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Serpentes (snake)

Reptilia

Taxonomy
Serpentes was named by Linnaeus (1758) [vertebrae]. It is extant. It was considered monophyletic by Lee and Caldwell (2000).

It was reranked as the suborder Serpentes by Hay (1902), Kuhn (1966), Frank and Ramus (1996), Martinelli and Forasiepi (2004), de Lapparent de Broin et al. (2020); it was synonymized subjectively with Ophidia by Romer (1966); it was reranked as the unranked clade Serpentes by Lee and Caldwell (2000), Augé and Rage (2006), Rage et al. (2008), Wilson et al. (2010), Pyron et al. (2013), Caldwell et al. (2015), McCartney and Seiffert (2016), Moyano-Paz et al. (2022), Agnolín et al. (2024).

It was assigned to Squamata by Hay (1930); to Scleroglossa by Estes et al. (1988); to Ophidia by Lee and Scanlon (2002); to Reptilia by Estes and Berberian (1970), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Augé and Rage (2006); to Toxicofera by Pyron et al. (2013); to Ophidia by Lee and Caldwell (2000), Caldwell et al. (2015); to Squamata by Hay (1902), Kuhn (1966), Benton (1985), Carroll (1988), Holman et al. (1991), Frank and Ramus (1996), Martinelli and Forasiepi (2004), Rage et al. (2008), Venczel and Stiuca (2008), Wilson et al. (2010), Vianey-Liaud et al. (2014), Stocker and Kirk (2016), de Lapparent de Broin et al. (2020); and to Squamata by McCartney and Seiffert (2016), Moyano-Paz et al. (2022), Agnolín et al. (2024).

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1758Serpentes Linnaeus p. 613
1853Ophidion Pomel
1853Ophidion antiquus Pomel
1853Ophidioniscus Pomel
1853Ophidioniscus antiquus Pomel
1870Coluber steinheimensis Fraas p. 291
1880Botrophis de Rochebrune
1880Botrophis gaudryi de Rochebrune
1885Ophidium Burmeister
1885Ophidium incertum Burmeister
1892Coniophis Marsh
1892Coniophis precedens Marsh
1892Coniophis Marsh p. 450 fig. 1
1892Coniophis precedens Marsh p. 450 fig. 1
1902Serpentes Hay p. 478
1902Coniophis Hay p. 481
1902Coniophis precedens Hay p. 481
1930Serpentes Hay p. 265
1930Coniophis Hay p. 271
1930Coniophis precedens Hay p. 271
1959Coniophis Hecht p. 138
1964Coniophis Estes p. 140
1964Coniophis precedens Estes p. 140
1966Serpentes Kuhn p. 59
1970Coniophis Estes and Berberian p. 6
1970Coniophis precedens Estes and Berberian p. 6
1970Serpentes Estes and Berberian p. 6
1976Coniophis Estes p. 512
1978Coniophis cosgriffi Armstrong-Ziegler p. 480
1981Serpentes Thurmond and Jones p. 162
1984Coniophis Rage p. 11
1984Coniophis cosgriffi Rage p. 12
1984Coniophis precedens Rage p. 13
1984Protropidonotus steinheimensis Rage p. 51
1985Serpentes Benton p. 157
1988Coniophis Carroll
1988Serpentes Carroll
1988Serpentes Estes et al.
1989Coniophis Bryant p. 49
1991Serpentes Holman et al. p. 1
1996Serpentes Frank and Ramus
1998Hoffstetterella Rage p. 133
1998Hoffstetterella brasiliensis Rage p. 133 figs. 16-19
1999Coniophis Gardner and Cifelli p. 89
1999Coniophis cosgriffi Gardner and Cifelli p. 89
1999Coniophis precedens Gardner and Cifelli p. 89
1999Coniophis dabiebus Rage and Werner
1999Coniophis Rage and Werner p. 93
1999Coniophis dabiebus Rage and Werner p. 94
2000Serpentes Lee and Caldwell
2002Serpentes Lee and Scanlon
2002Coniophis Nydam p. 652
2004Serpentes Martinelli and Forasiepi p. 260
2006Serpentes Augé and Rage p. 244
2006Coniophis Augé and Rage p. 247
2008Serpentes Rage et al. p. 391
2008Serpentes Venczel and Stiuca p. 755
2010Serpentes Wilson et al. p. 1
2012Coniophis precedens Longrich et al.
