PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Ankylosauria (ankylosaur)

Reptilia

Taxonomy

Ankylosauria was named by Osborn (1923) [Named in text without description.]. It was considered monophyletic by Vickaryous et al. (2004).

It was reranked as the order Ankylosauria by Bakker and Galton (1974); it was reranked as the unranked clade Ankylosauria by Buchholz (2002), Sánchez-Hernández et al. (2007), Butler et al. (2008), Han et al. (2012), Yang et al. (2013), Arbour et al. (2014), Gasparini et al. (2015), Leahey et al. (2015), Penkalski and Tumanova (2017), Brown et al. (2017), Arbour and Evans (2017), Zheng et al. (2018), Murray et al. (2019), Dieudonné et al. (2020), Paulina-Carabajal et al. (2021) and Zhu et al. (2024).

It was assigned to Enoplosauria by Swinton (1970); to Ornithischia by Bakker and Galton (1974); to Orbitoscuta by Bakker (1986); to Ankylosauromorpha by Carpenter (2001); to Ornithischia by Romer (1956), Parsch (1963), Tatarinov (1964), Kuhn (1964), Ostrom (1965), Kuhn (1966), Romer (1966), Charig (1967), Thulborn (1971), Krebs (1974), Bonaparte (1978), Benton (1979), Ostrom (1980), McIntosh (1981), Thurmond and Jones (1981), McGinnis (1982), Russell (1984), Maryanska and Osmólska (1985), Carroll (1988), Dong (1993), Buffetaut (1995), Peng et al. (2001) and Chure et al. (2006); to Thyreophora by de Valais et al. (2003), Weishampel (2004), Parish and Barrett (2004) and Butler et al. (2008); to Ornithischia by Gasparini et al. (2015), Penkalski and Tumanova (2017) and Brown et al. (2017); to Eurypoda by Sereno (1986), Benton (1990), Sereno (1998), Sereno (1999), Vickaryous et al. (2004), Norman et al. (2004), Maidment et al. (2006), Maidment et al. (2008), Leahey et al. (2015) and Zheng et al. (2018); and to Thyreophora by Buchholz (2002), Sánchez-Hernández et al. (2007), Han et al. (2012), Yang et al. (2013), Arbour et al. (2014), Arbour and Evans (2017), Murray et al. (2019), Dieudonné et al. (2020), Paulina-Carabajal et al. (2021), Rozadilla et al. (2021) and Zhu et al. (2024).

Synonyms

Apraedentalia was named by Huene (1948).

It was synonymized subjectively with Ankylosauria by Tumanova (1987).

It was assigned to Thyreophora by Huene (1948) and Huene (1954).
Zhejiangosaurus was named by Lü et al. (2007).

It was considered a nomen dubium by Arbour and Currie (2016).

It was assigned to Nodosauridae by Lü et al. (2007) and Han et al. (2014).
Zhejiangosaurus lishuiensis was named by Lü et al. (2007). Its type specimen is ZMNH M8718, a set of postcrania (sacrum with eight vertebrae, 14 caudal vertebrae, right ilium, partial left ilium, partial ischium, pubis, both femora, both tibiae, both fibulae, both pedes), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Liancheng, Lishui, which is in a Cenomanian terrestrial horizon in the Chaochuan Formation of China.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Arbour and Currie (2016).
Acanthopholis was named by Huxley (1867). Its type is Acanthopholis horridus. It is the type genus of Acanthopholidae, Acanthopholididae, Acanthopholinae.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Pereda Suberbiola and Barrett (1999), Ford (2000) and Carpenter (2001); it was considered a nomen dubium by Vickaryous et al. (2004), Naish and Martill (2008), Kirkland et al. (2013), Blows and Honeysett (2014) and Blows (2014).

It was assigned to Dinosauria by Seeley (1869); to Scelidosauria by Sauvage (1882); to Stegosauria by Dollo (1889); to Scelidosauridae by Huxley (1870), Marsh (1880), Sauvage (1882), Dollo (1884), Marsh (1884), Marsh (1885), Lydekker (1888), Zittel (1890), Marsh (1896), Van Den Broeck (1900), Lucas (1902) and Lydekker (1904); to Omosauridae by Huene (1909); to Stegosauridae by Nopcsa (1901) and von Zittel (1911); to Acanthopholinae by Nopcsa (1923); to Acanthopholinae by Nopcsa (1929) and Nopcsa (1931); to Acanthopholidae by Huene (1927), Nopcsa (1928), Nopcsa (1928), Stromer (1934), Romer (1956), Tatarinov (1964), Simmons (1965), Romer (1966) and Swinton (1970); to Acanthopholididae by Nopcsa (1902), Nopcsa (1915), Kuhn (1964) and Buffetaut et al. (1981); and to Nodosauridae by Marsh (1882), Hennig (1915), Coombs (1978), Coombs (1978), Tumanova (1987), Carroll (1988), Buffetaut (1997), Pereda Suberbiola and Galton (1997), Knoll et al. (1998) and Pereda Suberbiola and Galton (2001).
Brachypodosaurus was named by Chakravarti (1934). Its type is Brachypodosaurus gravis.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Maryanska (1977); it was considered a nomen dubium by Ford (2000), Carpenter (2001) and Vickaryous et al. (2004).

It was assigned to Stegosauroidea by Chakravarti (1934); to Ankylosauria by Coombs (1978) and Molnar (1980); to Nodosauridae by Romer (1956), Tatarinov (1964), Kuhn (1964), Romer (1966) and Carroll (1988); and to Stegosauria by Gasparini et al. (1996).
Cryptodraco was named by Lydekker (1889). Its type is Cryptosaurus eumerus.

It was synonymized subjectively with Cryptosaurus by Nopcsa (1901) and Huene (1909); it was considered a nomen dubium by Ford (2000) and Carpenter (2001); it was considered a nomen dubium by Vickaryous et al. (2004).

It was assigned to Camptosauridae by Zittel (1890); to Iguanodontidae by Lydekker (1889), Romer (1956), Delair (1960), Tatarinov (1964), Kuhn (1964), Romer (1966), Charig (1967), Thulborn (1970) and Thulborn (1974); and to Nodosauridae by Galton (1980), Galton (1980), Molnar (1984), Carroll (1988), Coombs and Deméré (1996) and Pereda Suberbiola and Galton (2001).
Palaeoscincus was named by Leidy (1856). Its type is Palaeoscincus costatus.

It was synonymized subjectively with Edmontonia by Blows (2001); it was considered a nomen dubium by Ford (2000), Carpenter (2001) and Vickaryous et al. (2004).

It was assigned to Lacertilia by Leidy (1856); to Sauria by Leidy (1860); to Iguanodontidae by Cope (1869); to Orthopoda by Cope (1877); to Stegosauria by Marsh (1892) and Winkler (1893); to Acanthopholididae by Nopcsa (1902); to Stegosauridae by Zittel (1890), Marsh (1895), Marsh (1896), Nopcsa (1901), Lambe (1902), Hay (1902), Lambe (1905), Lambe (1911) and von Zittel (1911); to Acanthopholidae by Huene (1927); to Ankylosaurinae by Nopcsa (1929); to Edmontoniinae by Russell (1940); to Ankylosauridae by Brown (1908), Huene (1909), Nopcsa (1928), Maleev (1954) and Maleev (1956); to Ankylosauria by Ostrom (1965); and to Nodosauridae by Wieland (1911), Hennig (1915), Lull (1924), Nopcsa (1928), Hay (1930), Russell (1930), Young (1935), Russell (1935), Romer (1956), Parsch (1963), Tatarinov (1964), Kuhn (1964), Russell (1964), Simmons (1965), Romer (1966), Wolberg (1980), Russell (1984), Tumanova (1987), Carroll (1988) and Coombs (1990).
Priodontognathus was named by Seeley (1875).

It was synonymized subjectively with Iguanodon by Van Den Broeck (1900); it was synonymized subjectively with Dacentrurus by Hennig (1915) and Kuhn (1964); it was synonymized subjectively with Hylaeosaurus by Romer (1956); it was synonymized subjectively with Priodontosaurus by Romer (1966); it was considered a nomen dubium by Ford (2000) and Carpenter (2001); it was considered a nomen dubium by Vickaryous et al. (2004).

