr. Caudata Scopoli 1777 [salamander]

G. †Apricosiren Evans and McGowan 2002

†Apricosiren ensomi Evans and McGowan 2002

G. †Bishara Nessov 1997

†Bishara backa Nessov 1997

G. †Egoria Skutschas et al. 2020

†Egoria malashichevi Skutschas et al. 2020

G. †Galverpeton Estes and Sanchíz 1982

†Galverpeton ibericum Estes and Sanchíz 1982

G. †Heteroclitotriton De Stefano 1903

†Heteroclitotriton zitteli De Stefano 1903

G. †Hylaeobatrachus Dollo 1884

†Hylaeobatrachus croyii Dollo 1884

Fm. †Karauridae Ivachnenko 1978

G. †Karaurus Ivachnenko 1978

G. †Kokartus Nessov 1988

G. †Kulgeriherpeton Skutschas et al. 2018

†Kulgeriherpeton ultimus Skutschas et al. 2018

G. †Marmorerpeton Evans et al. 1988

†Marmorerpeton freemani Evans et al. 1988

†Marmorerpeton kermacki Evans et al. 1988

†Marmorerpeton wakei Jones et al. 2022

Unr. †Pancryptobrancha Vasilyan et al. 2013

G. †Ukrainurus Vasilyan et al. 2013

Subor. †Prosirenoidea Estes 1981

Fm. †Prosirenidae Estes 1969

Or. †Proteida

Fm. †Batrachosauroididae Auffenberg 1958

G. †Ramonellus Nevo and Estes 1969

†Ramonellus longispinus Nevo and Estes 1969

Fm. †Triassuridae Ivakhnenko 1978

G. †Triassurus Ivakhnenko 1978

Fm. Urodela Duméril 1805 [salamander]

Subor. †Ambystomatoidea

Fm. Amphiumidae Gray 1825

Unr. †Cryptobranchoidea

G. †Hemitrypus Cope 1876

Fm. Hynobiidae Cope 1866

G. †Iridotriton Evans et al. 2005

G. †Kiyatriton Averianov and Voronkevich 2002

G. †Laccotriton Gao et al. 1998

G. †Liaoxitriton Dong and Wang 1998

Fm. Menopomidae Cope 1875

G. †Nesovtriton Skutschas 2009

G. †Nezpercius Blob et al. 2001

Fm. Plethodontidae Gray 1850 [lungless salamander]

Fm. Pleurodelidae Gray 1850

G. †Polysemia Meyer 1860

Fm. Proteidae Hogg 1838 [mudpuppy]

Fm. Rhyacotritonidae Tihen 1958 [torrent salamander]

G. Salamandra Laurenti 1768

Fm. Salamandridae Gray 1825 [newt]

Subor. Salamandroidea Noble 1931

G. †Seminobatrachus Skutschas and Gubin 2012

G. †Sinerpeton Gao and Shubin 2001

Fm. Sirenidae Gray 1825 [siren]

G. †Valdotriton Evans and Milner 1996 [Wealden newt]

Invalid names: Meantes Linnaeus 1766 [empty], Neocaudata Cannatella and Hillis 1993 [invalid subgroup], Thoriidae Cope 1869 [empty]

G. †Urupia Skutschas and Krasnolutskii 2011

†Urupia monstrosa Skutschas and Krasnolutskii 2011

Invalid names: Amphiumoidea [empty], Comonecturoides Hecht and Estes 1960 [nomen dubium], Comonecturoides marshi Hecht and Estes 1960 [nomen dubium], Karauroidea Estes 1981 [empty], Noterpetontidae Rage et al. 1993 [empty], Plethodontoidea [empty]

Or. Salientia Laurenti 1768 [frogs and relatives]

Or. Anura Fischer von Waldheim 1813 [frog]

Unr. †Acosmanura Savage 1973

Fm. Alytidae Fitzinger 1843 [midwife toads]

G. †Bissektia Nessov 1981

Subor. Bufoniformia

Unr. †Costata Lataste 1879

Fm. Discoglossidae Günther 1859 [painted frog]

Subor. Discoglossoidea Sokol 1977

G. †Electrorana Xing et al. 2018

Fm. †Eleutherodactylidae Lutz 1954

Unr. Eoanura Piveteau 1937

Subor. Gastrechmia Cope 1867

G. †Genibatrachus Gao and Chen 2017

Fm. †Gobiatidae Ročec and Nessov 1993

G. †Hensonbatrachus Gardner and Brinkman 2015

Fm. Leiopelmatidae Mivart 1869

Invalid names: Ascaphidae Fejérváry 1923 [synonym]

