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Ophidia (snake)
Taxonomy
Ophidia was named by Latreille (1804) [first use in Latin, spelt Ophidii; first spelt Ophidia by Gravenhorst 1807: see Baur 1897]. It is extant. It was considered monophyletic by Lee and Caldwell (2000), Palci et al. (2013), Caldwell et al. (2015).
It was reranked as the suborder Ophidia by Zittel (1890), Woodward (1898), Osborn (1903), Lambe (1908), Swinton (1934), Roxo (1937), Kuhn (1946), Romer (1966), Fernicola and Albino (2012), Pyron et al. (2013), Caldwell et al. (2015); it was synonymized subjectively with Serpentes by Hay (1902), Kuhn (1966); it was corrected as Ophidii by Jaekel (1910); it was reranked as the suborder Ophidii by Jaekel (1911); it was reranked as the unranked clade Ophidia by Lee et al. (1999), Rage et al. (2016), Gómez et al. (2019).
It was assigned to Lepidosauria by Zittel (1890); to Sauria by Owen (1859), Gadow (1898); to Lyognatha by Jaekel (1910); to Lyognathi by Jaekel (1911); to Saurophidia by Perrier (1928); to Reptilia by Owen (1842), d'Orbigny (1849), Mantell (1854), Owen (1860), Owen (1861), Cope (1871), Cope (1875), Günther (1886), Andrews (1906), Estes (1964); to Pythonomorpha by Lee et al. (1999), Lee and Caldwell (2000); to Squamata by Osborn (1903), Osborn (1904), Palci et al. (2013); to Toxicofera by Pyron et al. (2013); to Squamata by Woodward (1898), Osborn (1903), Lambe (1908), Swinton (1934), Roxo (1937), Kuhn (1946), Romer (1966), Fernicola and Albino (2012), Caldwell et al. (2015); and to Squamata by Palci et al. (2013), Rage et al. (2016), Gómez et al. (2019).
It was reranked as the suborder Ophidia by Zittel (1890), Woodward (1898), Osborn (1903), Lambe (1908), Swinton (1934), Roxo (1937), Kuhn (1946), Romer (1966), Fernicola and Albino (2012), Pyron et al. (2013), Caldwell et al. (2015); it was synonymized subjectively with Serpentes by Hay (1902), Kuhn (1966); it was corrected as Ophidii by Jaekel (1910); it was reranked as the suborder Ophidii by Jaekel (1911); it was reranked as the unranked clade Ophidia by Lee et al. (1999), Rage et al. (2016), Gómez et al. (2019).
It was assigned to Lepidosauria by Zittel (1890); to Sauria by Owen (1859), Gadow (1898); to Lyognatha by Jaekel (1910); to Lyognathi by Jaekel (1911); to Saurophidia by Perrier (1928); to Reptilia by Owen (1842), d'Orbigny (1849), Mantell (1854), Owen (1860), Owen (1861), Cope (1871), Cope (1875), Günther (1886), Andrews (1906), Estes (1964); to Pythonomorpha by Lee et al. (1999), Lee and Caldwell (2000); to Squamata by Osborn (1903), Osborn (1904), Palci et al. (2013); to Toxicofera by Pyron et al. (2013); to Squamata by Woodward (1898), Osborn (1903), Lambe (1908), Swinton (1934), Roxo (1937), Kuhn (1946), Romer (1966), Fernicola and Albino (2012), Caldwell et al. (2015); and to Squamata by Palci et al. (2013), Rage et al. (2016), Gómez et al. (2019).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1804 | Ophidia Latreille |
| 1842 | Ophidia Owen p. 180 |
