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Batrachia
Taxonomy
Batrachia was named by Macartney (1802). It is extant. It was considered monophyletic by Meyer and Zardoya (2003) and Anderson et al. (2008).
It was reranked as the order Batrachia by Owen (1842), Mantell (1854), Owen (1859), Owen (1860) and Owen (1861); it was reranked as the class Batrachia by Hay (1902); it was synonymized subjectively with Amphibia by Dundee (1989); it was reranked as the unranked clade Batrachia by McGowan and Evans (1995), Gardner (2001), Zardoya and Meyer (2001), Meyer and Zardoya (2003), Anderson et al. (2008) and Maddin et al. (2012).
It was assigned to Sauria by Owen (1859); to Reptilia by Owen (1842), Mantell (1854), Owen (1860) and Owen (1861); to Vertebrata by Hay (1902); to Dissorophoidea by Anderson et al. (2008); and to Lissamphibia by McGowan and Evans (1995), Gardner (2001), Zardoya and Meyer (2001), Meyer and Zardoya (2003) and Maddin et al. (2012).
It was reranked as the order Batrachia by Owen (1842), Mantell (1854), Owen (1859), Owen (1860) and Owen (1861); it was reranked as the class Batrachia by Hay (1902); it was synonymized subjectively with Amphibia by Dundee (1989); it was reranked as the unranked clade Batrachia by McGowan and Evans (1995), Gardner (2001), Zardoya and Meyer (2001), Meyer and Zardoya (2003), Anderson et al. (2008) and Maddin et al. (2012).
It was assigned to Sauria by Owen (1859); to Reptilia by Owen (1842), Mantell (1854), Owen (1860) and Owen (1861); to Vertebrata by Hay (1902); to Dissorophoidea by Anderson et al. (2008); and to Lissamphibia by McGowan and Evans (1995), Gardner (2001), Zardoya and Meyer (2001), Meyer and Zardoya (2003) and Maddin et al. (2012).
Subtaxa
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1802 | Batrachia Macartney |
| 1842 | Batrachia Owen p. 181 |
| 1854 | Batrachia Mantell p. 646 |
| 1859 | Batrachia Owen p. 153 |
| 1860 | Batrachia Owen p. 283 |
| 1861 | Batrachia Owen p. 319 |
| 1902 | Batrachia Hay p. 409 |
| 1995 | Batrachia McGowan and Evans |
| 2001 | Batrachia Gardner p. 334 fig. 8 |
| 2001 | Batrachia Zardoya and Meyer p. 7380 |
| 2003 | Batrachia Meyer and Zardoya |
| 2008 | Batrachia Anderson et al. p. 517 |
| 2012 | Batrachia Maddin et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Unr. Batrachia Macartney 1802
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Unr. Caudata Scopoli 1777 [salamander]
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Fm. †Karauridae Ivachnenko 1978
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G. †Marmorerpeton Evans et al. 1988
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†Marmorerpeton freemani Evans et al. 1988
†Marmorerpeton kermacki Evans et al. 1988
†Marmorerpeton wakei Jones et al. 2022
Unr. †Pancryptobrancha Vasilyan et al. 2013
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Or. †Proteida
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Fm. †Batrachosauroididae Auffenberg 1958
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G. †Batrachosauroides Taylor and Hesse 1943
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†Batrachosauroides dissimulans Taylor and Hesse 1943
†Batrachosauroides gotoi Estes 1969
G. †Opisthotriton Auffenberg 1961
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†Opisthotriton gidleyi Sullivan 1991
†Opisthotriton kayi Auffenberg 1961
G. †Palaeoproteus Herre 1935
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†Palaeoproteus gallicus Estes et al. 1967
†Palaeoproteus klatti Herre 1935
Fm. †Triassuridae Ivakhnenko 1978
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Fm. Urodela Duméril 1805 [salamander]
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Subor. †Ambystomatoidea
