Vero (Pleistocene of the United States)
Where: Indian River County, Florida (27.6° N, 80.4° W: paleocoordinates 27.6° N, 80.4° W)
• coordinate based on nearby landmark
• small collection-level geographic resolution
When: Late/Upper Pleistocene (0.1 - 0.0 Ma)
• Stratum 3 of Vero excavation produced most materials (= "muck bed"); Stratum 2 less productive but supposedly not significantly older
•plants are mostly from layer No. 3 and vertebrates are mostly from layer No. 2 according to Hrdlicka 1917
• bed-level stratigraphic resolution
Environment/lithology: "channel"; poorly lithified sandstone and unlithified, white, carbonaceous sandstone
• "The lower sand [= Stratum 2] marks the recession of the sea in which the underlying shell marl was formed. The upper beds (No. 3) mark successive seasonal layers of valley filling in the narrow valley of a small stream. The stream was apparently always small."
• "The former [human skeleton] lay in dark and somewhat indurated sands, layer No. 2 of Sellards, the latter for the most part at the base of layer No. 3, the muck deposit of the stream bed... layer No. 2 is seen to be overlain by a stratum of similar, but somewhat lighter, sandy deposits covered by a layer of marl [ranging] from about 5 to 9 inches in thickness, and when freshly exposed is of the consistency of fresh mortar, but on exposure hardens to fairly solid rock... The second skeleton lay... in some loose white sand and vegetable matter at the base of the muck layer" (Hrdlicka 1917)
Size classes: macrofossils, mesofossils
Collected in 1913
Collection methods: quarrying, mechanical,
Primary reference: R. W. Shufeldt. 1917. Fossil birds found at Vero, Florida. Florida State Geological Survey Annual Report 9:35-42 [M. Carrano/M. Carrano/J. Alroy]more details
Purpose of describing collection: general faunal/floral analysis
PaleoDB collection 34269: authorized by Matthew Carrano, entered by Matthew Carrano on 25.08.2003, edited by Richard Hulbert, Evangelos Vlachos, John Alroy, Austin Hendy and Uta Merkel
Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)
Taxonomic list
Show authors, comments, and common names
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| Bivalvia | |
"Divaricella quadrisulcata" = Divalinga quadrisulcata11, "Phacoides floridanus" = Stewartia floridana11, Phacoides aff. nasuta11, Phacoides sp.11, "Phacoides (Parvilucina) multilineatus" = Parvilucina multistriata11
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"Cardium (Cerastoderma) robustum" = Dinocardium robustum11, "Cardium (Trachycardium) muricatum" = Trachycardium (Dallocardia) muricatum11, "Cardium (Trachycardium) isocardia" = Trachycardium (Trachycardium) isocardia11, "Cardium (Laevicardium) serratum" = Laevicardium serratum11, Cardium (Laevicardium) mortoni11
"Cardium (Trachycardium) isocardia" = Trachycardium (Trachycardium) isocardia11 Linnaeus 1758 cockle | |
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Mactra sp.11, "Spisula solidissima" = Hemimactra solidissima11, Mulinia lateralis11, Rangia cf. cyrenoides11
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"Venus campechiensis" = Mercenaria campechiensis11, "Venus mortoni" = Mercenaria campechiensis11, Venus sp.11, Chione interpurpurea11, Chione sp.11, Chione cancellata11, Dosinia distans11, Dosinia sp.11, "Chione (Lirophora) latilirata" = Lirophora (Lirophora) latilirata11, Anomalocardia cuneimeris11, "Chione (Timoclea) grus" = Timoclea grus11, Transennella caloosana11
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"Corbula ? cuneata" = Caryocorbula cuneata11
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"Cardita (Carditamera) floridana" = Carditamera floridana11, "Venericardia perplana" = Pteromeris perplana11, "Venericardia tridentata" = Pleuromeris tridentata11
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"Scapharca (Argina) campechiensis" = Anadara (Lunarca)11, "Scapharca (Cunearca) incongrus" = Anadara (Cunearca)11, "Scapharca (Scapharca) transversa" = Anadara (Larkinia) transversa11, Acar domingensis6, "Arca cf. umbonata" = Lamarcka imbricata11, Arca (Noetia) limula11
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"Pecten gibbus" = Argopecten gibbus11
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"Nucula proxima" = Nucula (Nucula) proxima11
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| Gastropoda | |
"Fissurella alternata" = Diodora cayenensis11
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"Littorina irrorata" = Littoraria irrorata11
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"Petaloconchus irregularis" = Dendropoma irregulare11
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"Fasciolaria distans" = Cinctura lilium11
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"Nassa acuta" = Nassarius (Nassarius) acutus11
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"Columbella avara" = Costoanachis avara11