| 1849 | Ophidia d'Orbigny p. 213 |
| 1854 | Ophidia Mantell p. 646 |
| 1859 | Ophidia Owen p. 153 |
| 1860 | Ophidia Owen p. 279 |
| 1861 | Ophidia Owen p. 312 |
| 1871 | Ophidia Cope p. 237 |
| 1875 | Ophidia Cope p. 21 |
| 1886 | Ophidia Günther p. 445 |
| 1890 | Ophidia Zittel p. 450 |
| 1898 | Ophidia Gadow p. 28 |
| 1898 | Ophidia Woodward p. 141 |
| 1903 | Ophidia Osborn p. 276 |
| 1904 | Ophidia Osborn p. 114 |
| 1906 | Ophidia Andrews p. 306 |
| 1908 | Ophidia Lambe |
| 1910 | Ophidii Jaekel p. 336 |
| 1911 | Ophidii Jaekel p. 155 |
| 1928 | Ophidia Perrier p. 3118 |
| 1934 | Ophidia Swinton p. 16 |
| 1937 | Ophidia Roxo p. 43 |
| 1946 | Ophidia Kuhn p. 62 |
| 1964 | Ophidia Estes p. 140 |
| 1966 | Ophidia Romer p. 367 |
| 1999 | Ophidia Lee et al. p. 510 |
| 2000 | Ophidia Lee and Caldwell |
| 2012 | Ophidia Fernicola and Albino |
| 2013 | Ophidia Palci et al. |
| 2013 | Ophidia Pyron et al. |
| 2015 | Ophidia Caldwell et al. |
| 2016 | Ophidia Rage et al. p. 239 |
| 2019 | Ophidia Gómez et al. p. 774 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Subor. Ophidia Latreille 1804 [snake]
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Unr. Serpentes Linnaeus 1758 [snake]
+
Infraor. Alethinophidia Nopcsa 1923
+
Superfm. Acrochordoidea McDowell 1979
+
Fm. †Nigerophiidae Rage 1975
+
G. †Amananulam McCartney et al. 2018
G. †Indophis Rage and Prasad 1992
G. †Kelyophis LaDuke et al. 2010
G. †Nubianophis Rage and Werner 1999
Fm. Aniliidae Fitzinger 1826 [pipe snake]
+
G. †Borealilysia Head 2020
+
†Borealilysia carinata Hecht 1959
†Borealilysia gunnelli Head 2020
Invalid names: Coniophis platycarinatus Hecht 1959 [nomen dubium]
Superfm. †Anilioidea
+
Fm. Uropeltidae [shieldtail snake]
+
G. Anomochilus Berg 1901 [Common pipe snakes]
G. Brachyophidium Wall 1921 [Mountain burrowing snakes]
G. Cylindrophis Wagler 1828 [Island pipe snakes]
G. Melanophidium Gunther 1864 [Black earth snakes]
G. Platyplecturus Gunther 1868 [Thorntail snakes]
G. Plecturus Dumeril 1851 [African burrowing snakes]
G. Pseudotyphlops Schlegel 1839 [Large shieldtail snakes]
G. Rhinophis Hemprich 1820 [Rhinocerps earth snakes]
G. Uropeltis Cuvier 1829 [Indian earth snakes]
Unr. Caenophidia Hoffstetter 1939
+
G. †Colombophis Hoffstetter and Rage 1977
+
†Colombophis portai Hoffstetter and Rage 1977
†Colombophis spinosus Hsiou et al. 2010
Superfm. Colubroidea Oppel 1811
+
Fm. Crotalidae Oppel 1811 [pit viper]
+
G. †Agkistrodon Huxley 1865 [cottonmouth]
G. Aploaspis Cope 1867
G. Caudisonia Laurenti 1768
G. Crotalus Linnaeus 1758 [rattlesnake]
G. Gloydius Hoge and Hoge 1981
G. †Protagras Cope 1872
G. Protobothrops Hoge and Romano-Hoge 1983
G. Sistrurus Garman 1883 [pigmy rattlesnake]
G. Trimeresurus Lacépède 1804 [pitviper]
Subfm. Viperinae Oppel 1811
Fm. Elapidae Boié 1827
+
G. Austrelaps Worrell 1963
G. Calliophis Gray 1834
G. Disteira Lacepede 1804
G. Disteiramecdup Lacepede 1804
G. Elaps Schneider
Subfm. Hydrophiinae Boié 1827 [sea snake]
G. Leioselasma Lacepède 1804