Unr. Neobatrachia Reig 1958

G. †Neusibatrachus Seiffert 1972

Subor. Odontaglossa Cope 1875

Fm. Odontophrynidae Pyron and Wiens 2011

G. †Opisthocoelellus Kuhn 1941

G. †Paradiscoglossus Estes and Sanchíz 1982

Superfm. Pelobatoidea Laurent 1979

Subor. Phaneroglossa Wagler

Superfm. Pipoidea Fitzinger 1843

Subor. †Proanura Romer 1945

Subor. Raniformia Cope 1865

G. †Scotiophryne Estes 1969

G. †Sunnybatrachus Evans and McGowan 2002

G. †Thaumastosaurus De Stefano 1903

G. †Theatonius Fox 1976

Fm. †Tregobatrachidae Holman 1975

G. †Tyrrellbatrachus Gardner 2015

G. †Varibatrachus Parmley et al. 2015

G. †Vieraella Reig 1961

G. †Wealdenbatrachus Fey 1988

Unr. Xenoanura Savage 1973

Invalid names: Allophyrnidae Frank and Ramus 1996 [empty], Archaeobatrachia Reig 1958 [invalid subgroup], Arthroleptidae Frank and Ramus 1996 [empty], Centrolenidae Frank and Ramus 1996 [empty], Comobatrachus Hecht and Estes 1960 [nomen dubium], Comobatrachus aenigmatis Hecht and Estes 1960 [nomen dubium], Diacium unipedalis Cope 1873 [nomen dubium], Ecaudata Scopoli 1777 [synonym], Eobatrachus Marsh 1887 [nomen dubium], Eobatrachus agilis Marsh 1887 [nomen dubium], Epicria Fitzinger 1843 [empty], Hemisotidae Frank and Ramus 1996 [empty], Hyperoliidae Frank and Ramus 1996 [empty], Jeholobatrachus Endo 1940 [nomen nudum], Lalagobatrachia Frost and Grant 2006 [empty], Liaobatrachus Ji and Ji 1998 [nomen dubium], Mesobatrachia Laurent 1979 [invalid subgroup], Montsechobatrachus Fejervary 1921 [nomen dubium], Montsechobatrachus gaudryi Vidal 1902 [nomen dubium], Opisthocoela Owen 1859 [empty], Palaeobatrachoidea Bolkay 1919 [empty], Pseudidae Frank and Ramus 1996 [empty], Rhinodermatidae Frank and Ramus 1996 [empty], Scaphiophryninae Frank and Ramus 1996 [empty], Vieraellidae Reig 1961 [invalid subgroup]

G. †Czatkobatrachus Evans and Borsuk-Bialynicka 1998

†Czatkobatrachus polonicus Evans and Borsuk-Bialynicka 1998

G. Lutetiobatrachus Wuitke 1988

G. †Notobatrachus Reig 1956 [frog]

†Notobatrachus degiustoi Reig 1956

†Notobatrachus reigi Báez and Nicoli 2008

G. †Triadobatrachus Kuhn 1962

†Triadobatrachus massinoti Piveteau 1804

Invalid names: Protobatrachus triassicus Kuhn 1938 [objective synonym]

Invalid names: Protobatrachus Piveteau 1936 [replaced]

Invalid names: Notobatrachidae Reig 1956 [invalid subgroup]

Invalid names: Gymnophidia Cope 1869 [empty], Trachystomata [empty]

Unr. Gymnophionomorpha Marjanović and Laurin 2008

G. †Eocaecilia Jenkins and Walsh 1993

†Eocaecilia micropodia Jenkins and Walsh 1993

G. †Funcusvermis Kligman et al. 2023

†Funcusvermis gilmorei Kligman et al. 2023

Or. Gymnophiona Rafinesque 1814 [caecilian]

Unr. Apoda Oppel 1810

Fm. Caeciliidae Frank and Ramus 1996 [common caecilian]

G. Afrocaecilia Barbour and Loveridge 1928

G. Boulengerula Tornier 1897

G. Brasilotyphlus Dunn 1945

G. Dermophis Dumeril and Bibron 1841

G. Gegeneophis Beddome 1870

G. Geotrypetes Dumeril 1859

G. Grandisonia Stejneger 1893

G. Gymnopis Cope 1866

G. Herpele Peyers 1880 [Congo caecilians]

Invalid names: Afrocaecilia Barbour and Loveridge 1928 [valid], Boulengerula Tornier 1897 [valid], Brasilotyphlus Dunn 1945 [valid], Dermophis Dumeril and Bibron 1841 [valid], Gegeneophis Beddome 1870 [valid], Geotrypetes Dumeril 1859 [valid], Grandisonia Stejneger 1893 [valid], Gymnopis Cope 1866 [valid], Herpele Peyers 1880 [valid]

Fm. Ichthyophiidae

Fm. Rhinatrematidae

Invalid names: Dermophiidae Taylor 1969 [empty], Herpelidae Laurent 1984 [empty], Indotyphlidae Lescure et al. 1986 [empty], Scolecomorphidae [empty], Siphonopidae Bonaparte 1850 [empty], Typhlonectidae [empty]