It was assigned to Scelidosauridae by Zittel (1890); to Acanthopholididae by Nopcsa (1902); to Omosauridae by Huene (1909); to Stegosauridae by Nopcsa (1901) and von Zittel (1911); to Hypsilophodontidae by Huene (1927); to Camptosaurinae by Nopcsa (1928); to Iguanodontidae by Swinton (1936) and Tatarinov (1964); and to Nodosauridae by Galton (1980), Galton (1980), Galton (1981), Galton (1983), Galton (1985), Carroll (1988), Barrett (2001), Naish and Martill (2008) and Blows and Honeysett (2014).
Priconodon was named by Marsh (1888).

It was considered a nomen dubium by Ford (2000); it was considered a nomen dubium by Vickaryous et al. (2004) and Weishampel (2006).

It was assigned to Mammalia by Walcott (1900); to Omosauridae by Huene (1909); to Stegosauria by Winkler (1893) and Lull (1911); to Stegosaurinae by Romer (1956); to Stegosauridae by Zittel (1890), Marsh (1895), Marsh (1896), Nopcsa (1901), Hay (1902), Lull (1911), von Zittel (1911), Hennig (1915), Tatarinov (1964), Kuhn (1964), Romer (1966) and Charig (1967); and to Nodosauridae by Gilmore (1921), Hay (1930), Coombs (1978), Galton (1980), Galton (1983), Carpenter and Kirkland (1998), Lipka (1998), Carpenter (2001) and Kirkland et al. (2013).
Acanthopholis horridus was named by Huxley (1867). Its type specimen is GSM 109046-109058, a partial skeleton, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is east of Copt Point, Folkestone, which is in a Cenomanian terrestrial marl in the West Melbury Marly Chalk Formation of the United Kingdom. It is the type species of Acanthopholis.

It was corrected as Acanthopholis horrida by Woodward and Sherborn (1890), Lydekker (1904), Huene (1927) and Olshevsky (2000); it was considered a nomen dubium by Pereda Suberbiola and Barrett (1999), Ford (2000), Carpenter (2001), Vickaryous et al. (2004), Osi and Makádi (2009), Blows and Honeysett (2014) and Blows (2014).
Priconodon crassus was named by Marsh (1888). Its type specimen is USNM 2135, a tooth, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Coffin's Engine Bank, Swampoodle, which is in an Aptian mire/swamp claystone in the Arundel Clay Formation of Maryland.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Ford (2000); it was considered a nomen dubium by Vickaryous et al. (2004) and Weishampel (2006); it was considered a nomen dubium by Stanford et al. (2011).
Palaeoscincus latus was named by Marsh (1892). Its type specimen is YPM 4810 and is a 3D body fossil.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Coombs (1990), Coombs and Deméré (1996), Ford (2000), Carpenter (2001) and Vickaryous et al. (2004).
Hierosaurus sternbergii was named by Wieland (1909). Its type specimen is YPM 1847, an osteoderm, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Castle Rock-Hackberry (YPM), which is in a Coniacian marine horizon in the Niobrara Formation of Kansas. It is the type species of Hierosaurus.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Ford (2000), Carpenter (2001), Vickaryous et al. (2004) and Galton (2019).
Hierosaurus was named by Wieland (1909). Its type is Hierosaurus sternbergii.

It was synonymized subjectively with Nodosaurus by Coombs (1978), Coombs (1978) and Tumanova (1987); it was considered a nomen dubium by Ford (2000), Carpenter (2001), Vickaryous et al. (2004) and Galton (2019).

It was assigned to Stegosauridae by von Zittel (1911); to Acanthopholidae by Huene (1927); to Panoplosaurinae by Nopcsa (1929); to Ankylosauridae by Wieland (1909), Nopcsa (1928), Hay (1930) and Maleev (1956); and to Nodosauridae by Wieland (1911), Hennig (1915), Lull (1921), Nopcsa (1928), Russell (1930), Young (1935), Mehl (1936), Romer (1956), Tatarinov (1964), Kuhn (1964), Romer (1966), Swinton (1970), Carpenter et al. (1995) and Coombs and Deméré (1996).
Tianchiasaurus was named by Dong (1993). Its type is Tianchiasaurus nedegoapeferima.

It was replaced with Tianchisaurus by Dong (1994); it was considered a nomen dubium by Carpenter (2001); it was considered a nomen dubium by Vickaryous et al. (2004), Arbour and Currie (2016) and Delsate et al. (2018).

It was assigned to Ankylosauridae by Dong (1993), Tumanova (2000) and Garcia and Pereda-Suberbiola (2003).
Tianchiasaurus nedegoapeferima was named by Dong (1993). Its type specimen is IVPP V.10614, a partial skeleton (fragments of skull, five cervicals, six dorsals, seven sacrals, three caudals, limb fragments, osteoderms), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Tianchi, Sagonghe Valley, which is in a Callovian fluvial-lacustrine sandstone in the Toutunhe Formation of China. It is the type species of Tianchiasaurus, Tianchisaurus.

It was recombined as Tianchisaurus nedegoapeferima by Dong (1994); it was considered a nomen dubium by Carpenter (2001) and Vickaryous et al. (2004); it was considered a nomen dubium by Arbour and Currie (2016), Delsate et al. (2018) and Galton (2019).
Palaeoscincus costatus was named by Leidy (1856). Its type specimen is ANSP 9263, a tooth, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Judith River badlands (USGS), which is in a Campanian/Campanian terrestrial horizon in the Judith River Formation of Montana. It is the type species of Palaeoscincus.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Coombs (1990), Coombs and Deméré (1996), Breithaupt (1999), Ford (2000), Carpenter (2001) and Vickaryous et al. (2004).
Cryptosaurus was named by Seeley (1875). Its type is Cryptosaurus eumerus.

It was replaced with Cryptodraco by Lydekker (1889), Zittel (1890), Woodward and Sherborn (1890), Lydekker (1904), Romer (1956), Delair (1960), Tatarinov (1964), Kuhn (1964), Romer (1966) and Galton (1983); it was considered a nomen dubium by Naish and Martill (2008).

It was assigned to Dinosauria by Seeley (1875); to Iguanodontidae by Nopcsa (1901); and to Camptosauridae by Huene (1909) and von Zittel (1911).
Cryptosaurus eumerus was named by Seeley (1875). Its type specimen is OUM J.46882, a limb element (femur), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Great Gransden brick pit, which is in an Oxfordian marine claystone in the Ampthill Clay Formation of the United Kingdom. It is the type species of Cryptodraco, Cryptosaurus.

It was recombined as Cryptodraco eumerus by Lydekker (1889), Woodward and Sherborn (1890), Lydekker (1904), Delair (1960), Charig (1967), Galton (1980) and Galton (1983); it was considered a nomen dubium by Ford (2000), Carpenter (2001) and Vickaryous et al. (2004); it was considered a nomen dubium by Maidment et al. (2020).
Acanthopholis macrocercus was named by Seeley (1869). Its type specimen is SMC B55588-55609, an osteoderm, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is near Cambridge (SMC general) [PROXY], which is in a Cenomanian marine horizon in the West Melbury Marly Chalk Formation of the United Kingdom.

It was recombined as Syngonosaurus macrocercus by Seeley (1879), Sauvage (1882), Lydekker (1889), Nopcsa (1901), Lydekker (1904), Huene (1927) and Stromer (1934); it was synonymized subjectively with Eucercosaurus tanyspondylus by Bartholomai and Molnar (1981); it was considered a nomen nudum by Woodward and Sherborn (1890); it was considered a nomen dubium by Brinkmann (1988), Pereda Suberbiola and Barrett (1999), Ford (2000), Carpenter (2001), Vickaryous et al. (2004) and Barrett and Bonsor (2020).
Acanthopholis stereocercus was named by Seeley (1869). Its type specimen is SMC B55560, B55562, B55566-55568, caudal vertebrae; B55569, dermal spine, a skull, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is near Cambridge (SMC general) [PROXY], which is in a Cenomanian marine horizon in the West Melbury Marly Chalk Formation of the United Kingdom.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Pereda Suberbiola and Barrett (1999), Ford (2000), Carpenter (2001) and Vickaryous et al. (2004).
Acanthopholis eucercus was named by Seeley (1879). Its type specimen is SMC 55552–55557, a set of vertebrae (caudal centra), and it is a 3D body fossil.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Pereda Suberbiola and Barrett (1999), Ford (2000), Carpenter (2001) and Vickaryous et al. (2004).
Stegosaurus madagascariensis was named by Piveteau (1926). Its type specimen is MNHN (lost), a set of teeth, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is RN4, Berivotra, which is in a Maastrichtian terrestrial claystone in the Maevarano Formation of Madagascar.