G. Micrurus Wagler 1824 [coral snake]
G. Naja Laurenti 1768 [cobra]
+
Invalid names: Palaeonaja Hoffstetter 1939 [synonym], Palaeonaja Hoffstetter 1939 [synonym]
G. Notechis Peters 1861
G. Polyodontognathus Wall 1921
G. Pseudechis Wagler 1830
G. Sinomicrurus Slowinski et al. 2001
G. Xenodermus Reinhardt 1836
Invalid names: Laticaudinae [empty], Najinae Cope 1864 [empty], Protropidonotus Schlosser 1916 [nomen dubium], Protropidonotus neglectus Schlosser 1916 [nomen dubium]
Fm. Viperidae Oppel 1811 [viper]
+
G. Bothrops Wagler 1824 [pit viper]
G. †Laophis Owen 1857
Invalid names: Provipera Kinkelin 1892 [nomen dubium], Provipera boettgeri Kinkelin 1892 [nomen dubium]
Invalid names: Rhabdosomidae Cope 1871 [empty], Russellopheidae Rage 1978 [empty]
Unr. †Henophidia
+
Invalid names: Bolyeriidae [empty], Calabariidae [empty], Xenopeltidae Bonaparte 1845 [empty]
Unr. Macrostomata Ritgen 1828
+
Superfm. Booidea Gray 1825
+
G. †Boavus Marsh 1871
Fm. Boidae Gray 1825 [boa]
G. †Conantophis Holman and Harrison 2000
G. †Eoanilius Rage 1974
G. †Eoconstrictor Scanferla and Smith 2020
G. †Hibernophis Croghan et al. 2024
G. †Michauxophis Bailon 1988
G. †Rageryx Smith and Scanferla 2021
Invalid names: Archaeophidae Janensch 1906 [empty], Ungaliophiidae Zaher 1994 [empty]
G. Loxocemus Cope 1861 [Mexican burrowing pythons]
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Loxocemus bicolor Cope 1861 [Mexican burrowing python]
G. †Pachyrhachis Haas 1979
+
Invalid names: Estesius Wallach 1984 [synonym], Ophiomorphus Haas 1980 [synonym]
G. †Podophis Rage and Escuillié 2000
Fm. Tropidophiidae Cope 1894 [dwarf boa]
+
G. †Dunnophis Hecht 1959
G. †Platyspondylia Rage 1974
G. †Szyndlaria Rage and Augé 2010
Subfm. Tropidophiinae Cope 1894
Fm. Pseudoxyrhophiidae Dowling 1975
+
G. †Tuscahomaophis Holman and Case 1992
Invalid names: Cylindrophiidae Fitzinger 1843 [empty], Simoliopheoidea [empty]
Infraor. †Cholophidia Nopcsa 1923
+
Fm. †Lapparentopheidae Hoffstetter 1959
+
G. †Lapparentophis Hoffstetter 1959
+
†Lapparentophis defrennei Hoffstetter 1959
†Lapparentophis ragei Čerňanský et al. 2019
Fm. †Pachyophidae Nopcsa 1923
+
Fm. Colubridae Oppel 1811 [colubrid snake]
+
G. Abastor Gray 1849
Unr. Aglypha Duméril
+
Invalid names: Coronellinae [empty], Dendrophidae [empty], Lycodontinae [empty], Rachiodontinae [empty], Tropidonotinae [empty]
G. Apostolepis Cope 1862 [Burrowing snakes]
+
Apostolepis ammodites Ferrarezzi et al. 2005 [Tocantins blackhead]
Apostolepis assimilis Reinhardt 1861 [Reinhardt's burrowing snake]
Apostolepis cearensis Gomes 1915 [Gomes burrowing snake]
Apostolepis dorbignyi Schlegel 1837 [Bolivian burrowing snake]
Apostolepis flavotorquata Dumeril et al. 1854 [Central burrowing snake]
G. Bascanium Baird and Girard 1853
G. Cemophora Cope 1860
G. Chilomeniscus Cope 1860
G. Chionactis Cope 1860
Subfm. Colubrinae Oppel 1811
+
G. Arizona Kennicott 1859
+
Arizona elegans Kennicott 1859 [glossy snake]
†Arizona voorhiesi Parmley and Holman 1995