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Fm. Ambystomatidae Hallowell 1856 [mole salamander]
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G. Amblystoma Tschudi 1838 [mole salamander]
G. †Amphitriton Rogers 1976
G. †Plioambystoma Adams and Martin 1929
Fm. Dicamptodontidae Tihen 1958 [giant salamander]
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G. Dicamptodon Strauch 1870 [Pacific giant salamander]
Subfm. †Dicamptodontinae Tihen 1958
Invalid names: Rhyacotritoninae Tihen 1958 [empty]
Fm. †Scapherpetontidae Auffenberg and Goin 1959
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Subfm. †Eoscapherpetontinae
G. †Lisserpeton Estes 1965
G. †Piceoerpeton Meszoely 1967
G. †Scapherpeton Cope 1876
Fm. Amphiumidae Gray 1825
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G. Amphiuma Garden 1821 [amphiuma]
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†Amphiuma jepseni Estes 1969
Amphiuma means Garden 1821 [two-toed amphiuma]
Amphiuma pholeter Neill 1964 [one-toed amphiuma]
Amphiuma tridactylum Cuvier 1827 [three-toed amphiuma]
Invalid names: Amphiuma antica Holman 1977 [nomen dubium]
G. Muraenopsis Fitzinger
Unr. †Cryptobranchoidea
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Fm. Cryptobranchidae Cope 1889 [hellbender]
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Subfm. †Aviturinae Gubin 1991
G. Cryptobranchus Leuckart 1821 [hellbender]
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Invalid names: Plicagnathus Cook 1917 [synonym], Sieboldia Blanchard 1871 [synonym]
G. †Hemitrypus Cope 1876
Fm. Hynobiidae Cope 1866
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G. Batrachuperus Boulenger 1878 [Mountain salamanders]
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Batrachuperus mustersi Smith 1940 [Paghman mountain salamander]
G. Hynobius Tschudi 1838 [Asian salamanders]
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Hynobius boulengeri Thompson 1912 [Boulengers oriental salamander]
Hynobius formosanus Maki 1922 [Taiwan salamander]
Hynobius leechii Boulenger 1887 [Gensan salamander]
Hynobius naevius Temminck and Schlegel 1838 [Sagami salamander]
Hynobius nebulosus Temminck and Schlegel 1838 [Mitsjama salamander]
Hynobius retardatus Dunn 1923 [Noboribetsu salamander]
G. Onychodactylus Tschudi 1838 [Clawed salamanders]
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Onychodactylus fischeri Boulenger 1886 [Fischer's clawed salamander]
Onychodactylus japonicus Houttuyn 1782 [Japanese clawed salamander]
G. †Parahynobius Venczel 1999
G. Ranodon Kessler 1866 [Siberian salamanders]
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Ranodon tsinpaensis Liu and Hu 1966 [Shaanxi salamander]
G. †Kiyatriton Averianov and Voronkevich 2002
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†Kiyatriton krasnolutskii Skutchas 2016
†Kiyatriton leshchinskiyi Averianov and Voronkevich 2002
G. †Liaoxitriton Dong and Wang 1998
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†Liaoxitriton daohugouensis Wang 2004
†Liaoxitriton zhongjiani Dong and Wang 1998
Fm. Plethodontidae Gray 1850 [lungless salamander]
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G. Batrachoseps Bonaparte 1839
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Batrachoseps attenuatus Escholtz 1833 [California slender salamander]
Batrachoseps relictus Brame and Murray 1968 [Relictual slender salamander]
G. †Eurycea
G. Hemidactylium Tschudi
G. Manculus Cope 1869
G. Plethodon Tschudi 1838 [woodland salamander]
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Plethodon cinereus Green 1818 [Redback salamander]
Plethodon glutinosus Green 1818 [northern slimy salamander]