2012Coniophis Longrich et al. pp. 1 in SI1
2013Serpentes Pyron et al.
2013Coniophis Smith p. 158 fig. 2
2014Serpentes Vianey-Liaud et al. p. 575
2015Serpentes Caldwell et al.
2016Serpentes McCartney and Seiffert p. 2
2016Serpentes Stocker and Kirk
2020Serpentes de Lapparent de Broin et al. p. 420
2022Serpentes Moyano-Paz et al. p. 14
2024Serpentes Agnolín et al. p. 4

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
RankNameAuthor
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
—Sauropsida
classReptilia
—Squamata()
suborderOphidia(Latreille 1804)
—Serpentes(Linnaeus 1758)
—Serpentes(Linnaeus 1758)

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Unr. Serpentes Linnaeus 1758 [snake]
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Infraor. Alethinophidia Nopcsa 1923
+
Superfm. Acrochordoidea McDowell 1979
+
Fm. †Nigeropheidae Rage 1975
+
G. †Nigerophis Rage 1975
+
†Nigerophis mirus Rage 1975
G. †Woutersophis Rage 1980
+
†Woutersophis novus Rage 1980
Fm. †Nigerophiidae Rage 1975
+
G. †Amananulam McCartney et al. 2018
+
†Amananulam sanogoi McCartney et al. 2018
G. †Indophis Rage and Prasad 1992
+
†Indophis fanambinana Pritchard et al. 2014
†Indophis sahnii Rage and Prasad 1992
G. †Kelyophis LaDuke et al. 2010
+
†Kelyophis hechti LaDuke et al. 2010
G. †Nubianophis Rage and Werner 1999
+
†Nubianophis afaahus Rage and Werner 1999
G. †Afrotortrix Rage et al. 2021
+
†Afrotortrix draaensis Rage et al. 2021
Fm. Aniliidae Fitzinger 1826 [pipe snake]
+
G. †Australophis Gómez et al. 2008 [southern snake]
+
†Australophis anilioides Gómez et al. 2008
G. †Borealilysia Head 2020
+
†Borealilysia carinata Hecht 1959
†Borealilysia gunnelli Head 2020
Invalid names: Coniophis platycarinatus Hecht 1959 [nomen dubium]
Superfm. †Anilioidea
+
G. Anilius Oken 1816
+
Anilius scytale Linneaus 1758 [Coral pipe snakes]
Fm. Uropeltidae [shieldtail snake]
+
G. Anomochilus Berg 1901 [Common pipe snakes]
+
Anomochilus leonardi Smith 1940 [Leonard's pipe snake]
Anomochilus weberi Lidth de Jeude 1890 [Pipe snake]
G. Brachyophidium Wall 1921 [Mountain burrowing snakes]
+
Brachyophidium rhodogaster Wall 1921 [Palni mountain burrowing snake]
G. Cylindrophis Wagler 1828 [Island pipe snakes]
+
Cylindrophis aruensis Boulenger 1920 [Aru island pipe snake]
Cylindrophis maculatus Linneaus 1758 [Spotted pipe snake]
Cylindrophis rufus Laurenti 1768 [Red pipe snake]
G. Melanophidium Gunther 1864 [Black earth snakes]
+
Melanophidium punctatum Beddome 1871 [Beddome's black earth snake]
Melanophidium wynaudense Beddome 1863 [Indian black earth snake]
G. Platyplecturus Gunther 1868 [Thorntail snakes]
+
Platyplecturus madurensis Beddome 1877 [Travancore Hills thorntail snake]
G. Plecturus Dumeril 1851 [African burrowing snakes]
+
Plecturus aureus Beddome 1880 [Kerala burrowing snake]
Plecturus perroteti Dumeril and Bibron 1854 [Nilgiri burrowing snake]
G. Pseudotyphlops Schlegel 1839 [Large shieldtail snakes]
+
Pseudotyphlops philippinus Schlegel 1829 [Large shieldtail snake]
G. Rhinophis Hemprich 1820 [Rhinocerps earth snakes]