G. Coluber Linnaeus 1758 [racer]
+
†Coluber acuminatus Cope 1899
†Coluber cadurci Rage 1974
†Coluber caspioides Szyndlar and Schleich 1993
Coluber caspius Gmelin 1789
Coluber constrictor Linnaeus 1758 [black racer]
†Coluber dolnicensis Szyndlar 1987
†Coluber freybergi Brunner 1954
†Coluber hungaricus Bolkay 1913
†Coluber lobsingensis Heller 1960
†Coluber merkurensis Ivanov 2002
†Coluber planicarinatus Bachmayer and Szyndlar 1985
†Coluber plioagellus Wilson 1968
†Coluber pouchetii Rochebrune 1880
†Coluber robertmertensi Mlynarksi 1964
†Coluber suevicus Fraas 1870
†Coluber viridiflavus Lacépède 1789
Invalid names: Bascanion Baird and Girard 1853 [synonym], Coluber beggiatoi De Zigno 1889 [nomen dubium], Coluber fossilis Pomel 1853 [nomen dubium], Coluber gervaisii Pomel 1853 [nomen dubium], Coluber lafonti Filhol 1877 [nomen dubium], Coluber ombonii De Zigno 1889 [nomen dubium], Nanus Bachmayer and Szyndlar 1985 [synonym]
G. Coronella Laurenti 1768
+
Coronella austriaca Laurenti 1768 [smooth snake]
Coronella girondica Daudin 1803 [southern smooth snake]
†Coronella miocaenica Venczel 1998
G. Cyclophiops Boulenger 1888
G. Dinodon Duméril et al. 1854
G. Drymobius Fitzinger 1843
G. Elaphe Wagler 1833
+
†Elaphe algorensis Szyndlar 1985
†Elaphe buisi Holman 1973
Elaphe guttata Linnaeus 1766 [corn snake]
†Elaphe kansensis Gilmore 1938
†Elaphe kohfidischi Bachmayer and Szyndlar 1985
†Elaphe kormosi Bolkay 1913
†Elaphe longissima Laurenti 1768
†Elaphe nebraskensis Holman 1964
Elaphe obsoleta Say 1823 [black rat snake]
†Elaphe paralongissima Szyndlar 1984
†Elaphe parreyssii Fitzinger 1833
†Elaphe pliocenica Holman 1968
†Elaphe praelongissima Venczel 1994
Elaphe quatuorlineata Lacépède 1789 [four-lined snake]
†Elaphe szyndlari Venczel 1998
Elaphe vulpina Baird and Girard 1853 [fox snake]
Invalid names: Elaphis boulei De Stefano 1905 [nomen dubium], Palaeoelaphe Gilmore 1938 [synonym]
G. Ficimia Gray 1849
G. Lampropeltis Fitzinger 1843
+
Lampropeltis calligaster Harlan 1827 [prairie kingsnake]
Lampropeltis getulus Linnaeus 1766 [kingsnake]
†Lampropeltis intermedius Brattstrom 1955
†Lampropeltis similis Holman 1964
Lampropeltis triangulum Lacépède 1788 [milk snake]
G. Liochlorophis Oldham and Smith 1991
G. Macroprotodon Guichenot 1850 [false smooth snake]
G. Masticophis Baird and Girard 1853 [whip snake]
G. Opheodrys Fitzinger 1843
G. Oxybelis Wagler 1830
G. Phyllorhynchus Stejneger 1890
G. Platyceps Blyth 1860
G. Salvadora Baird and Girard 1853
+
Salvadora grahamiae Baird and Girard 1853
†Salvadora paleolineata Holman 1973
G. Stilosoma Brown 1890 [short-tailed snake]
+
Stilosoma extenuatum Brown 1890
Stilosoma vetustum Auffenberg 1863
G. Telescopus Waner 1830 [tiger snake]
G. †Texasophis Holman 1977
+
†Texasophis bohemiacus Szyndlar 1987
†Texasophis fossilis Holman 1977
†Texasophis galbreathi Holman 1984
†Texasophis hecki Böhme 2008
†Texasophis meini Rage and Holman 1984
†Texasophis wilsoni Holman 1984
Invalid names: Coluber etruriae Portis 1890 [nomen vanum]
G. Coniophanes Cope 1860