It was synonymized subjectively with Majungatholus atopus by Galton (1981); it was considered a nomen dubium by Taquet (1977), Maryanska (1990), Norman et al. (2004), Maidment et al. (2008), Maidment (2010), Pereda-Suberbiola et al. (2013) and Ulansky (2014).
Brachypodosaurus gravis was named by Chakravarti (1934). Its type specimen is IM V9, a limb element (humerus), and it is a 3D body fossil. It is the type species of Brachypodosaurus.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Maryanska (1977); it was considered a nomen dubium by Ford (2000); it was considered a nomen dubium by Carpenter (2001) and Vickaryous et al. (2004).
Rhadinosaurus was named by Seeley (1881). Its type is Rhadinosaurus alcimus.

It was synonymized subjectively with Struthiosaurus by Nopcsa (1915), Nopcsa (1923), Huene (1927), Lapparent (1947), Kuhn (1964), Carpenter (2001) and Pereda Suberbiola and Galton (2001); it was considered a nomen dubium by Vickaryous et al. (2004).

It was assigned to Dinosauria by Seeley (1881); to Stegosauridae by Nopcsa (1901); to Reptilia by Huene (1909); to Ornithosuchidae by Romer (1956); and to Iguanodontidae by Weishampel and Weishampel (1983).
Rhadinosaurus alcimus was named by Seeley (1881). It is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Muthmannsdorf, which is in a Campanian estuary/bay coal/sandstone in the Grünbach Formation of Austria. It is the type species of Rhadinosaurus.

It was recombined as Struthiosaurus alcinus by Kuhn (1964); it was synonymized subjectively with Struthiosaurus austriacus by Carpenter (2001) and Pereda Suberbiola and Galton (2001); it was misspelled as Rhadinosaurus alcinus by Weishampel and Weishampel (1983); it was considered a nomen dubium by Vickaryous et al. (2004).
Heishansaurus was named by Bohlin (1953). Its type is Heishansaurus pachycephalus.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Maryanska (1977); it was considered a nomen dubium by Maryanska (1990); it was considered a nomen dubium by Ford (2000), Carpenter (2001), Maryanska et al. (2004), Sullivan (2006), Arbour and Currie (2016) and You et al. (2019).

It was assigned to Thyreophora by Huene (1958); to Nodosaurinae by Huene (1959); to Nodosauridae by Tatarinov (1964); to Nodosauridae by Bohlin (1953), Romer (1956), Kuhn (1964) and Romer (1966); and to Ankylosauridae by Rozhdestvensky (1977), Coombs (1978), Carroll (1988) and Dong (1992).
Heishansaurus pachycephalus was named by Bohlin (1953). Its type specimen is uncat. (possibly lost), a partial skeleton (fragmentary skull, cervical, dorsal, sacral and caudal vertebrae, ribs, osteoderms), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Chia-yü-kuan (SSE), which is in a Campanian/Maastrichtian lacustrine claystone in the Minhe Formation of China. It is the type species of Heishansaurus.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Maryanska (1977), Maryanska (1990) and Dong (1992); it was considered a nomen dubium by Ford (2000), Carpenter (2001), Maryanska et al. (2004), Sullivan (2006) and Arbour and Currie (2016).
Rhodanosaurus was named by Nopcsa (1929).

It was synonymized subjectively with Struthiosaurus by Lapparent (1947), Kuhn (1964), Coombs (1978), Tumanova (1987) and Ford (2000); it was considered a nomen dubium by Le Loeuff (1998), Carpenter (2001), Pereda Suberbiola and Galton (2001), Garcia and Pereda-Suberbiola (2003) and Vickaryous et al. (2004).

It was assigned to Acanthopholinae by Nopcsa (1929); to Acanthopholidae by Romer (1956), Tatarinov (1964) and Romer (1966); and to Acanthopholididae by Charig (1967).
Polacanthoides was named by Nopcsa (1928). Its type is Polacanthoides ponderosus.

It was synonymized subjectively with Polacanthus by Pereda-Suberbiola (1993) and Pereda-Suberbiola (1994); it was considered a nomen dubium by Blows (1987); it was considered a nomen dubium by Carpenter (2001) and Vickaryous et al. (2004); it was synonymized subjectively with Hylaeosaurus by Coombs (1978), Coombs (1978), Galton (1983), Tumanova (1987), Blows (1998) and Barrett and Maidment (2011).

It was assigned to Thyreophora by Nopcsa (1928); to Ankylosaurinae by Nopcsa (1929); to Ankylosauridae by Maleev (1956); to Nodosauridae by Swinton (1936), Romer (1956), Tatarinov (1964), Kuhn (1964) and Romer (1966); and to Polacanthidae by Ford (2000).
Polacanthoides ponderosus was named by Nopcsa (1929). Its type specimen is BMNH 1106, 1107, 2584 and is a 3D body fossil. It is the type species of Polacanthoides.

It was synonymized subjectively with Polacanthus foxii by Pereda-Suberbiola (1993) and Pereda-Suberbiola (1994); it was considered a nomen dubium by Blows (1987); it was considered a nomen dubium by Carpenter (2001) and Vickaryous et al. (2004); it was synonymized subjectively with Hylaeosaurus armatus by Coombs (1978), Galton (1983) and Barrett and Maidment (2011).
Rhodanosaurus ludgunensis was named by Nopcsa (1929). It is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Quarante, Cruzy, which is in a Campanian/Maastrichtian fluvial-lacustrine sandstone/claystone in the Saint-Chinian Formation of France.

It was recombined as Struthiosaurus lugdunensis by Lapparent (1947), Lapparent (1948), Kuhn (1964), Lapparent (1967), Dinca et al. (1971), Brinkmann (1984), Buffetaut (1992), Ford (2000) and Powell (2003); it was misspelled as Struthiosaurus lugundensis by Jeletzky (1960) and Charig (1967); it was considered a nomen dubium by Le Loeuff (1998), Carpenter (2001), Pereda Suberbiola and Galton (2001), Garcia and Pereda-Suberbiola (2003) and Vickaryous et al. (2004).
Crichtonsaurus was named by Dong (2002). It was considered monophyletic by Vickaryous et al. (2004).

It was considered a nomen dubium by Arbour and Currie (2016).

It was assigned to Ankylosauria by Dong (2002) and Vickaryous et al. (2004); to Ankylosauria by Amiot et al. (2010); and to Ankylosauridae by Lü et al. (2007) and Han et al. (2014).
Crichtonsaurus bohlini was named by Dong (2002). Its type specimen is IVPP V12745, a mandible, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Xiafuxiang, Beipiao, which is in a Cenomanian/Turonian terrestrial horizon in the Sunjiawan Formation of China. It was considered monophyletic by Vickaryous et al. (2004).