+
Rhinophis blythii Kelaart 1853 [Blyth's earth snake]
Rhinophis drummondhayi Wall 1921 [Drummond Hay's earth snake]
Rhinophis philippinus Cuvier 1829 [Peters' Philippine earth snake]
Rhinophis sanguineus Beddome 1863 [Salty earth snake]
G. Uropeltis Cuvier 1829 [Indian earth snakes]
+
Uropeltis melanogaster Gray 1858 [Gray's earth snake]
Uropeltis rubromaculatus Beddome 1867 [Red-spotted earth snake]
Uropeltis woodmasoni Theobald 1876 [Woodmason's earth snake]
Unr. Caenophidia Hoffstetter 1939
+
Fm. Acrochordidae Bonaparte 1840
+
G. Acrochordus Hornstedt 1787
+
†Acrochordus dehmi Hoffstetter 1964
Acrochordus granulatus Schneider 1799 [Little file snake]
Fm. †Russellophiidae Rage 1978
+
G. †Krebsophis Rage and Werner 1999
+
†Krebsophis thobanus Rage and Werner 1999
G. †Russellophis Rage 1975
+
†Russellophis crassus Rage et al. 2008
†Russellophis tenuis Rage 1975
G. †Cerberophis Longrich et al. 2012
+
†Cerberophis robustus Longrich et al. 2012
G. †Colombophis Hoffstetter and Rage 1977
+
†Colombophis portai Hoffstetter and Rage 1977
†Colombophis spinosus Hsiou et al. 2010
Superfm. Colubroidea Oppel 1811
+
Fm. †Anomalophiidae Auffenberg 1959
+
G. †Anomalophis Auffenberg 1959
+
†Anomalophis bolcensis Auffenberg 1959
+
Invalid names: Archaeophis bolcensis Massalongo 1859 [replaced]
Fm. Crotalidae Oppel 1811 [pit viper]
+
G. †Agkistrodon Huxley 1865 [cottonmouth]
+
†Agkistrodon piscivorous Lacépède
G. Aploaspis Cope 1867
G. Caudisonia Laurenti 1768
G. Crotalus Linnaeus 1758 [rattlesnake]
+
Crotalus adamanteus Palisot de Beauvois 1799 [eastern diamondback rattlesnake]
Crotalus atrox Baird and Girard 1853
Crotalus giganteus Brattstrom 1954
Crotalus horridus Linnaeus 1758 [timber rattlesnake]
Crotalus lepidus Kennicott 1861 [rock rattlesnake]
Crotalus viridis Rafinesque 1818 [prairie rattlesnake]
+
Invalid names: Crotalus potterensis Brattstrom 1953 [synonym]
G. Gloydius Hoge and Hoge 1981
G. †Protagras Cope 1872
G. Protobothrops Hoge and Romano-Hoge 1983
G. Sistrurus Garman 1883 [pigmy rattlesnake]
+
Sistrurus catenatus Rafinesque 1818
G. Trimeresurus Lacépède 1804 [pitviper]
Subfm. Viperinae Oppel 1811
+
G. Bitis Gray 1842 [puff adder]
+
Invalid names: Clotho Gray 1842 [synonym]
G. Vipera Laurenti 1768
Fm. Elapidae Boié 1827
+
G. Austrelaps Worrell 1963
+
Austrelaps superbus Günther 1858 [copperhead snake]
G. Calliophis Gray 1834
G. Chitulia Gray 1849
+
Invalid names: Aturia Gray 1842 [replaced]
G. Disteira Lacepede 1804
G. Disteiramecdup Lacepede 1804
G. Elaps Schneider
Subfm. Hydrophiinae Boié 1827 [sea snake]
+
G. Acalyptophis Boulenger 1896
G. Aipysurus Lacepède 1804
G. Astrotia Fischer 1856
G. Emydocephalus Krefft 1869
G. Enhydrina Gray 1849
G. Ephalophis Smith 1931
G. Hydrelaps Boulenger 1896
G. Hydrophis Latreille 1801
G. †Incongruelaps Scanlon et al. 2003
G. Kerilia Gray 1849
G. Kolpophis Smith 1926
G. Lapemis Gray 1835
G. Laticauda Laurenti 1768
G. Parahydrophis Burger and Natsuno 1974
G. Pelamis Plumier 1801
G. Thalassophina Smith 1926
G. Thalassophis Schmidt 1852