G. Contia Baird and Girard 1853
G. Cyclophis Günther
G. Dendrelaphis Boulenger 1890
G. Dromicus Bibron 1843
G. Eutaenia Baird and Girard 1853
G. Gyalopion Cope 1860
G. Haldea Baird and Girard 1853
G. Helicops Wagler 1830
G. Hierophis Fitzinger 1843
Subfm. Homalopsinae Cope 1864
+
G. Bitia Gray 1842
G. Cantoria Girard 1857
G. Cerberus Cuvier 1829
G. Enhydris Sonnini and Latreille 1802
G. Erpeton Lacépède 1800
G. Fordonia Gray 1842
G. Gerarda Gray 1849
G. Homalopsis Kuhl and Hasselt 1822
G. Myron Gray 1849
G. Hypsiglena Cope 1860
G. Leioheterodon Boulenger 1893 [Malagasy hognose snake]
G. Lodia Baird and Girard 1853
G. Lycodon Fitzinger 1826
G. Malpolon Fitzinger 1826
+
†Malpolon laurenti Depéret 1897
†Malpolon mlynarskii Szyndlar 1988
Malpolon monspessulanus Hermann 1804 [Montpellier snake]
Subfm. Natricinae Bonaparte 1838
+
G. Clonophis Cope 1889
G. †Neonatrix Holman 1973
+
†Neonatrix crassa Rage and Holman 1984
†Neonatrix elongata Holman 1973
†Neonatrix europaea Rage and Holman 1984
†Neonatrix infera Holman 1996
†Neonatrix magna Holman 1982
†Neonatrix nova Szyndlar 1987
G. Nerodia Baird and Girard 1853 [water snake]
+
Nerodia erythrogaster Clark 1903 [plain-bellied water snake]
Nerodia fasciata Linnaeus 1766 [banded water snake]
Nerodia floridana Goff 1936 [Florida green watersnake]
†Nerodia hibbardi Holman 1962
†Nerodia hillmani Wilson 1968
Nerodia rhombifer Hallowell 1852 [diamondback water snake]
Nerodia sipedon Linnaeus 1758 [northern water snake]
Nerodia taxispilota Holbrook 1842 [brown water snake]
G. Regina Baird and Girard 1853 [crayfish snake]
+
Regina alleni Garman 1874 [striped crayfish snake]
Regina grahamii Baird and Girard 1853 [Graham's crayfish snake]
†Regina intermedia Meylan 1982
Regina rigida Say 1825 [glossy crayfish snake]
Regina septemvittata Say 1825 [queen snake]
Invalid names: Liodytes Cope 1885 [synonym]
G. Seminatrix Cope 1895
G. Tropidoclonion Cope 1860
G. Virginia Baird and Girard 1853
G. Ophibolus Baird and Girard 1853
Unr. Opisthoglypha Duméril
+
Invalid names: Dipsadomorphinae [empty], Dryadinae [empty], Dryophinae [empty], Elachistodontinae [empty]
G. Osceola Baird and Girard 1853
G. †Palaeonatrix Szyndlar 1982
+
†Palaeonatrix lehmani Rage and Roček 1983
Invalid names: Dolniceophis Rage and Roček 1983 [synonym]
G. Pantherophis Fitzinger 1843
G. Phimothyra Cope 1860
G. Pseudoboa Schneider 1801
G. Rhinechis Michahelles 1833
+
Rhinechis agassizii Michahelles 1833
Rhinechis scalaris Schinz 1822 [ladder snake]
G. Rhinocheilus Baird and Girard 1853
G. Sibon Fitzinger 1826
G. Sonora Baird and Girard 1853
G. Spilotes Wagler
G. Storeria Baird and Girard 1853 [brown snake]
G. Tantilla Baird and Girard 1853
G. Thamnophis Fitzinger 1843 [garter snake]
+
†Thamnophis sirtalis Linnaeus
Invalid names: Chilopoma Cope 1875 [synonym]
G. Trimorphodon Cope 1869
G. Tropidoclonium Cope
G. Tropidonotus Kuhl 1826
+
Tropidonotus leberis Linnaeus 1758
Invalid names: Tropidonotus elongatus Troschel 1854 [nomen nudum]
Subfm. Xenodontinae Bonaparte 1845