It was considered a nomen dubium by Arbour and Currie (2016).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1856	Palaeoscincus Leidy p. 72
1856	Palaeoscincus costatus Leidy p. 72
1857	Palaeoscincus costatus Leidy p. 90
1860	Palaeoscincus Leidy p. 146
1860	Palaeoscincus costatus Leidy p. 146
1867	Acanthopholis horridus Etheridge p. 67
1867	Acanthopholis horridus Huxley p. 65
1867	Acanthopholis Huxley p. 67 figs. Pl. 5
1867	Acanthopholis horridus Huxley p. 67 figs. Pl. 5
1869	Palaeoscincus Cope p. 91
1869	Palaeoscincus costatus Cope p. 99
1869	Acanthopholis horridus Matheron p. 375
1869	Acanthopholis Seeley p. xvii
1869	Acanthopholis macrocercus Seeley p. xvii figs. 6-8
1869	Acanthopholis stereocercus Seeley p. xvii
1870	Acanthopholis Huxley p. 34
1871	Acanthopholis horridus Seeley p. 307
1874	Palaeoscincus costatus Cope p. 26
1875	Palaeoscincus costatus Cope p. 248
1875	Acanthopholis macrocercus Jukes-Browne p. 305
1875	Acanthopholis stereocercus Jukes-Browne p. 311
1875	Cryptosaurus eumerus Seeley
1875	Cryptosaurus Seeley p. 149
1875	Cryptosaurus eumerus Seeley p. 151 figs. 1-4
1875	Priodontognathus Seeley p. 439 figs. Pl. 20
1877	Palaeoscincus Cope p. 572
1877	Palaeoscincus costatus Cope p. 572
1879	Acanthopholis horridus Prestwich p. 193
1879	Acanthopholis eucercus Seeley
1879	Acanthopholis horridus Seeley p. 596 figs. 2-3
1879	Acanthopholis stereocercus Seeley pp. 628-631
1879	Acanthopholis eucercus Seeley p. 632
1879	Syngonosaurus macrocercus Seeley p. 632
1880	Acanthopholis Marsh
1880	Cryptosaurus eumerus Sauvage p. 523
1881	Rhadinosaurus Seeley p. 620
1881	Rhadinosaurus alcimus Seeley p. 675
1882	Acanthopholis Marsh
1882	Acanthopholis eucercus Sauvage p. 30
1882	Acanthopholis stereocercus Sauvage p. 30
1882	Syngonosaurus macrocercus Sauvage p. 31
1882	Acanthopholis Sauvage p. 35
1882	Rhadinosaurus alcimus Sauvage p. 41
1882	Acanthopholis Sauvage p. 1265
1884	Acanthopholis Dollo p. 298
1884	Acanthopholis Marsh p. 68
1885	Acanthopholis Marsh p. 764
1888	Acanthopholis Lydekker p. 183
1888	Acanthopholis horridus Lydekker p. 183
1888	Priconodon crassus Marsh
1888	Priconodon Marsh p. 93 figs. 7-9
1888	Priconodon crassus Marsh p. 93 figs. 7-9
1889	Acanthopholis Dollo p. 678
1889	Syngonosaurus macrocercus Lydekker p. 41
1889	Cryptodraco Lydekker pp. 45-46
1889	Cryptodraco eumerus Lydekker p. 46
1890	Acanthopholis eucercus Woodward and Sherborn p. 209
1890	Acanthopholis horrida Woodward and Sherborn p. 209
1890	Acanthopholis stereocercus Woodward and Sherborn p. 209
1890	Cryptodraco eumerus Woodward and Sherborn p. 224
1890	Acanthopholis Zittel p. 742
1890	Priodontognathus Zittel p. 743
1890	Palaeoscincus Zittel p. 748
1890	Priconodon Zittel p. 748
1890	Cryptodraco Zittel p. 756
1892	Palaeoscincus Marsh
1892	Palaeoscincus latus Marsh
1893	Palaeoscincus Winkler p. 105
1893	Priconodon Winkler p. 105
1895	Palaeoscincus Marsh
1895	Priconodon Marsh
1896	Palaeoscincus latus Marsh figs. Pl. 75:3
1896	Palaeoscincus costatus Marsh p. 225
1896	Palaeoscincus Marsh p. 242
1896	Priconodon Marsh p. 242
1896	Acanthopholis Marsh p. 243
1900	Acanthopholis Van Den Broeck p. 101
1900	Priconodon Walcott p. 23
1900	Priconodon crassus Walcott p. 23
1901	Cryptosaurus Nopcsa p. 210
1901	Cryptosaurus eumerus Nopcsa p. 210
1901	Acanthopholis Nopcsa p. 213
1901	Acanthopholis eucercus Nopcsa p. 213
1901	Acanthopholis horridus Nopcsa p. 213
1901	Acanthopholis stereocercus Nopcsa p. 213
1901	Palaeoscincus Nopcsa p. 215
1901	Palaeoscincus costatus Nopcsa p. 215
1901	Palaeoscincus latus Nopcsa p. 215
1901	Priconodon Nopcsa p. 215
1901	Priconodon crassus Nopcsa p. 215
1901	Priodontognathus Nopcsa p. 215
1901	Rhadinosaurus Nopcsa p. 215
1901	Rhadinosaurus alcimus Nopcsa p. 215
1901	Syngonosaurus macrocercus Nopcsa p. 216
1902	Priconodon Hay p. 496
1902	Priconodon crassus Hay p. 496
1902	Palaeoscincus Hay p. 497
1902	Palaeoscincus costatus Hay p. 497
1902	Palaeoscincus latus Hay p. 497
1902	Palaeoscincus Lambe p. 53
1902	Palaeoscincus costatus Lambe p. 53
1902	Acanthopholis Lucas p. 435
1902	Palaeoscincus Nopcsa p. 101
1902	Priodontognathus Nopcsa p. 101
1902	Acanthopholis Nopcsa p. 102
1902	Acanthopholis eucercus Nopcsa p. 102
1902	Acanthopholis horridus Nopcsa p. 102
1902	Acanthopholis stereocercus Nopcsa p. 102
1904	Acanthopholis Lydekker p. 60
1904	Acanthopholis eucercus Lydekker p. 60
1904	Acanthopholis horrida Lydekker p. 60
1904	Acanthopholis stereocercus Lydekker p. 60
1904	Syngonosaurus macrocercus Lydekker p. 61
1904	Cryptodraco eumerus Lydekker p. 70
1905	Palaeoscincus costatus Lambe p. 23
1905	Palaeoscincus Lambe p. 48
1906	Palaeoscincus latus Cannon p. 195
1908	Palaeoscincus Brown
1908	Palaeoscincus costatus Brown
1909	Cryptosaurus Huene p. 16
1909	Acanthopholis Huene p. 17
1909	Palaeoscincus Huene p. 17
1909	Priconodon Huene p. 17
1909	Priodontognathus Huene p. 17
1909	Rhadinosaurus Huene p. 18
1909	Hierosaurus Wieland
1909	Hierosaurus sternbergii Wieland
1909	Hierosaurus Wieland p. 250 figs. 1-7
1909	Hierosaurus sternbergii Wieland p. 250 figs. 1-7
1911	Palaeoscincus Lambe p. 9
1911	Priconodon crassus Lull p. 176
1911	Priconodon Lull p. 177
1911	Priconodon crassus Lull p. 207 figs. Pl. 20:5-6
1911	Palaeoscincus costatus Lull p. 208
1911	Hierosaurus Wieland p. 112
1911	Hierosaurus sternbergii Wieland pp. 113-118 figs. 1-3
1911	Palaeoscincus Wieland p. 117
1911	Cryptosaurus von Zittel p. 289
1911	Acanthopholis von Zittel p. 294
1911	Hierosaurus von Zittel p. 294
1911	Palaeoscincus von Zittel p. 294
1911	Priconodon von Zittel p. 294
1911	Priodontognathus von Zittel p. 295
1914	Palaeoscincus costatus Brown p. 378
1915	Priconodon Hennig p. 11
1915	Priconodon crassus Hennig p. 11
1915	Acanthopholis Hennig p. 12
1915	Acanthopholis horridus Hennig p. 12
1915	Acanthopholis eucercus Hennig p. 13
1915	Acanthopholis macrocercus Hennig p. 13
1915	Acanthopholis stereocercus Hennig p. 13
1915	Palaeoscincus Hennig p. 13
1915	Palaeoscincus costatus Hennig p. 13
1915	Hierosaurus Hennig p. 14
1915	Hierosaurus sternbergii Hennig p. 14
1915	Palaeoscincus latus Hennig p. 14
1915	Acanthopholis Nopcsa p. 13
1918	Palaeoscincus costatus Sternberg p. 89
1921	Palaeoscincus costatus Gilmore p. 588
1921	Priconodon crassus Gilmore p. 588
1921	Priconodon Gilmore p. 589
1921	Hierosaurus Lull p. 123