G. Leioselasma Lacepède 1804
+
Leioselasma coggeri Kharin 1984
G. Micrurus Wagler 1824 [coral snake]
+
†Micrurus gallicus Rage and Holman 1984
G. Naja Laurenti 1768 [cobra]
+
†Naja antiqua Rage 1976
†Naja austriaca Bachmayer and Szyndlar 1985
†Naja iberica Szyndlar 1985
Naja naja Linneaus 1758 [Indian cobra]
†Naja romani Hoffstetter 1939
Invalid names: Palaeonaja Hoffstetter 1939 [synonym], Palaeonaja Hoffstetter 1939 [synonym]
G. Notechis Peters 1861
G. Polyodontognathus Wall 1921
G. Pseudechis Wagler 1830
+
Pseudechis porphyriacus Shaw 1794 [Australian black snake]
G. Sinomicrurus Slowinski et al. 2001
+
Sinomicrurus japonicus Günther 1868
G. Xenodermus Reinhardt 1836
Invalid names: Laticaudinae [empty], Najinae Cope 1864 [empty], Protropidonotus Schlosser 1916 [nomen dubium], Protropidonotus neglectus Schlosser 1916 [nomen dubium]
G. †Headonophis Holman 1993
+
†Headonophis harrisoni Holman 1993
Fm. †Lamprophiidae Fitzinger 1843
+
Invalid names: Lamprophiinae Fitzinger 1843 [empty]
G. †Procerophis Rage et al. 2008
+
†Procerophis sahnii Rage et al. 2008
G. †Vectophis Rage and Ford 1980
+
†Vectophis wardi Rage and Ford 1980
Fm. Viperidae Oppel 1811 [viper]
+
G. Bothrops Wagler 1824 [pit viper]
G. †Laophis Owen 1857
+
†Laophis crotaloides Owen 1857
Invalid names: Provipera Kinkelin 1892 [nomen dubium], Provipera boettgeri Kinkelin 1892 [nomen dubium]
Invalid names: Rhabdosomidae Cope 1871 [empty], Russellopheidae Rage 1978 [empty]
Unr. †Henophidia
+
G. †Coprophis Parris and Holman 1978
+
†Coprophis dakotaensis Parris and Holman 1978
G. †Helagras Cope 1883
+
†Helagras orellanensis Holman 1983
†Helagras prisciformis Cope 1883
Fm. Loxocemidae Cope 1861 [Mexican burrowing snake]
+
G. †Ogmophis Cope 1844
+
†Ogmophis arenarum Douglass 1903
†Ogmophis compactus Lambe 1908
†Ogmophis europaeus Meynarski 1982
†Ogmophis kansasensis Wilson 1968
†Ogmophis miocompactus Holman 1976
†Ogmophis oregonensis Cope 1844
†Ogmophis parvus Rogers 1976
†Ogmophis pauperrimus Vanzolini 1952
†Ogmophis pliocompactus Holman 1975
†Ogmophis voorhiesi Holman 1977
Fm. Pythonidae Fitzinger 1826 [python]
+
G. Liasis Gray 1842
+
†Liasis dubudingala Scanlon and Mackness 2002
Liasis olivacea Gray 1842 [olive python]
G. Morelia Gray 1842
+
†Morelia riversleighensis Smith and Plane 1985
+
Invalid names: Morelia antiqua Smith and Plane 1985 [synonym]
Morelia spilota Lacépède 1804 [carpet python]
Invalid names: Montypythonoides Smith and Plane 1985 [synonym]
Invalid names: Bolyeriidae [empty], Calabariidae [empty], Xenopeltidae Bonaparte 1845 [empty]
G. †Itaboraiophis Rage 2008
+
Unr. Macrostomata Ritgen 1828
+
G. †Amaru Albino 2018
+
†Amaru scagliai Albino 2018
Superfm. Booidea Gray 1825
+
G. †Boavus Marsh 1871
+
†Boavus brevis Marsh 1871
†Boavus idelmani Gilmore 1938
†Boavus occidentalis Marsh 1871
+
Invalid names: Boavus affinis Brattstrom 1955 [synonym], Boavus agilis Marsh 1871 [synonym], Protagras lacustris Cope 1871 [synonym]
Fm. Boidae Gray 1825 [boa]
+
G. †Anilioides Auffenberg 1963
Subfm. Boinae Gray 1825
G. †Cadurcoboa Rage 1978