G. Spelerpes Rafinesque 1832
G. †Polysemia Meyer 1860
Fm. Proteidae Hogg 1838 [mudpuppy]
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G. †Mioproteus Estes and Darevsky 1978
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†Mioproteus caucasicus Estes and Darevsky 1978
†Mioproteus gardneri Venczel and Codrea 2019
G. Necturus Rafinesque
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Necturus alabamensis Viosca 1937 [Alabama waterdog]
Necturus beyeri Viosca 1937 [Gulf Coast waterdog]
†Necturus krausei Naylor 1978
Necturus lewisi Brimley 1934 [Neuse River wtaerdog]
Necturus maculosus Rafinesque 1818 [mudpuppy]
Necturus punctatus Gibbes 1850 [Dwarf waterdog]
G. Proteus Laurenti 1768 [Old World blind cave salamander]
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Proteus anguinus Laurenti 1768 [olm]
†Proteus bavaricus Brunner 1956
Fm. Rhyacotritonidae Tihen 1958 [torrent salamander]
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G. Rhyacotriton Dunn 1920 [torrent salamander]
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Rhyacotriton olympicus Gaige 1917 [Olympic torrent salamander]
G. Salamandra Laurenti 1768
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†Salamandra goussardiana Lartet 1851
Salamandra lanzai Nascetti et al. 1988 [Lanzas fire salamander]
†Salamandra mimula Brunner 1957
Salamandra opaca Gravenhorst 1807
Salamandra salamandra Linnaeus 1758 [Fire salamander]
†Salamandra sansaniensis Lartet 1851
Fm. Salamandridae Gray 1825 [newt]
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G. †Carpathotriton Venczel 2008
G. †Chelotriton Pomel 1853
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†Chelotriton ogygius Goldfuss 1831
†Chelotriton paradoxus Pomel 1853
†Chelotriton robustus Westphal 1979
G. Chioglossa Bocage 1868
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Chioglossa lusitanica Bocage 1864 [Gold-striped salamander]
†Chioglossa meini Estes and Hoffstetter 1976
G. Euproctus Gené 1838 [European brook salamander]
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Euproctus rusconii Gene 1838 [Sardinian brook salamander]
G. Ichthyosaura Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille 1801
G. †Koaliella Herre 1950
G. Lissotriton Bell 1839
G. †Megalotriton Zittel 1890
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†Megalotriton filholi Zittel 1890
†Megalotriton portisi De Stefano 1903
G. Mertensiella Wolterstorff 1925 [Caucasian salamander]
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Mertensiella caucasica Waga 1876 [Caucasian salamander]
Mertensiella luschani Steindachner 1891 [Luschans salamander]
G. Notophthalmus Rafinesque 1820
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†Notophthalmus crassus Tihen 1974
†Notophthalmus robustus Estes 1963
†Notophthalmus slaughteri Holman 1966
Notophthalmus viridescens Rafinesque 1820 [Eastern newt]
G. Ommatotriton Owen 1850
G. Salamandrina Fitzinger 1826 [spectacled salamander]
+
Salamandrina perspicillata Savi 1821 [Northern spectacled salamander]
Salamandrina terdigitata Lacepede 1788 [Southern spectacled salamander]
G. Taricha Gray 1850 [Roughskin newts]
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Subg. †Taricha (Palaeotaricha) van Frank 1955
Taricha granulosa Skilton 1849 [Roughskin newt]
†Taricha lindoei Naylor 1979
†Taricha miocenica Tihen 1974
†Taricha oligocenica van Frank 1955
Taricha torosa Rathke 1833 [California newt]
G. Triturus Rafinesque 1815
+
†Triturus lacasianum Lartet 1851
Triturus marmoratus Latreille 1800 [marbled newt]
†Triturus minimus Giebel 1847
†Triturus montandoni Boulenger 1880
†Triturus opalinus Meyer 1851
†Triturus roehrsi Herre 1955
†Triturus sansaniense Lartet 1851
†Triturus schnaitheimi Herre and Lunau 1950