Fm. Caeciliidae Frank and Ramus 1996 [common caecilian]

G. Afrocaecilia Barbour and Loveridge 1928

G. Boulengerula Tornier 1897

G. Brasilotyphlus Dunn 1945

G. Dermophis Dumeril and Bibron 1841

G. Gegeneophis Beddome 1870

G. Geotrypetes Dumeril 1859

G. Grandisonia Stejneger 1893

G. Gymnopis Cope 1866

G. Herpele Peyers 1880 [Congo caecilians]

Invalid names: Eocaeciliaidae Jenkins and Walsh 1993 [empty], Uraeotyphlidae Frank and Ramus 1996 [empty]

G. †Rubricacaecilia Evans and Sigogneau-Russell 2001

†Rubricacaecilia monbaroni Evans and Sigogneau-Russell 2001

Invalid names: Allocaudata Fox and Naylor 1982 [empty], Paratoidea Gardiner 1982 [empty]

Fm. †Lysipterygiidae Branson 1935

G. †Lysipterygium Branson 1935

†Lysipterygium risinense Wadia and Swinton 1928

Invalid names: Lysipterygium detarrai Branson 1935 [synonym]

G. †Megapezia Matthew 1903

†Megapezia pineoi Matthew 1903

G. †Miobatrachus Watson 1941

†Miobatrachus romeri Watson 1941

G. †Nanopus Marsh 1894

†Nanopus caudatus Marsh 1894

†Nanopus reidiae Haubold et al. 2005

†Nanopus vetustus Matthew 1910

Invalid names: Allopus Marsh 1894 [synonym]

G. †Orthosauriscus Kuhn 1933

G. †Palaeosauropus Hay 1902

†Palaeosauropus antiquior Dawson 1882

†Palaeosauropus primaevus Lea 1849

†Palaeosauropus triasicus Biron and Dutuit 1981

Invalid names: Sauropus Lea 1849 [replaced]

G. †Palatinerpeton Boy 1996

†Palatinerpeton kraetschmeri Boy 1996

G. †Pleuronoura Gaudry 1879

Invalid names: Pleuronoura pellati Schoch and Milner 2014 [nomen dubium]

G. †Porierpeton Fritsch 1885

Invalid names: Porierpeton nitens Fritsch 1885 [nomen dubium]

Superfm. †Rhinesuchoidea

Invalid names: Peltobatrachidae Kuhn 1960 [empty]

G. †Rileymillerus Bolt and Chatterjee 2000

†Rileymillerus cosgriffi Bolt and Chatterjee 2000

G. †Saharastega Sidor et al. 2005

†Saharastega moradiensis Sidor et al. 2005

G. †Temnocorpichnus Lucas et al. 2010

†Temnocorpichnus isaacleai Lucas et al. 2010

Invalid names: Almasauroidea [empty], Arkanserpeton Lane 1932 [nomen dubium], Arkanserpeton arcuatum Lane 1932 [nomen dubium], Colosteoidea [empty], Hesperoherpeton Peabody 1958 [nomen dubium], Ichthyostegalia Save-Soderbergh 1932 [empty], Labyrinthodon laniarius Owen 1842 [nomen vanum], Labyrinthodon pachygnathus Owen 1841 [nomen vanum], Labyrinthodon ventricosus Owen 1841 [nomen vanum], Limnarchia Yates and Warren 2000 [empty], Otuminisaurus Rusconi 1948 [nomen dubium], Otuminisaurus limensis Rusconi 1948 [nomen dubium], Petrophryne major Owen 1876 [nomen dubium], Phrynosuchus Broom 1913 [nomen dubium], Phrynosuchus whaitsi Broom 1913 [nomen dubium], Ptychosphenodon Seeley 1907 [nomen dubium], Ptychosphenodon browni Seeley 1907 [nomen dubium], Saurischiocomes Kuhn 1939 [nomen dubium], Saurischiocomes keuperinus Kuhn 1939 [nomen dubium], Syphonodon Seeley 1908 [nomen dubium], Syphonodon thecomastodon Seeley 1908 [nomen dubium], Zatrachys conchigerus Cope 1896 [nomen dubium]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
K. A. von Zittel 1887	Wirbelkörper aus mehreren getrennten Knochenstücken bestehend, meist rhachitom, selten embolomer. Hinterhaupt knorpelig oder verknöchert. Zahnsubstanz im inneren meist radial gefaltet.
A. S. Romer 1947	Vertebrae generally rhachitomous; pleurocentra typically paired latero-dorsal structures, never forming complete discs and sometimes lost. Tabular not in contact with parietal. Vomers broad, widely separating internal nares. Laterosphenoid region of braincase completely walled by bone or cartilage. ?No supraoccipital bone. Manus with four digits.