G. Candoia Gray 1842
G. Chilabothrus Duméril and Bibron 1844
G. †Dawsonophis Holman 1979
Subfm. Erycinae Bonaparte 1825 [sand boa]
G. Eunectes Wagler 1830 [anaconda]
G. †Hechtophis Rage 2001
G. †Lithophis Marsh 1871
G. †Messelophis Baszio 2004
G. †Neurodromicus Cope 1873
G. †Paraplatyspondylia Holman et al. 2006
G. Python Daudin 1803
G. †Rieppelophis Scanferla et al. 2016 [snake]
G. †Totlandophis Holman and Harrison 1998
G. Tropidophis Bibron 1843
Subfm. Ungaliophiinae McDowell 1987 [dwarf boa]
Invalid names: Rageophis Wallach 1986 [nomen dubium]
G. †Conantophis Holman and Harrison 2000
+
†Conantophis alachuaensis Holman and Harrison 2000
G. †Eoanilius Rage 1974
+
†Eoanilius europae Rage 1974
†Eoanilius oligocenicus Szyndlar 1994
G. †Eoconstrictor Scanferla and Smith 2020
+
†Eoconstrictor fischeri Schaal 2004
G. †Hibernophis Croghan et al. 2024
+
†Hibernophis breithaupti Croghan et al. 2024
G. †Michauxophis Bailon 1988
+
†Michauxophis occitanus Bailon 1988
G. †Rageryx Smith and Scanferla 2021
+
†Rageryx schmidi Smith and Scanferla 2021
Invalid names: Archaeophidae Janensch 1906 [empty], Ungaliophiidae Zaher 1994 [empty]
G. †Kataria Scanferla et al. 2013
+
†Kataria anisodonta Scanferla et al. 2013
G. Loxocemus Cope 1861 [Mexican burrowing pythons]
+
Loxocemus bicolor Cope 1861 [Mexican burrowing python]
G. †Pachyrhachis Haas 1979
+
+
Invalid names: Ophiomorphus colberti Haas 1980 [synonym]
Invalid names: Estesius Wallach 1984 [synonym], Ophiomorphus Haas 1980 [synonym]
G. †Podophis Rage and Escuillié 2000
Fm. Tropidophiidae Cope 1894 [dwarf boa]
+
G. †Dunnophis Hecht 1959
+
†Dunnophis cadurcensis Rage 1974
†Dunnophis matronensis Rage 1973
†Dunnophis microechinis Hecht 1959
G. †Platyspondylia Rage 1974
+
†Platyspondylia germanica Szyndlar and Rage 2003
†Platyspondylia lepta Rage 1974
†Platyspondylia sudrei Rage 1988
G. †Szyndlaria Rage and Augé 2010
+
†Szyndlaria aureomontensis Rage and Augé 2010
Subfm. Tropidophiinae Cope 1894
+
G. †Falseryx Szyndlar and Rage 2003
G. †Rottophis Szyndlar and Böhme 1996
G. Xenopeltis Reinwardt 1827
+
Xenopeltis unicolor Reinhardt 1827 [Sunbeam snake]
G. †Paulacoutophis Rage 2008
+
Fm. Pseudoxyrhophiidae Dowling 1975
+
G. Ditypophis Günther 1881
+
Ditypophis vivax Günther 1881 [Günther's racer]
G. †Tuscahomaophis Holman and Case 1992
Invalid names: Cylindrophiidae Fitzinger 1843 [empty], Simoliopheoidea [empty]
G. †Cheilophis Gilmore 1938
+
†Cheilophis huerfanoensis Gilmore 1938
Infraor. †Cholophidia Nopcsa 1923
+
Fm. †Lapparentopheidae Hoffstetter 1959
+
G. †Lapparentophis Hoffstetter 1959
+
†Lapparentophis defrennei Hoffstetter 1959
†Lapparentophis ragei Čerňanský et al. 2019
Fm. †Pachyophidae Nopcsa 1923
+
G. †Eupodophis Rage and Escuillié 2001
+
†Eupodophis descouensi Rage and Escuillié 2000
G. †Mesophis Bolkay 1925
+
†Mesophis nopcsai Bolkay 1925
G. †Pachyophis Nopcsa 1923
+
†Pachyophis wardi Nopcsa 1923
†Pachyophis woodwardi Nopcsa 1923
Fm. Colubridae Oppel 1811 [colubrid snake]
+
G. Abastor Gray 1849
Unr. Aglypha Duméril
+