Triturus vulgaris Linnaeus 1758 [smooth newt]
†Triturus wintershofi Lunau 1950
Invalid names: Triton Laurenti 1768 [replaced]
G. Tylototriton Anderson 1871 [crocodile salamander]
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Tylototriton kweichowensis Fang and Chang 1932 [Kweichow crocodile newt]
†Tylototriton primigenius Noble 1928
Tylototriton taliangensis Liu 1950 [Pusakang crocodile newt]
Tylototriton verrucosus Anderson 1871 [Himalayan newt]
†Tylototriton weigelti Herre 1935
Subor. Salamandroidea Noble 1931
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G. †Nasopus Marsh 1894
Invalid names: Necturidae Fitzinger 1843 [empty]
G. †Seminobatrachus Skutschas and Gubin 2012
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†Seminobatrachus boltyschkensis Skutschas and Gubin 2012
Fm. Sirenidae Gray 1825 [siren]
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G. †Adelphesiren Goin and Auffenberg 1958
G. †Habrosaurus Gilmore 1928
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†Habrosaurus dilatus Gilmore 1928
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Invalid names: Adelphesiren olivae Goin and Auffenberg 1958 [synonym]
†Habrosaurus prodilatus Gardner 2003
G. †Kababisha Evans et al. 1996
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†Kababisha humarensis Evans et al. 1996
†Kababisha sudanensis Evans et al. 1996
G. Pseudobranchus Gray 1825 [dwarf siren]
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†Pseudobranchus robustus Goin and Auffenberg 1955 [dwarf siren]
Pseudobranchus striatus Le Conte 1824 [Northern dwarf siren]
†Pseudobranchus vetustus Goin and Auffenberg 1955 [dwarf siren]
G. Siren Linnaeus 1766 [siren]
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†Siren dunni Goin and Auffenberg 1957
†Siren hesterna Goin and Auffenberg 1955 [siren]
Siren lacertina Linnaeus 1766 [greater siren]
†Siren miotexana Holman 1977
†Siren simpsoni Goin and Auffenberg 1955 [Simpson's siren]
Invalid names: Meantes Linnaeus 1766 [empty], Neocaudata Cannatella and Hillis 1993 [invalid subgroup], Thoriidae Cope 1869 [empty]
Invalid names: Amphiumoidea [empty], Comonecturoides Hecht and Estes 1960 [nomen dubium], Comonecturoides marshi Hecht and Estes 1960 [nomen dubium], Karauroidea Estes 1981 [empty], Noterpetontidae Rage et al. 1993 [empty], Plethodontoidea [empty]
Or. Salientia Laurenti 1768 [frogs and relatives]
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Or. Anura Fischer von Waldheim 1813 [frog]
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Unr. †Acosmanura Savage 1973
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G. Hadromophryne Hewitt 1913
G. Lithobates Fitzinger 1843
G. Phrynobatrachus Günther 1862
G. Pristimantis Espada 1870
Fm. Discoglossidae Günther 1859 [painted frog]
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G. Alytes Wagler 1829 [midwife toad]
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Alytes dickhilleni Arntzen and Garcia Paris 1995
†Alytes muletensis Sanchiz and Adrover 1979
Alytes obstetricans Laurenti 1768 [midwife frog]
Invalid names: Baleaphryne Sanchiz and Adrover 1979 [synonym]
G. Barbourula Taylor and Noble 1924 [jungle toad]
G. Discoglossus Otth 1837 [painted frog]
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Discoglossus galganoi Capula et al. 1985
Discoglossus jeanneae Busack 1986
Discoglossus nigriventer Mendelssohn and Steinitz 1943
Discoglossus pictus Otth 1837 [Painted frog]
Discoglossus sardus Tschudi 1837 [Sardinia painted frog]
G. †Eodiscoglossus Villalta 1957
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†Eodiscoglossus oxoniensis Evans et al. 1990
†Eodiscoglossus santonjae Villalta 1957