1921	Hierosaurus sternbergii Lull p. 124
1923	Palaeoscincus costatus Gilmore p. 48
1923	Acanthopholis Nopcsa p. 199
1923	Ankylosauria Osborn p. 3
1924	Palaeoscincus Lull p. 243
1926	Stegosaurus madagascariensis Piveteau p. 35
1927	Hierosaurus Huene p. 261
1927	Hierosaurus sternbergii Huene p. 261
1927	Palaeoscincus Huene p. 261
1927	Palaeoscincus costatus Huene p. 261
1927	Acanthopholis Huene p. 271
1927	Acanthopholis eucerus Huene p. 271
1927	Acanthopholis horrida Huene p. 271
1927	Acanthopholis stereocercus Huene p. 271
1927	Priodontognathus Huene p. 271
1927	Syngonosaurus macrocercus Huene p. 271
1928	Polacanthoides Nopcsa p. 58ff
1928	Acanthopholis Nopcsa p. 73
1928	Hierosaurus Nopcsa p. 73
1928	Palaeoscincus Nopcsa p. 73
1928	Polacanthoides Nopcsa p. 73
1928	Priodontognathus Nopcsa p. 184
1928	Acanthopholis Nopcsa p. 185
1928	Hierosaurus Nopcsa p. 185
1928	Palaeoscincus Nopcsa p. 185
1928	Palaeoscincus costatus Sternberg p. 102
1929	Polacanthoides ponderosus Nopcsa
1929	Rhodanosaurus Nopcsa p. 47
1929	Rhodanosaurus ludgunensis Nopcsa p. 49
1929	Acanthopholis Nopcsa p. 70
1929	Hierosaurus Nopcsa p. 70
1929	Palaeoscincus Nopcsa p. 70
1929	Polacanthoides Nopcsa p. 70
1929	Rhodanosaurus Nopcsa p. 70
1930	Palaeoscincus Hay p. 236
1930	Priconodon Hay p. 236
1930	Priconodon crassus Hay p. 236
1930	Palaeoscincus costatus Hay p. 237
1930	Palaeoscincus latus Hay p. 237
1930	Hierosaurus Hay p. 239
1930	Hierosaurus sternbergii Hay p. 239
1930	Hierosaurus Russell p. 138
1930	Hierosaurus sternbergii Russell p. 138
1930	Palaeoscincus Russell p. 140
1930	Palaeoscincus latus Russell p. 140
1930	Palaeoscincus costatus Russell p. 143
1931	Palaeoscincus latus Johnson p. 374
1931	Acanthopholis Nopcsa p. 72
1934	Brachypodosaurus Chakravarti p. 79
1934	Brachypodosaurus gravis Chakravarti p. 79 figs. Pl. IX
1934	Acanthopholis Stromer p. 66
1934	Acanthopholis horridus Stromer p. 66
1934	Syngonosaurus macrocercus Stromer p. 66
1935	Palaeoscincus Russell p. 117
1935	Hierosaurus Young p. 24
1935	Hierosaurus sternbergi Young p. 24
1935	Palaeoscincus Young p. 24
1936	Syngonosaurus macromerus Kuhn p. 59
1936	Hierosaurus Mehl p. 20
1936	Polacanthoides Swinton p. 218
1936	Polacanthoides ponderosus Swinton p. 218
1936	Priodontognathus Swinton p. 573
1940	Palaeoscincus costatus Russell p. 3
1940	Hierosaurus sternbergii Russell p. 23
1940	Palaeoscincus Russell p. 27
1940	Palaeoscincus latus Russell p. 27
1947	Struthiosaurus lugdunensis Lapparent p. 33
1948	Apraedentalia Huene p. 95
1948	Struthiosaurus lugdunensis Lapparent p. 1186
1953	Hierosaurus sternbergii Bohlin p. 30
1953	Heishansaurus Bohlin p. 47 figs. 25-35; Pl. 1, 6
1953	Heishansaurus pachycephalus Bohlin p. 47 figs. 25-35; Pl. 1, 6
1954	Apraedentalia Huene p. 51
1954	Palaeoscincus Maleev
1956	Hierosaurus Maleev
1956	Palaeoscincus Maleev
1956	Polacanthoides Maleev
1956	Rhadinosaurus Romer p. 594
1956	Cryptodraco Romer p. 629
1956	Ankylosauria Romer p. 634
1956	Priconodon Romer p. 634
1956	Acanthopholis Romer p. 635
1956	Brachypodosaurus Romer p. 635
1956	Heishansaurus Romer p. 635
1956	Hierosaurus Romer p. 635
1956	Rhodanosaurus Romer p. 635
1956	Palaeoscincus Romer p. 636
1956	Polacanthoides Romer p. 636
1957	Stegosaurus madagascariensis Lapparent p. 110
1957	Brachypodosaurus gravis Lapparent p. 112
1958	Heishanosaurus Huene p. 206
1959	Heishansaurus Huene p. 122
1960	Cryptodraco Delair p. 85
1960	Cryptodraco eumerus Delair p. 85
1960	Struthiosaurus lugundensis Jeletzky p. 34
1963	Stegosaurus madagascariensis Furon p. 362
1963	Ankylosauria Parsch p. 4
1963	Palaeoscincus Parsch p. 8
1964	Cryptodraco Kuhn p. 10
1964	Priconodon Kuhn p. 36
1964	Priconodon crassus Kuhn p. 36
1964	Ankylosauria Kuhn p. 39
1964	Acanthopholis Kuhn p. 40
1964	Acanthopholis eucercus Kuhn p. 40
1964	Acanthopholis horridus Kuhn p. 40
1964	Acanthopholis macrocercus Kuhn p. 40
1964	Acanthopholis stereocercus Kuhn p. 40
1964	Struthiosaurus alcinus Kuhn p. 43
1964	Struthiosaurus lugdunensis Kuhn p. 43
1964	Brachypodosaurus Kuhn p. 46
1964	Brachypodosaurus gravis Kuhn p. 46
1964	Heishansaurus Kuhn p. 47
1964	Heishansaurus pachycephalus Kuhn p. 47
1964	Hierosaurus Kuhn p. 47
1964	Hierosaurus sternbergii Kuhn p. 47
1964	Palaeoscincus Kuhn p. 49
1964	Palaeoscincus costatus Kuhn p. 49
1964	Palaeoscincus latus Kuhn p. 49
1964	Polacanthoides Kuhn p. 50
1964	Polacanthoides ponderosus Kuhn p. 50
1964	Palaeoscincus Russell p. 7
1964	Palaeoscincus costatus Russell p. 10
1964	Cryptodraco Tatarinov p. 559
1964	Priodontognathus Tatarinov p. 559
1964	Priconodon Tatarinov p. 573
1964	Acanthopholis Tatarinov p. 574
1964	Acanthopholis horridus Tatarinov p. 574
1964	Ankylosauria Tatarinov p. 574
1964	Rhodanosaurus Tatarinov p. 575
1964	Palaeoscincus Tatarinov p. 576
1964	Palaeoscincus costatus Tatarinov p. 576
1964	Brachypodosaurus Tatarinov p. 577
1964	Heishansaurus Tatarinov p. 577
1964	Hierosaurus Tatarinov p. 577
1964	Polacanthoides Tatarinov p. 577
1965	Ankylosauria Ostrom p. 39
1965	Palaeoscincus Ostrom p. 39
1965	Palaeoscincus latus Ostrom p. 39
1965	Acanthopholis Simmons p. 70
1965	Acanthopholis horridus Simmons p. 70
1965	Palaeoscincus Simmons p. 70
1966	Ankylosauria Kuhn p. 105
1966	Acanthopholis Romer p. 370
1966	Ankylosauria Romer p. 370
1966	Brachypodosaurus Romer p. 370
1966	Cryptodraco Romer p. 370
1966	Heishanosaurus Romer p. 370
1966	Hierosaurus Romer p. 370
1966	Palaeoscincus Romer p. 370
1966	Polacanthoides Romer p. 370
1966	Priconodon Romer p. 370
1966	Rhodanosaurus Romer p. 370
1967	Ankylosauria Charig p. 715
1967	Priconodon Charig p. 715
1967	Priconodon crassus Charig p. 715
1967	Rhodanosaurus Charig p. 715
1967	Rhodanosaurus ludgunensis Charig p. 715
1967	Stegosaurus madagascariensis Charig p. 715
1967	Cryptodraco Charig p. 716
1967	Cryptodraco eumerus Charig p. 716
1967	Struthiosaurus lugdunensis Lapparent p. 11
1970	Hierosaurus sternabergii Bodily p. 37
1970	Ankylosauria Swinton p. 117
1970	Acanthopholis Swinton p. 244
1970	Acanthopholis horridus Swinton p. 244
1970	Hierosaurus Swinton p. 253
1970	Cryptodraco Thulborn p. 430
1971	Struthiosaurus lugdunensis Dinca et al. p. 90
1971	Ankylosauria Thulborn pp. 77-78 fig. 4
1974	Ankylosauria Bakker and Galton p. 171
1974	Ankylosauria Krebs p. 22
1974	Cryptodraco Thulborn p. 172