Invalid names: Coronellinae [empty], Dendrophidae [empty], Lycodontinae [empty], Rachiodontinae [empty], Tropidonotinae [empty]
G. Alsophis Fitzinger 1843
+
G. Apostolepis Cope 1862 [Burrowing snakes]
+
Apostolepis ammodites Ferrarezzi et al. 2005 [Tocantins blackhead]
Apostolepis assimilis Reinhardt 1861 [Reinhardt's burrowing snake]
Apostolepis cearensis Gomes 1915 [Gomes burrowing snake]
Apostolepis dorbignyi Schlegel 1837 [Bolivian burrowing snake]
Apostolepis flavotorquata Dumeril et al. 1854 [Central burrowing snake]
G. Bascanium Baird and Girard 1853
G. Carphophis Gervais 1840 [worm snake]
+
G. Cemophora Cope 1860
G. Chilomeniscus Cope 1860
G. Chionactis Cope 1860
Subfm. Colubrinae Oppel 1811
+
G. †Ameiseophis Holman 1976
+
†Ameiseophis robinsoni Holman 1976
G. Arizona Kennicott 1859
+
Arizona elegans Kennicott 1859 [glossy snake]
†Arizona voorhiesi Parmley and Holman 1995
G. Coluber Linnaeus 1758 [racer]
+
†Coluber acuminatus Cope 1899
†Coluber cadurci Rage 1974
†Coluber caspioides Szyndlar and Schleich 1993
Coluber caspius Gmelin 1789
Coluber constrictor Linnaeus 1758 [black racer]
†Coluber dolnicensis Szyndlar 1987
†Coluber freybergi Brunner 1954
†Coluber hungaricus Bolkay 1913
†Coluber lobsingensis Heller 1960
†Coluber merkurensis Ivanov 2002
†Coluber planicarinatus Bachmayer and Szyndlar 1985
†Coluber plioagellus Wilson 1968
†Coluber pouchetii Rochebrune 1880
†Coluber robertmertensi Mlynarksi 1964
†Coluber suevicus Fraas 1870
†Coluber viridiflavus Lacépède 1789
Invalid names: Bascanion Baird and Girard 1853 [synonym], Coluber beggiatoi De Zigno 1889 [nomen dubium], Coluber fossilis Pomel 1853 [nomen dubium], Coluber gervaisii Pomel 1853 [nomen dubium], Coluber lafonti Filhol 1877 [nomen dubium], Coluber ombonii De Zigno 1889 [nomen dubium], Nanus Bachmayer and Szyndlar 1985 [synonym]
G. Coronella Laurenti 1768
+
Coronella austriaca Laurenti 1768 [smooth snake]
Coronella girondica Daudin 1803 [southern smooth snake]
†Coronella miocaenica Venczel 1998
G. Cyclophiops Boulenger 1888
G. Dinodon Duméril et al. 1854
G. Drymobius Fitzinger 1843
G. Elaphe Wagler 1833
+
†Elaphe algorensis Szyndlar 1985
†Elaphe buisi Holman 1973
Elaphe guttata Linnaeus 1766 [corn snake]
†Elaphe kansensis Gilmore 1938
†Elaphe kohfidischi Bachmayer and Szyndlar 1985
†Elaphe kormosi Bolkay 1913
†Elaphe longissima Laurenti 1768
†Elaphe nebraskensis Holman 1964
Elaphe obsoleta Say 1823 [black rat snake]
†Elaphe paralongissima Szyndlar 1984
†Elaphe parreyssii Fitzinger 1833
†Elaphe pliocenica Holman 1968
†Elaphe praelongissima Venczel 1994
Elaphe quatuorlineata Lacépède 1789 [four-lined snake]
†Elaphe szyndlari Venczel 1998
Elaphe vulpina Baird and Girard 1853 [fox snake]
Invalid names: Elaphis boulei De Stefano 1905 [nomen dubium], Palaeoelaphe Gilmore 1938 [synonym]
G. Ficimia Gray 1849
G. †Floridaophis Holman 1999
+
†Floridaophis auffenbergi Holman 1999
G. Lampropeltis Fitzinger 1843
+
Lampropeltis calligaster Harlan 1827 [prairie kingsnake]
Lampropeltis getulus Linnaeus 1766 [kingsnake]
†Lampropeltis intermedius Brattstrom 1955