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Olivella mutica11, "Oliva literata" = Oliva (Ispidula) sayana11, "Olivella ? jaspidea" = Jaspidella jaspidea11
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"Terebra cinerea" = Impages cinerea11, "Terebra concava" = Strioterebrum concava11, "Terebra dislocata" = Strioterebrum dislocatum11
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"Modulus floridanus" = Modulus modulus11
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| Gymnolaemata | |
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Cupularia denticulata11 Conrad 1841 | |
| Actinopteri | |
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| Mammalia | |
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Neotoma floridana5, Oryzomys ? palustris5, Sigmodon hispidus5, Reithrodontomys humulis12, Neofiber alleni5
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"Vulpes palmaria n. sp." = Vulpes vulpes5, "Canis ayersi n. sp." = Aenocyon dirus10, Canis sp.5, Canis latrans1
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"Tapirus veroensis n. sp." = Tapirus (Helicotapirus) veroensis7
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| Reptilia | |
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"Trachemys bisornata" = Pseudemys bisornatus4, Pseudemys floridana5, "Terrapene canaliculata" = Terrapene putnami3, "Terrapene antipex" = Terrapene putnami5, "Terrapene innoxia" = Terrapene carolina5, Trachemys sculpta4
"Terrapene innoxia" = Terrapene carolina5 Linnaeus 1758 box turtle many specimens including complete carapaces
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"Testudo sellardsi n. sp." = Hesperotestudo crassiscutata4, Gopherus praecedens n. sp.4, Testudo luciae n. sp.4, Gopherus polyphemus5
"Testudo sellardsi n. sp." = Hesperotestudo crassiscutata4 Leidy 1889 turtle USNM 8817 (holotype), a left xiphiplastron (Hay 1916a, pl. 8.6–8; Auffenberg 1963, fig. 17).
Gopherus praecedens n. sp.4 Hay 1916 turtle USNM 8828 (holotype), a left xiphiplastron (Hay 1916a, pl. 4.1–2), formerly cataloged under FGS 5463
Testudo luciae n. sp.4 Hay 1916 turtle USNM 8818 (holotype), a partial right hypoplastron (Hay 1916a, pl. 9.5; Auffenberg 1963, fig. 17).
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"Chelydra laticarinata n. sp." = Chelydra serpentina4, "Chelydra sculpta" = Chelydra serpentina5, "Chelydra sculpta n. sp." = Chelydra serpentina4
"Chelydra laticarinata n. sp." = Chelydra serpentina4 Linnaeus 1758 Common snapping turtle USNM V8827 (holotype, formerly FGS 7094), an isolated left peripheral VI (Hay 1916, pl. 6.6, 7)
"Chelydra sculpta n. sp." = Chelydra serpentina4 Linnaeus 1758 Common snapping turtle USNM V8826 (holotype, formerly FGS 5510), an isolated right peripheral IX
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Crotalus adamanteus5 Palisot de Beauvois 1799 eastern diamondback rattlesnake Gilmore 1938 (14699): USNM 11333, 46 thoracic vertebrae; Fla. Geol Surv. No. V 2411 and 2412, each 2 vertebrae; V 2414, 2399, 1702, 191, 1712, 1765 single vertebrae each
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Farancia abacura5 Holbrook 1836 colubrid snake MATERIAL LOST. Gilmore 1938 (14699): "The failure to find among the Florida serpent materials any vertebrae which can be referred to the genus Farancia leads me to question the authenticity of Hay’s reference of a single articular bone, no longer available, to F. abacura."
Drymarchon corais5 Boie 1827 cribo Gilmore 1938 (14699): (Drymarchon cf. corais couperi) Florida Geol. Surv. No. V 1630, two thoracic vertebrae; V 1546, three thoracic vertebrae; V 2163, two vertebrae
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| Aves | |
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? Ardeidae ? indet., "Larus vero n. sp." = Nyctanassa violacea, ? Ardea ? sp., Ardea herodias, "Herodias egretta" = Ardea alba egretta
"Herodias egretta" = Ardea alba egretta Gmelin 1789 great egret | |
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Querquedula floridiana n. sp.
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"Tyto pratincola" = Tyto alba pratincola
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| Amphibia | |
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| Chondrichthyes | |
"Aetobatis narinari" = Aetobatus5
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| Anthozoa | |
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| Leitneria floridana | |
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| Angiospermae | |
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| Pinopsida | |
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| Merisca aequistriata | |
"Tellina lintea" = Merisca aequistriata11
"Tellina lintea" = Merisca aequistriata11 Say 1824 | |
1Alroy 2005; 2Berry 1917; 3Gilmore 1927; 4Hay 1916; 5Hay 1917; 6Hendy et al. 2008; 7Hulbert 2010; 8Kiessling et al. 2011; 9Lutugin 1894; 10Sellards 1916; 11Sellards 1917; 12Simpson 1930; 13Wetmore 1931