+
G. Diadophis Baird and Girard 1853 [ringneck snake]
+
†Diadophis elinorae Auffenberg 1963
†Diadophis punctatus Linnaeus
G. Heterodon Latreille 1801 [hog-nosed snake]
+
†Heterodon brevis Auffenberg 1963
Heterodon nasicus Baird and Girard 1852 [western hognose snake]
Heterodon platyrhinos Latreille 1801 [eastern hognosed snake]
†Heterodon plionasicus Peters 1953
Heterodon simus Linnaeus 1766 [southern hognose snake]
G. †Paleoheterodon Holman 1964
+
†Paleoheterodon arcuatus Rage and Holman 1984
†Paleoheterodon tiheni Holman 1964
G. Zamenis Wagler 1830
Invalid names: Coluber owenii Meyer 1844 [nomen dubium], Naja sauvagei Rochebrune 1880 [nomen dubium], Palaelaphis De Rochebrune 1884 [nomen dubium], Pylmophis De Rochebrune 1884 [nomen dubium], Scaptophis Rochebrune 1880 [nomen dubium], Tachyophis De Rochebrune 1884 [nomen dubium]
G. Hoplocephalus Wagler 1830
Fm. †Madtsoiidae Hoffstetter 1961
+
G. †Alamitophis Albino 1986
+
†Alamitophis argentinus Albino 1986
†Alamitophis elongatus Albino 1994
†Alamitophis tingamarra Scanlon 2005
G. †Madtsoia Simpson 1933
+
†Madtsoia bai Simpson 1933
†Madtsoia camposi Rage 1998
†Madtsoia madagascariensis Hoffstetter 1961
†Madtsoia pisdurensis Mohabey et al. 2011
G. †Menarana LaDuke et al. 2010
+
†Menarana laurasiae Rage 1996
†Menarana nosymena LaDuke et al. 2010
G. †Patagoniophis Albino 1986
+
†Patagoniophis australiensis Scanlon 2005
†Patagoniophis parvus Albino 1986
Fm. Natricidae Bonaparte 1838
+
G. Natrix Laurenti 1768 [water snake]
+
†Natrix longivertebrata Szyndlar 1984
Natrix maura Linnaeus 1758
†Natrix merkurensis Ivanov 2002
†Natrix mlynarskii Rage 1988
†Natrix natrix Linnaeus 1758
†Natrix parva Szyndlar 1984
†Natrix rusticus Brunner 1957
†Natrix sansaniensis Lartet 1851
†Natrix vulgaris Laurenti 1768
Invalid names: Coluber podolicus von Meyer 1844 [nomen dubium], Hydrus Schneider 1799 [synonym]
G. Ophidium Linnaeus 1758
+
†Ophidium biarritzense Sulc 1932
†Ophidium biscaicum Sulc 1932
†Ophidium magnus Bassoli 1906
Fm. †Palaeophiidae Lydekker 1888
+
Subfm. †Archaeophiinae Janensch 1906
+
G. †Archaeophis Massalongo 1859
+
†Archaeophis proavus Massalongo 1859
†Archaeophis turkmenicus Tatarinov 1963
G. †Palaeophis Owen 1841
+
†Palaeophis africanus Andrews 1924
†Palaeophis casei Holman 1982
†Palaeophis colossaeus Rage 1983
†Palaeophis ferganicus Averianov 1997
†Palaeophis grandis Marsh 1869
†Palaeophis littoralis Cope 1847
†Palaeophis longus Owen 1849
†Palaeophis maghrebianus Arambourg 1952
†Palaeophis nessovi Averianov 1997
+
Invalid names: Palaeophis udovichenkoi Averianov 1997 [synonym]
†Palaeophis oweni de Zigno 1881
†Palaeophis porcatus Owen 1849
†Palaeophis tamdy Averianov 1997
†Palaeophis toliapicus Owen 1841
†Palaeophis typhaeus Owen 1850
†Palaeophis vastaniensis Bajpai and Head 2008
†Palaeophis virginianus Lynn 1934
†Paleophis virginianus Lynn 1934
Invalid names: Dinophis Marsh 1869 [synonym], Nessovophis Averianov 1997 [synonym], Palaeophis giganteus Pomel 1847 [nomen nudum], Palaeophis halidanus Cope 1868 [nomen dubium], Titanophis Marsh 1878 [synonym], Vialovophis Nessov 1984 [synonym]