†Lampropeltis similis Holman 1964
Lampropeltis triangulum Lacépède 1788 [milk snake]
G. Liochlorophis Oldham and Smith 1991
G. Macroprotodon Guichenot 1850 [false smooth snake]
G. Masticophis Baird and Girard 1853 [whip snake]
G. †Miocoluber Parmley 1988
+
†Miocoluber dalquesti Parmley 1988
G. †Nebraskophis Holman 1973
+
†Nebraskophis skinneri Holman 1973
G. Opheodrys Fitzinger 1843
G. Oxybelis Wagler 1830
G. †Paracoluber Holman 1970
+
†Paracoluber storeri Holman 1970
G. Phyllorhynchus Stejneger 1890
G. Pituophis Holbrook 1842 [gopher snake]
+
Pituophis melanoleucus Daudin 1803 [pine snake]
G. Platyceps Blyth 1860
G. Salvadora Baird and Girard 1853
+
Salvadora grahamiae Baird and Girard 1853
†Salvadora paleolineata Holman 1973
G. Stilosoma Brown 1890 [short-tailed snake]
+
Stilosoma vetustum Auffenberg 1863
G. Telescopus Waner 1830 [tiger snake]
G. †Texasophis Holman 1977
+
†Texasophis bohemiacus Szyndlar 1987
†Texasophis fossilis Holman 1977
†Texasophis galbreathi Holman 1984
†Texasophis hecki Böhme 2008
†Texasophis meini Rage and Holman 1984
†Texasophis wilsoni Holman 1984
G. †Zelceophis Szyndlar 1984
+
†Zelceophis xenos Szyndlar 1984
G. †Zilantophis Jasinski and Moscato 2017
+
†Zilantophis schuberti Jasinski and Moscato 2017
Invalid names: Coluber etruriae Portis 1890 [nomen vanum]
G. Coniophanes Cope 1860
G. Contia Baird and Girard 1853
G. Cyclophis Günther
G. †Dakotaophis Holman 1976
+
†Dakotaophis greeni Holman 1976
G. Dendrelaphis Boulenger 1890
Subfm. Dipsadinae Guenther 1858
+
G. Leptodeira Fitzinger 1843
G. Rhadinaea Cope 1868
G. Dromicus Bibron 1843
G. †Dryinoides Auffenberg 1958
+
†Dryinoides oxyrhachis Auffenberg 1958
G. Drymarchon Fitzinger 1843
+
Drymarchon corais Boie 1827 [cribo]
G. Eutaenia Baird and Girard 1853
G. Farancia Gray 1842
+
†Farancia abacura Holbrook 1836
G. Gyalopion Cope 1860
G. Haldea Baird and Girard 1853
G. Helicops Wagler 1830
G. Hierophis Fitzinger 1843
G. †Hispanophis Szyndlar 1985
+
†Hispanophis coronelloideus Szyndlar 1985
Subfm. Homalopsinae Cope 1864
+
G. Bitia Gray 1842
G. Cantoria Girard 1857
G. Cerberus Cuvier 1829
G. Enhydris Sonnini and Latreille 1802
G. Erpeton Lacépède 1800
G. Fordonia Gray 1842
G. Gerarda Gray 1849
G. Homalopsis Kuhl and Hasselt 1822
G. Myron Gray 1849
G. Hypsiglena Cope 1860
G. Leioheterodon Boulenger 1893 [Malagasy hognose snake]
G. Lodia Baird and Girard 1853
G. Lycodon Fitzinger 1826
G. Malpolon Fitzinger 1826
+
†Malpolon laurenti Depéret 1897
†Malpolon mlynarskii Szyndlar 1988
Malpolon monspessulanus Hermann 1804 [Montpellier snake]
G. †Mionatrix Sun 1961
+
†Mionatrix datomeus Sun Ailin 1861
Subfm. Natricinae Bonaparte 1838
+
G. Clonophis Cope 1889
G. †Micronatrix Parmley and Hunter 2010
+
†Micronatrix juliescottae Parmley and Hunter 2010
G. †Neonatrix Holman 1973
+
†Neonatrix crassa Rage and Holman 1984
†Neonatrix elongata Holman 1973
†Neonatrix europaea Rage and Holman 1984
†Neonatrix infera Holman 1996
†Neonatrix magna Holman 1982
†Neonatrix nova Szyndlar 1987
G. Nerodia Baird and Girard 1853 [water snake]