G. †Latonia von Meyer 1843
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†Latonia gigantea Lartet 1851
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Invalid names: Latonia feifari Hodrová 1987 [synonym], Rana batthyanyi Bolkay 1913 [synonym], Rana sansaniensis Lartet 1851 [synonym]
†Latonia ragei Hossini 1993
†Latonia seyfriedi von Meyer 1843
G. Pelophilus Tschudi 1838
Subor. Discoglossoidea Sokol 1977
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Fm. Bombinatoridae Gray 1825
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G. Bombina Oken 1816 [fire-bellied toad]
G. †Eobarbourula Folie et al. 2013
G. †Hatzegobatrachus Venczel and Csiki 2003
Fm. †Eleutherodactylidae Lutz 1954
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Fm. †Gobiatidae Ročec and Nessov 1993
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G. †Gobiates Spinar and Tatarinov 1986
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†Gobiates asiaticus Ročec and Nessov 1993
†Gobiates bogatchovi Ročec and Nessov 1993
†Gobiates dzhyrakudukensis Ročec and Nessov 1993
†Gobiates fritschi Ročec and Nessov 1993
†Gobiates furcatus Ročec and Nessov 1993
†Gobiates khermeentsavi Spinar and Tatarinov 1986
†Gobiates kizylkumensis Ročec and Nessov 1993
†Gobiates leptocolaptus Borsuk-Bialynicka 1978
†Gobiates sosedkoi Nessov 1981
†Gobiates spinari Ročec and Nessov 1993
†Gobiates tatarinovi Ročec and Nessov 1993
Fm. Leiopelmatidae Mivart 1869
+
G. Leiopelma Fitzinger 1861
+
†Leiopelma acricarina Worthy et al. 2013
†Leiopelma auroraensis Worthy 1987
Leiopelma hamiltoni McCulloch 1919 [Hamiltons frog]
Leiopelma hochstetteri Fitzinger 1861 [Hochstetters New Zealand frog]
†Leiopelma markhami Worthy 1987
†Leiopelma miocaenale Worthy et al. 2013
†Leiopelma waitomoensis Worthy 1987
Invalid names: Ascaphidae Fejérváry 1923 [synonym], Leiopelmatinae Mivart 1869 [empty]
Unr. Neobatrachia Reig 1958
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Fm. Bufonidae Gray 1825 [toad]
+
G. Anaxyrus Tschudi 1845
G. Bufo Laurenti 1768
G. Bufotes Rafinesque 1815
G. Epidalea Cope 1864 [Natterjack toad]
G. Peltophryne Fitzinger 1843
G. Rhinella Fitzinger 1826
Fm. †Ceratophryidae Evans et al. 2014
+
G. †Uberabatrachus Báez et al. 2012
G. †Wawelia Casamiquela 1963
Fm. †Ceratophrynidae Tschudi 1838
+
G. Ceratophrys Wied 1824 [South American horned frog]
G. Chacophrys Reig and Limeses 1963 [escuercito]
G. Lepidobatrachus Budgett 1899 [Budgett's frog]
G. †Hungarobatrachus Szentesi and Venczel 2010
+
†Hungarobatrachus szukacsi Szentesi and Venczel 2010
Superfm. Hyloidea Ford and Cannatella 1993
+
G. †Beelzebufo Evans et al. 2008
Fm. Hylidae Rafinesque 1815 [tree frog]
Fm. Leptodactylidae Stirton 1953
Fm. Myobatrachidae Schlegel 1850 [Australian froglet]
Superfm. Ranoidea Rafinesque 1814
+
Fm. Mantellidae Laurent 1946
Fm. Microhylidae Günther 1858
Fm. Ranidae Rafinesque 1814
Fm. Rhacophoridae Hoffman 1932 [moss frog]
Invalid names: Ptychadenidae Dubois 1987 [empty]
Invalid names: Heleophrynidae Noble 1931 [empty], Sooglossidae Noble 1931 [empty]
Fm. Odontophrynidae Pyron and Wiens 2011
+
G. Odontophrynus Reinhardt and Lutken 1862
+
Odontophrynus americanus Dumeril and Bibron 1841
Odontophrynus cordobae Martino and Sinsch 2002
Superfm. Pelobatoidea Laurent 1979
+
Fm. Pelobatidae Lataste 1879 [spadefoot toad]
+
G. †Elkobatrachus Henrici and Haynes 2006
G. †Enigmatosaurus Nopcsa 1926
G. †Eopelobates Parker 1929
G. Leptobrachium Tschudi 1838 [Eastern spadefoot toad]
G. †Macropelobates Noble 1924
G. †Miopelobates Wettstein-Westersheimb 1955
G. Pelobates Wagler 1830 [spadefoot toad]
G. Scaphiopus Holbrook 1836 [spadefoot toad]
G. Uldzinia Gubin 1996
Invalid names: Pelobatinae Bonaparte 1850 [empty]