G. †Pterosphenus Lucas 1898
+
†Pterosphenus biswasi Rage et al. 2003
†Pterosphenus kutchensis Rage et al. 2003
†Pterosphenus schucherti Lucas 1898
†Pterosphenus schweinfurthi Andrews 1901
†Pterosphenus sheppardi Hoffstetter 1958
Invalid names: Moeriophis Andrews 1901 [synonym], Pterosphenus muruntau Averianov 1997 [nomen dubium]
Invalid names: Palaeopheinae Lydekker [empty], Palaeophiinae Lydekker 1888 [empty]
G. †Portugalophis Caldwell et al. 2015 [snake]
+
†Portugalophis lignites Caldwell et al. 2015 [snake]
Superfm. †Pythonoidea Fitzinger 1826
+
Infraor. Scolecophidia Duméril and Bibron 1844
+
Fm. Anomalepididae
+
G. Anomalepis Jan 1860 [South American blind snakes]
G. Helminthophis Peters 1860 [Greater blind snakes]
G. Liotyphlops Peters 1881 [Lesser blind snakes]
+
Liotyphlops albirostris Peters 1857 [Whitenose blind snake]
G. Typhlophis Fitzinger 1843 [Trinidad blind snakes]
+
Typhlophis squamosus Schlegel 1839 [Trinidad blind snake]
Fm. Leptotyphlopidae Stejneger 1892
+
G. Leptotyphlops Fitzinger 1843 [Slender blind snakes]
+
Leptotyphlops dulcis Baird and Girard 1853 [Texas blind snake]
Leptotyphlops goudotii Dumeril 1844 [Black blind snake]
Leptotyphlops humilis Baird and Girard 1853 [Western blind snake]
Invalid names: Glauconiidae Boulenger 1890 [synonym], Stenostomidae Cope 1871 [synonym]
Fm. Typhlopidae Bonaparte 1831 [blind snake]
+
G. Typhlops Oppel 1811 [blind snake]
+
Typhlops biminiensis Richmond 1955
Typhlops caymanensis Sackett 1940
Typhlops epactius Thomas 1968
Typhlops jamaicensis Shaw 1802 [Jamaica worm snake]
Typhlops lineolatus Jan 1863 [Common lined worm snake]
G. †Tomodon Duméril 1853
Invalid names: Botrophis de Rochebrune 1880 [nomen dubium], Coluber steinheimensis Fraas 1870 [nomen dubium], Coniophis Marsh 1892 [nomen dubium], Coniophis cosgriffi Armstrong-Ziegler 1978 [nomen dubium], Coniophis dabiebus Rage and Werner 1999 [nomen dubium], Coniophis precedens Marsh 1892 [nomen dubium], Dinilysiidae Romer 1956 [empty], Hoffstetterella Rage 1998 [nomen dubium], Hoffstetterella brasiliensis Rage 1998 [nomen dubium], Ophidion Pomel 1853 [nomen dubium], Ophidioniscus Pomel 1853 [nomen dubium], Ophidium Burmeister 1885 [nomen dubium]
Fm. †Simoliophiidae
+
G. †Simoliophis Sauvage 1880
+
†Simoliophis libycus Nessov et al. 1998
†Simoliophis rochebrunei Sauvage 1880
Superfm. Solenoglypha
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Invalid names: Atractaspididae Günther 1858 [empty], Causidae Cope 1859 [empty]
Invalid names: Angiostomata Stannius 1856 [empty], Colubriformia [empty], Coniophidae Hoffstetter 1955 [empty], Psammophidae [empty], Tortricina Müller [empty]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| R. Owen 1860 | Vertebrae very numerous, procoelian, with a single transverse process on each side ; no sacrum ; no visible limbs. | |