1977	Heishansaurus Rozhdestvensky p. 113
1977	Heishansaurus pachycephalus Rozhdestvensky p. 113
1978	Ankylosauria Bonaparte p. 330
1978	Acanthopholis Coombs p. 144
1978	Brachypodosaurus Coombs p. 144
1978	Heishansaurus Coombs p. 144
1978	Priconodon Coombs p. 144
1978	Acanthopholis Coombs p. 643
1979	Ankylosauria Benton p. 144
1980	Cryptodraco Galton p. 79
1980	Priodontognathus Galton p. 487
1980	Cryptodraco Galton p. 831
1980	Cryptodraco eumerus Galton p. 831
1980	Priconodon Galton p. 831
1980	Priodontognathus Galton p. 831
1980	Brachypodosaurus gravis Molnar p. 82
1980	Brachypodosaurus Molnar p. 139
1980	Ankylosauria Ostrom p. 23
1980	Palaeoscincus Wolberg p. 50
1980	Palaeoscincus costatus Wolberg p. 50
1981	Acanthopholis Buffetaut et al. p. 279
1981	Priodontognathus Galton p. 39
1981	Ankylosauria McIntosh p. 38
1981	Ankylosauria Thurmond and Jones p. 147
1982	Ankylosauria McGinnis p. 29
1983	Cryptodraco eumerus Galton pp. 7, 16
1983	Priconodon Galton p. 16
1983	Priodontognathus Galton p. 16
1983	Priconodon crassus Galton p. 24
1983	Rhadinosaurus Weishampel and Weishampel p. 44
1983	Rhadinosaurus alcinus Weishampel and Weishampel p. 44
1984	Struthiosaurus lugdunensis Brinkmann p. 297
1984	Cryptodraco Molnar p. 154
1984	Palaeoscincus Russell p. 25
1984	Ankylosauria Russell p. 29
1985	Priodontognathus Galton p. 251
1985	Ankylosauria Maryanska and Osmólska p. 139 fig. 1
1986	Ankylosauria Bakker p. 461
1986	Ankylosauria Sereno
1987	Brachypodosaurus gravis Molnar and Frey p. 34
1987	Acanthopholis Tumanova p. 14
1987	Palaeoscincus Tumanova p. 14
1988	Acanthopholis Carroll
1988	Ankylosauria Carroll
1988	Brachypodosaurus Carroll
1988	Cryptodraco Carroll
1988	Heishanosaurus Carroll
1988	Palaeoscincus Carroll
1988	Priodontognathus Carroll
1989	Brachypodosaurus gravis Jain p. 101
1989	Priconodon crassus Kranz p. 15
1990	Ankylosauria Benton p. 19
1990	Palaeoscincus Coombs, Jr. p. 272
1992	Struthiosaurus lugdunensis Buffetaut p. 131
1992	Heishansaurus Dong p. 166
1993	Tianchiasaurus Dong
1993	Ankylosauria Dong p. 259
1993	Tianchiasaurus Dong p. 259 figs. 1-5
1993	Tianchiasaurus nedegoapeferima Dong p. 259 figs. 2-5: Pl. 1-4
1994	Tianchisaurus nedegoapeferima Dong p. 142
1995	Ankylosauria Buffetaut
1995	Hierosaurus Carpenter et al. p. 276
1995	Hierosaurus sternbergii Carpenter et al. p. 276
1996	Cryptodraco Coombs, Jr. and Deméré p. 319
1996	Hierosaurus Coombs, Jr. and Deméré p. 319
1996	Brachypodosaurus Gasparini et al. p. 591
1996	Brachypodosaurus gravis Gasparini et al. p. 591
1996	Priconodon crassus Kranz p. 99
1997	Acanthopholis Buffetaut p. 215
1997	Acanthopholis horridus Buffetaut p. 215
1997	Heishansaurus pachycephalus Mateer p. 662
1997	Acanthopholis Pereda Suberbiola and Galton p. 213
1998	Priconodon Carpenter and Kirkland pp. 254-255
1998	Priconodon crassus Carpenter and Kirkland p. 254
1998	Acanthopholis Knoll et al. p. 62
1998	Acanthopholis horridus Knoll et al. p. 62
1998	Priconodon Lipka
1998	Priconodon crassus Lipka
1998	Ankylosauria Sereno p. 61
1999	Ankylosauria Sereno p. 2138 fig. 2
2000	Polacanthoides Ford p. 174
2000	Polacanthoides ponderosus Ford p. 174
2000	Struthiosaurus lugdunensis Ford p. 175
2000	Acanthopholis horrida Olshevsky p. 101
2000	Tianchiasaurus Tumanova p. 530
2000	Tianchiasaurus nedegoapeferima Tumanova p. 530
2001	Priodontognathus Barrett p. 44
2001	Ankylosauria Carpenter p. 457
2001	Priconodon Carpenter p. 457
2001	Priconodon crassus Carpenter p. 457
2001	Priconodon crassus Carpenter et al. p. 213
2001	Tianchiasaurus nedegoapeferima Clark p. 22
2001	Tianchiasaurus nedegoapeferima Dong p. 97
2001	Brachypodosaurus gravis Mohabey p. 484
2001	Ankylosauria Peng et al. p. 35
2001	Acanthopholis Pereda Suberbiola and Galton p. 201
2001	Cryptodraco Pereda Suberbiola and Galton p. 201
2002	Ankylosauria Buchholz p. 20
2002	Crichtonsaurus bohlini Dong pp. 177-178
2002	Crichtonsaurus Dong pp. 277-278
2002	Crichtonsaurus bohlini Dong pp. 277-278 figs. 2-7
2003	Tianchiasaurus Garcia and Pereda-Suberbiola p. 161
2003	Struthiosaurus lugdunensis Powell p. 75
2003	Ankylosauria de Valais et al. p. 631
2004	Ankylosauria Norman et al. p. 342 fig. 15.6
2004	Ankylosauria Parish and Barrett p. 304
2004	Ankylosauria Vickaryous et al. p. 364
2004	Crichtonsaurus Vickaryous et al. p. 366
2004	Crichtonsaurus bohlini Vickaryous et al. p. 366
2004	Ankylosauria Weishampel p. 323
2005	Brachypodosaurus gravis Mohabey p. 467
2006	Ankylosauria Chure et al. p. 237
2006	Ankylosauria Maidment et al. p. 951 fig. 8
2007	Crichtonsaurus Lü et al. p. 883
2007	Crichtonsaurus bohlini Lü et al. p. 888
2007	Zhejiangosaurus Lü et al. pp. 344-345
2007	Zhejiangosaurus lishuiensis Lü et al. pp. 344-345 figs. 2-7
2007	Tianchiasaurus nedegoapeferima Norman et al. p. 867
2007	Ankylosauria Sánchez-Hernández et al. p. 206
2008	Ankylosauria Butler et al. p. 20 figs. 2-4
2008	Ankylosauria Maidment et al. p. 390 fig. 11
2008	Cryptosaurus eumerus Naish and Martill p. 615
2008	Priodontognathus Naish and Martill p. 615
2009	Priconodon crassus Parsons and Parsons p. 734
2010	Crichtonsaurus Amiot et al. p. 353
2010	Crichtonsaurus bohlini Amiot et al. p. 353
2012	Ankylosauria Han et al. p. 1391 fig. 14
2013	Priconodon Kirkland et al. p. 36
2013	Priconodon crassus Kirkland et al. p. 36
2013	Ankylosauria Yang et al. p. 268
2014	Ankylosauria Arbour et al.
2014	Priodontognathus Blows and Honeysett p. 835
2014	Crichtonsaurus bohlini Han et al. p. 1
2014	Tianchisaurus nedegoapefererima Han et al. p. 1
2014	Zhejiangosaurus Han et al. p. 8
2014	Crichtonsaurus Han et al. p. 14 fig. 11
2014	Crichtonsaurus bohlini Penkalski p. 618
2015	Ankylosauria Gasparini et al.
2015	Ankylosauria Leahey et al.
2015	Priconodon crassus Weems and Bachman p. 214
2016	Zhejiangosaurus lishuiensis Borinder et al. p. 66
2017	Ankylosauria Arbour and Evans p. 7
2017	Ankylosauria Brown et al.
2017	Ankylosauria Penkalski and Tumanova
2017	Crichtonsaurus bohlini Xing et al. p. 162
2018	Zhejiangosaurus lishuiensis Xing et al. p. 4
2018	Ankylosauria Zheng et al.
2019	Ankylosauria Murray et al.
2020	Ankylosauria Dieudonné et al.
2020	Crichtonsaurus bohlini Wang et al. p. 960
2020	Zhejiangosaurus lishuiensis Wang et al. p. 960
2021	Ankylosauria Paulina-Carabajal et al.
2021	Ankylosauria Rozadilla et al. p. 2
2024	Ankylosauria Zhu et al. p. 2