Fm. Pelodytidae Cope 1866 [parsley frog]
+
G. †Miopelodytes Taylor 1941
G. Pelodytes Fitzinger 1838 [parsley frog]
G. †Tephrodytes Henrici 1994
Subor. Phaneroglossa Wagler
+
Unr. Arcifera Cope 1865
+
Fm. Cystignathidae Cope 1865
Invalid names: Amphignathodontidae Boulenger 1882 [empty], Asterophrydidae Copee 1866 [empty], Dendrophryniscidae Jiménez de la Espada 1870 [empty]
Unr. Firmisternia Cope 1875
+
Fm. Engystomatidae Cope 1867
Invalid names: Dendrobatidae Cope 1865 [empty], Dyscophidae Boulenger 1882 [empty], Phryniscidae Cope 1867 [empty]
Superfm. Pipoidea Fitzinger 1843
+
Fm. Rhinophrynidae [burrowing toad]
+
G. †Chelomophrynus Henrici 1991
G. †Eorhinophrynus Hecht 1959
G. †Rhadinosteus Henrici 1998
G. Rhinophrynus Dumeril and Bibron 1841 [burrowing toad]
Invalid names: Aglossa Cope 1875 [invalid subgroup]
Subor. †Proanura Romer 1945
+
G. †Thaumastosaurus De Stefano 1903
+
†Thaumastosaurus bottii De Stefano 1903
†Thaumastosaurus gezei Rage and Rocek 2007
+
Invalid names: Rana cadurcorum Martin et al. 2012 [synonym], Rana plicata Filhol 1876 [synonym]
†Thaumastosaurus wardi Holman and Harrison 2002
Unr. Xenoanura Savage 1973
+
Unr. Pipimorpha Ford and Cannatella 1993
+
G. †Avitabatrachus Báez et al. 2000
G. †Cordicephalus Nevo 1968
G. †Cratopipa Carvalho et al. 2019
G. †Gracilibatrachus Baez 2013
Fm. †Palaeobatrachidae Cope 1865
Fm. Pipidae Gray 1825 [clawed frog]
Unr. †Pipinomorpha Báez and Pugener 2003
G. †Thoraciliacus Nevo 1968
Invalid names: Allophyrnidae Frank and Ramus 1996 [empty], Archaeobatrachia Reig 1958 [invalid subgroup], Arthroleptidae Frank and Ramus 1996 [empty], Centrolenidae Frank and Ramus 1996 [empty], Comobatrachus Hecht and Estes 1960 [nomen dubium], Comobatrachus aenigmatis Hecht and Estes 1960 [nomen dubium], Diacium unipedalis Cope 1873 [nomen dubium], Ecaudata Scopoli 1777 [synonym], Eobatrachus Marsh 1887 [nomen dubium], Eobatrachus agilis Marsh 1887 [nomen dubium], Epicria Fitzinger 1843 [empty], Hemisotidae Frank and Ramus 1996 [empty], Hyperoliidae Frank and Ramus 1996 [empty], Jeholobatrachus Endo 1940 [nomen nudum], Lalagobatrachia Frost and Grant 2006 [empty], Liaobatrachus Ji and Ji 1998 [nomen dubium], Mesobatrachia Laurent 1979 [invalid subgroup], Montsechobatrachus Fejervary 1921 [nomen dubium], Montsechobatrachus gaudryi Vidal 1902 [nomen dubium], Opisthocoela Owen 1859 [empty], Palaeobatrachoidea Bolkay 1919 [empty], Pseudidae Frank and Ramus 1996 [empty], Rhinodermatidae Frank and Ramus 1996 [empty], Scaphiophryninae Frank and Ramus 1996 [empty], Vieraellidae Reig 1961 [invalid subgroup]
G. †Czatkobatrachus Evans and Borsuk-Bialynicka 1998
+
†Czatkobatrachus polonicus Evans and Borsuk-Bialynicka 1998
G. Lutetiobatrachus Wuitke 1988
G. †Notobatrachus Reig 1956 [frog]
+
†Notobatrachus degiustoi Reig 1956
†Notobatrachus reigi Báez and Nicoli 2008
G. †Triadobatrachus Kuhn 1962
+
†Triadobatrachus massinoti Piveteau 1804
+
Invalid names: Protobatrachus triassicus Kuhn 1938 [objective synonym]
Invalid names: Protobatrachus Piveteau 1936 [replaced]
Invalid names: Notobatrachidae Reig 1956 [invalid subgroup]
Invalid names: Gymnophidia Cope 1869 [empty], Trachystomata [empty]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| R. Owen 1860 | Vertebrae biconcave (Siren), proccelian (Rana) or opisthocoelian (Pipa) : pleurapophyses short, straight. Two occipital condyles ; two vomerine bones, in most dentigerous : no scales or scutes. Larvae with gills, in most deciduous. | |
| R. Owen 1861 | Vertebrae biconcave (Siren), procoelian (Rana), or opisthocoelian (Pipa): pleurapophyses short, straight. Two occipital condyles and two vomerine bones, in most dentigerous: no scales or scutes. Larvae with gills, in most deciduous. |