| R. Owen 1861 | Vertebrae very numerous, procoelian, with a single transverse process on each side, and single-headed hollow ribs; no sacrum; no visible limbs. | |
| E. Perrier 1928 | Les deux branches de la mâchoire inférieure unies entre elles par un ligament. Membres absents ou réduits à de très faibles rudiments des postérieurs. Ni tympan, ni caisse du tympan, ni trompe d'Eustache. Columelle libre, s'appuyant d'une part sur l'os carré, d'autre part sur la fenêtre ovale. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: g = genus, subf = subfamily, c = class, subp = subphylum, uc = unranked clade | |||||
| References: Behler and King 1979, Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009, Greene 1997, Tchernov et al. 2000, Holman 2000 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Late/Upper Bathonian to the top of the Greenlandian or 168.20000 to 0.00820 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 165.3 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 165.3 Ma
Collections (1381 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Late/Upper Bathonian | United Kingdom (England) | Eophis underwoodi (39075) | |
| Kimmeridgian | Portugal (Leiria) | Parviraptor estesi (24563) | |
| Early/Lower Tithonian | USA (Colorado) | Serpentes indet., Parviraptor gilmorei (71476) | |
| Early/Lower Tithonian | USA (Utah) | Serpentes indet. (191718) | |
| Tithonian | USA (Utah) | Serpentes indet. (22711) | |
| Tithonian | USA (Colorado) | Parviraptor sp. (53040) | |
| Early/Lower Berriasian - Early/Lower Cenomanian | Algeria (Illizi) | Lapparentophis defrennei (25222) | |
| Late/Upper Barremian | Spain (Cuenca) | Serpentes indet. (61319) | |
| Albian | Algeria | Serpentes indet., Lapparentopheidae indet. (187588) | |
| Cenomanian | Libya (Awbari) | Simoliophis libycus (45725) | |
| Cenomanian | Bosnia and Herzegovina (Herzegovina) | Mesophis nopcsai, Pachyophis woodwardi (53519) | |
| Cenomanian | Brazil (Maranhão) | Madtsoiidae indet. (56365) Seismophis septentrionalis (138577) | |
| Cenomanian | Venezuela (Trujillo) | Lunaophis aquaticus (176561) | |
| Early/Lower Cenomanian | USA (Utah) | Coniophis sp. (14396 117467) | |
| Early/Lower Cenomanian | France | Simoliophis rochebrunei (59809 138329) | |
| Early/Lower Cenomanian | France (Poitou-Charentes) | Ophidia indet. A, Ophidia indet. B, Simoliophis rochebrunei (73862) Simoliophis rochebrunei (65421 73863 77229 77230 77231 77232 77233) | |
| Early/Lower Cenomanian | Argentina (Río Negro) | Najash rionegrina (225915) Najash sp. (206599 206600) | |
| Early/Lower Cenomanian | Myanmar (Kachin) | Xiaophis myanmarensis (194175) | |
| Early/Lower Cenomanian | Morocco (Drâa-Tafilalet) | Lapparentophis ragei (196796) Norisophis begaa (96223) Norisophis sp. (183549) Serpentes indet., Nigerophiidae indet., Madtsoiidae indet. (115190) Simoliophiidae indet., Simoliophis libycus, Madtsoiidae indet. (115189) | |
| Early/Lower Cenomanian | Palestinian Territory | Ophidia indet., Haasiophis terrasanctus, Pachyrhachis problematicus, Ophiomorphus colberti (11804) | |