Is something missing? Join the Paleobiology Database and enter the data

Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
—	Sauropsida
class	Reptilia

Rank	Name	Author
subclass	Eureptilia	()
—	Romeriida
—	Diapsida	()
—	Archosauromorpha	(Huene 1946)
—	Crocopoda
—	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
—	Eucrocopoda
—	Archosauria	()
informal	Avemetatarsalia
—	Ornithodira
—	Dinosauromorpha
—	Dinosauriformes
—	Dinosauria	()
—	Ornithischia	()
—	Genasauria
—	Thyreophora	()
—	Ankylosauria	()
—	Ankylosauria	()

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Unr. †Ankylosauria Osborn 1923 [ankylosaur]

show all | hide all

Fm. †Ankylosauridae Brown 1908 [ankylosaurid]

G. †Ahshislepelta Burns and Sullivan 2011

†Ahshislepelta minor Burns and Sullivan 2011

G. †Aletopelta Ford and Kirkland 2001

†Aletopelta coombsi Ford and Kirkland 2001

Subfm. †Ankylosaurinae Nopcsa 1918

Tr. †Ankylosaurini Arbour and Currie 2016

G. †Akainacephalus Wiersma and Irmis 2018

†Akainacephalus johnsoni Wiersma and Irmis 2018

G. †Ziapelta Arbour et al. 2014

†Ziapelta sanjuanensis Arbour et al. 2014

G. †Ankylosaurus Brown 1908

†Ankylosaurus magniventris Brown 1908

G. †Crichtonpelta Arbour and Currie 2016

†Crichtonpelta benxiensis Lü et al. 2007

Tr. †Euoplocephalini Penkalski 2018

G. †Anodontosaurus Sternberg 1929

†Anodontosaurus inceptus Penkalski 2018

†Anodontosaurus lambei Sternberg 1929

G. †Dyoplosaurus Parks 1924

†Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus Parks 1924

G. †Euoplocephalus Lambe 1910

†Euoplocephalus tutus Lambe 1902

Invalid names: Stereocephalus Lambe 1902 [replaced]

G. †Platypelta Penkalski 2018

†Platypelta coombsi Penkalski 2018

G. †Scolosaurus Nopcsa 1928 [thorn lizard]

†Scolosaurus cutleri Nopcsa 1928

†Scolosaurus thronus Penkalski 2018

G. †Jinyunpelta Zheng et al. 2018

†Jinyunpelta sinensis Zheng et al. 2018

G. †Minotaurasaurus Miles and Miles 2009

G. †Nodocephalosaurus Sullivan 1999

†Nodocephalosaurus kirtlandensis Sullivan 1999

G. †Oohkotokia Penkalski 2014

†Oohkotokia horneri Penkalski 2014

G. †Pinacosaurus Gilmore 1933

†Pinacosaurus grangeri Gilmore 1933

Invalid names: Pinacosaurus ninghsiensis Young 1935 [synonym], Syrmosaurus viminocaudus Maleev 1952 [synonym]

†Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus Godefroit et al. 1999

Invalid names: Syrmosaurus Maleev 1952 [synonym]

G. †Saichania Maryanska 1977

†Saichania chulsanensis Maryanska 1977

Invalid names: Shanxia tianzhenensis Barrett et al. 1998 [synonym], Tianzhenosaurus youngi Pang and Cheng 1998 [synonym]

Invalid names: Shanxia Barrett et al. 1998 [synonym], Tianzhenosaurus Pang and Cheng 1998 [synonym]

G. †Talarurus Maleev 1952

†Talarurus plicatospineus Maleev 1952

G. †Tarchia Maryanska 1977

†Tarchia kielanae Maryanska 1977

Invalid names: Minotaurasaurus ramachandrani Miles and Miles 2009 [synonym]

†Tarchia teresae Penkalski and Tumanova 2017

†Tarchia tumanovae Park et al. 2021

G. †Tsagantegia Tumanova 1993

†Tsagantegia longicranialis Tumanova 1993

G. †Zaraapelta Arbour et al. 2014

†Zaraapelta nomadis Arbour et al. 2014

G. †Zuul Arbour and Evans 2017

†Zuul crurivastator Arbour and Evans 2017

G. †Bissektipelta Parish and Barrett 2004

†Bissektipelta archibaldi Averianov 2002

G. †Cedarpelta Carpenter et al. 2001

†Cedarpelta bilbeyhallorum Carpenter et al. 2001

G. †Chuanqilong Han et al. 2014

†Chuanqilong chaoyangensis Han et al. 2014

G. †Datai Xing et al. 2024

†Datai yingliangis Xing et al. 2024

G. †Gobisaurus Vickaryous et al. 2001

†Gobisaurus domoculus Vickaryous et al. 2001

Invalid names: Zhongyuangosaurus luoyangensis Xu et al. 2007 [synonym]

Invalid names: Zhongyuansaurus Xu et al. 2007 [synonym]

G. †Huaxiazhoulong Zhu et al. 2024

†Huaxiazhoulong shouwen Zhu et al. 2024

G. †Liaoningosaurus Xu et al. 2001

†Liaoningosaurus paradoxus Xu et al. 2001

G. †Shamosaurus Tumanova 1983

†Shamosaurus scutatus Tumanova 1983

Invalid names: Dyoplosaurus giganteus Maleev 1956 [nomen dubium], Maleevus Tumanova 1987 [nomen dubium], Minmi Molnar 1980 [nomen dubium], Palaeoscincus asper Lambe 1902 [nomen dubium], Polacanthinae Lapparent and Lavocat 1955 [empty], Shamosaurinae Tumanova 1983 [empty], Stegopeltinae Ford 2000 [empty], Syrmosauridae Maleev 1952 [synonym], Syrmosaurinae Ford 2000 [empty]

G. †Dracopelta Galton 1980

†Dracopelta zbyszewskii Galton 1980

G. †Kunbarrasaurus Leahey et al. 2015

†Kunbarrasaurus ieversi Leahey et al. 2015

G. †Metatetrapous Ballerstedt 1922

†Metatetrapous valdensis Nopcsa 1923

Invalid names: Metatetrapous valdense Ballerstedt 1922 [synonym]

Fm. †Nodosauridae Marsh 1890

G. †Acantholipan Rivera-Sylva et al. 2018

†Acantholipan gonzalezi Rivera-Sylva et al. 2018

G. †Animantarx Carpenter et al. 1999

†Animantarx ramaljonesi Carpenter et al. 1999

G. †Anoplosaurus Seeley 1879

†Anoplosaurus curtonotus Seeley 1879

G. †Borealopelta Brown et al. 2017

†Borealopelta markmitchelli Brown et al. 2017

G. †Dongyangopelta Chen et al. 2013

†Dongyangopelta yangyanensis Chen et al. 2013

G. †Edmontonia Sternberg 1928

†Edmontonia longiceps Sternberg 1928

Invalid names: Denversaurus schlessmani Bakker 1988 [synonym]

Invalid names: Chassternbergia Bakker 1988 [synonym], Denversaurus Bakker 1988 [synonym]

G. †Gargoyleosaurus Carpenter et al. 1998

†Gargoyleosaurus parkpinorum Carpenter et al. 1998

G. †Gastonia Kirkland 1998

†Gastonia burgei Kirkland 1998

†Gastonia lorriemcwhinneyae Kineer et al. 2016

G. †Glyptodontopelta Ford 2000

†Glyptodontopelta mimus Ford 2000

Invalid names: Edmontonia australis Ford 2000 [synonym]

G. †Hoplitosaurus Lucas 1902

†Hoplitosaurus marshi Lucas 1901

G. †Hungarosaurus Osi 2005

†Hungarosaurus tormai Osi 2005

G. †Hylaeosaurus Mantell 1833

†Hylaeosaurus armatus Mantell 1833

Invalid names: Hylaeosaurus oweni Mantell 1844 [synonym]

G. †Invictarx McDonald and Wolfe 2018

†Invictarx zephyri McDonald and Wolfe 2018

G. †Mymoorapelta Kirkland and Carpenter 1994

†Mymoorapelta maysi Kirkland and Carpenter 1994

G. †Niobrarasaurus Carpenter et al. 1995

†Niobrarasaurus coleii Mehl 1936

G. †Nodosaurus Marsh 1889

†Nodosaurus textilis Marsh 1889

G. †Panoplosaurus Lambe 1919

†Panoplosaurus mirus Lambe 1919

†Panoplosaurus rugosidens Gilmore 1930

G. †Patagopelta Riguetti et al. 2022

†Patagopelta cristata Riguetti et al. 2022

G. †Pawpawsaurus Lee 1996

†Pawpawsaurus campbelli Lee 1996

G. †Peloroplites Carpenter et al. 2008

†Peloroplites cedrimontanus Carpenter et al. 2008

G. †Polacanthus Fox 1866

†Polacanthus foxii Grabau 1921

Invalid names: Euacanthus vectianus Owen 1897 [objective synonym], Polacanthus becklesi Hennig 1924 [synonym]

†Polacanthus rudgwickensis Blows 1996

Invalid names: Euacanthus Owen 1897 [objective synonym], Vectensia Delair 1982 [synonym]

G. †Propanoplosaurus Stanford et al. 2011

†Propanoplosaurus marylandicus Stanford et al. 2011

G. †Sauropelta Ostrom 1970

†Sauropelta edwardsorum Ostrom 1970

G. †Sauroplites Bohlin 1953

†Sauroplites scutiger Bohlin 1953

G. †Silvisaurus Eaton, Jr. 1960

†Silvisaurus condrayi Eaton, Jr. 1960

G. †Stegopelta Williston 1905

†Stegopelta landerensis Williston 1905

Subfm. †Struthiosaurinae Nopcsa 1923

G. †Europelta Kirkland et al. 2013

†Europelta carbonensis Kirkland et al. 2013

G. †Struthiosaurus Bunzel 1870

†Struthiosaurus austriacus Bunzel 1871

Invalid names: Crataeomus lepidophorus Seeley 1881 [synonym], Crataeomus pawlowitschii Seeley 1881 [synonym], Danubiosaurus anceps Bunzel 1871 [synonym], Hoplosaurus ischyrus Seeley 1881 [synonym], Leipsanosaurus noricus Nopcsa 1918 [synonym], Pleuropeltus suessii Seeley 1881 [synonym]

†Struthiosaurus languedocensis Garcia and Pereda-Suberbiola 2003

†Struthiosaurus transylvanicus Nopcsa 1915

Invalid names: Crataeomus Seeley 1881 [synonym], Danubiosaurus Bunzel 1871 [synonym], Leipsanosaurus Nopcsa 1918 [synonym], Pleuropeltus Seeley 1881 [synonym]

G. †Taohelong Yang et al. 2013

†Taohelong jinchengensis Yang et al. 2013

G. †Tatankacephalus Parsons and Parsons 2009

†Tatankacephalus cooneyorum Parsons and Parsons 2009

G. †Texasetes Coombs 1995

†Texasetes pleurohalio Coombs 1995

Invalid names: Acanthopholinae Nopcsa 1902 [synonym], Antarctopelta Salgado and Gasparini 2006 [nomen dubium], Edmontoniinae Russell 1940 [empty], Hylaeosauridae Nopcsa 1902 [synonym], Nodosaurinae Abel 1919 [empty], Palaeoscincidae Nopcsa 1918 [synonym], Panoplosaurinae Nopcsa 1929 [empty], Sauropeltinae Ford 2000 [empty]

Superfm. †Nodosauroidea Bakker 1988

Invalid names: Edmontoniidae Bakker 1988 [empty]

Unr. †Parankylosauria Soto-Acuña et al. 2021

G. †Stegouros Soto-Acuña et al. 2021

†Stegouros elengassen Soto-Acuña et al. 2021

G. †Qijiangpus Xing et al. 2007

†Qijiangpus sinensis Xing et al. 2007

G. †Sarcolestes Lydekker 1893

†Sarcolestes leedsi Lydekker 1893

G. †Sinankylosaurus Wang et al. 2020

†Sinankylosaurus zhuchengensis Wang et al. 2020

G. †Spicomellus Maidment et al. 2021

†Spicomellus afer Maidment et al. 2021

G. †Vectipelta Pond et al. 2023

†Vectipelta barretti Pond et al. 2023

Invalid names: Acanthopholis Huxley 1867 [nomen dubium], Acanthopholis eucercus Seeley 1879 [nomen dubium], Acanthopholis macrocercus Seeley 1869 [nomen dubium], Apraedentalia Huene 1948 [synonym], Brachypodosaurus Chakravarti 1934 [nomen dubium], Crichtonsaurus Dong 2002 [nomen dubium], Cryptodraco Lydekker 1889 [nomen dubium], Cryptosaurus Seeley 1875 [nomen dubium], Heishansaurus Bohlin 1953 [nomen dubium], Hierosaurus Wieland 1909 [nomen dubium], Palaeoscincus Leidy 1856 [nomen dubium], Palaeoscincus costatus Leidy 1856 [nomen dubium], Polacanthidae Wieland 1911 [empty], Polacanthoides Nopcsa 1928 [nomen dubium], Priconodon Marsh 1888 [nomen dubium], Priodontognathus Seeley 1875 [nomen dubium], Rhadinosaurus Seeley 1881 [nomen dubium], Rhodanosaurus Nopcsa 1929 [nomen dubium], Stegosaurus madagascariensis Piveteau 1926 [nomen dubium], Tianchiasaurus Dong 1993 [nomen dubium], Zhejiangosaurus Lü et al. 2007 [nomen dubium]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
F. v. Huene 1948 (Apraedentalia)	No predental.

Measurements

part	N	mean
femur diameter	1	80.0
fibual diameter	1	30.0
tibia diameter	1	70.0

Composition:

hydroxyapatiteo

Entire body:

yeso

Adult length:

10 to < 100o

Adult width:

1.0 to < 10o

Adult height:

1.0 to < 10o

Maximum body mass:

10000 kgg

Minimum body mass:

300 kgg

Architecture:

compact or denseo

Ontogeny:

accretion, modification of partso

Grouping:

gregariouso

Environment:

terrestrialo

Locomotion:

actively mobileo

Life habit:

ground dwellingo

Diet:

herbivoreo

Reproduction:

oviparouso

Dispersal:

direct/internalo

Dispersal 2:

mobileo

Created:

2004-12-14 12:50:52

Modified:

2004-12-14 14:50:52

Source: g = genus, o = order

References: Marsh 1875, Peczkis 1995

Age range: base of the Late/Upper Sinemurian to the top of the Lancian or 196.50000 to 66.00000 Ma

Collections (719 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Late/Upper Sinemurian - Early/Lower Pliensbachian	196.5 - 183.0	Italy (Trentino-Alto Adige)	Thyreophora indet. (88592)
Early/Lower Bajocian	171.6 - 168.4	France (Grand Est)	Thyreophora indet. (179498)
Late/Upper Bathonian - Callovian	167.7 - 163.5	Morocco (Fès-Meknes)	Spicomellus afer (98356)
Callovian	166.1 - 163.5	China (Xinjiang)	Tianchiasaurus nedegoapeferima (140198)
Middle Callovian	164.7 - 161.2	United Kingdom (England)	Sarcolestes leedsi (47362 47625)
Late/Upper Jurassic	161.5 - 145.0	Mongolia (Govi-Altay)	Ankylosauria indet. (168803 168804) Ankylosauridae indet. (123400)
Late/Upper Jurassic - Early/Lower Cretaceous	161.5 - 100.5	Bolivia (Chuquisaca)	Ankylosauria indet. (113346)
Late/Upper Oxfordian	161.2 - 155.7	United Kingdom (England)	Cryptosaurus eumerus (36582)
Late/Upper Oxfordian - Kimmeridgian	161.2 - 152.1	China (Xinjiang)	Ankylosauria indet., Ankylosauria sp. (47056)
Kimmeridgian	157.3 - 152.1	United Kingdom (England)	Stegosauridae indet. A (75778)
Youngest occurrences
Time interval	Ma	Country or state	PBDB collection number
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	USA (Montana)	Ankylosauria indet. (14674) Ankylosaurus magniventris (11931 45879)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	Canada (Saskatchewan)	Ankylosaurus magniventris (206819)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	USA (New Mexico)	Ankylosauria indet. (46992 171032) Ankylosauridae indet. (47819 59068 171027) Glyptodontopelta mimus (171031) Glyptodontopelta mimus, Ankylosauria indet. (97795 138833 138836) Nodosauridae indet. (47016 56045) Pachycephalosauridae indet. (47008) Scelidosauridae indet. (62542 62543 62544)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	Romania (Alba)	Struthiosaurus transylvanicus (115000)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	Canada (Alberta)	Ankylosaurus magniventris, Euoplocephalus sp. (45876) Ankylosaurus sp. (45877)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	France (Haute-Garonne)	Ankylosauria indet. (48865)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	USA (South Dakota)	Ankylosaurus magniventris, Denversaurus schlessmanni (224484) Edmontonia sp. (47628)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	USA (Colorado)	Ankylosauria indet. (49523) Ankylosauria indet., Edmontonia sp. (49539) Nodosauridae indet. (49551) Palaeoscincus latus (49528)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	China (Henan)	Ankylosauridae indet. (84996)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	Argentina (Jujuy)	Ankylosauria indet. (219397)