+
Nerodia erythrogaster Clark 1903 [plain-bellied water snake]
Nerodia fasciata Linnaeus 1766 [banded water snake]
Nerodia floridana Goff 1936 [Florida green watersnake]
†Nerodia hibbardi Holman 1962
†Nerodia hillmani Wilson 1968
Nerodia rhombifer Hallowell 1852 [diamondback water snake]
Nerodia sipedon Linnaeus 1758 [northern water snake]
Nerodia taxispilota Holbrook 1842 [brown water snake]
G. †Paleonatrix Szyndlar 1982
+
†Paleonatrix silesiaca Szyndlar 1982
G. Regina Baird and Girard 1853 [crayfish snake]
+
Regina alleni Garman 1874 [striped crayfish snake]
Regina grahamii Baird and Girard 1853 [Graham's crayfish snake]
†Regina intermedia Meylan 1982
Regina rigida Say 1825 [glossy crayfish snake]
Regina septemvittata Say 1825 [queen snake]
Invalid names: Liodytes Cope 1885 [synonym]
G. Rhabdophis Fitzinger 1843
+
G. Seminatrix Cope 1895
G. Tropidoclonion Cope 1860
G. Virginia Baird and Girard 1853
G. Ophibolus Baird and Girard 1853
Unr. Opisthoglypha Duméril
+
Invalid names: Dipsadomorphinae [empty], Dryadinae [empty], Dryophinae [empty], Elachistodontinae [empty]
G. Osceola Baird and Girard 1853
G. †Palaeomalpolon Szyndlar 1981
+
†Palaeomalpolon borealis Szyndlar 1981
G. †Palaeonatrix Szyndlar 1982
+
†Palaeonatrix lehmani Rage and Roček 1983
Invalid names: Dolniceophis Rage and Roček 1983 [synonym]
G. †Paleofarancia Auffenberg 1963
+
†Paleofarancia brevispinosus Auffenberg 1963
G. Pantherophis Fitzinger 1843
G. †Paraoxybelis Auffenberg 1963
+
†Paraoxybelis floridanus Auffenberg 1963
G. Phimothyra Cope 1860
G. †Pollackophis Holman 1998
+
†Pollackophis depressus Holman 1998
Unr. Proteroglypha Duméril
+
Infraor. Platycerca
+
Invalid names: Hydrophidae Boié 1827 [empty]
Invalid names: Conocerca [empty]
G. Pseudoboa Schneider 1801
G. †Pseudocemophora Auffenberg 1963
+
†Pseudocemophora antiqua Auffenberg 1963
G. Rhinechis Michahelles 1833
+
Rhinechis agassizii Michahelles 1833
Rhinechis scalaris Schinz 1822 [ladder snake]
G. Rhinocheilus Baird and Girard 1853
G. Sibon Fitzinger 1826
G. Sonora Baird and Girard 1853
G. Spilotes Wagler
G. Storeria Baird and Girard 1853 [brown snake]
G. Tantilla Baird and Girard 1853
G. Thamnophis Fitzinger 1843 [garter snake]
+
†Thamnophis sirtalis Linnaeus
Invalid names: Chilopoma Cope 1875 [synonym]
G. Tretanorhinus Duméril et al. 1854
+
Tretanorhinus variabilis Duméril et al. 1854
G. Trimorphodon Cope 1869
G. Tropidonotus Kuhl 1826
+
Tropidonotus leberis Linnaeus 1758
Invalid names: Tropidonotus elongatus Troschel 1854 [nomen nudum]
Subfm. Xenodontinae Bonaparte 1845
+
G. Diadophis Baird and Girard 1853 [ringneck snake]
+
†Diadophis elinorae Auffenberg 1963
†Diadophis punctatus Linnaeus
G. Heterodon Latreille 1801 [hog-nosed snake]
+
†Heterodon brevis Auffenberg 1963
Heterodon nasicus Baird and Girard 1852 [western hognose snake]
Heterodon platyrhinos Latreille 1801 [eastern hognosed snake]
†Heterodon plionasicus Peters 1953
Heterodon simus Linnaeus 1766 [southern hognose snake]
G. †Paleoheterodon Holman 1964
+
†Paleoheterodon arcuatus Rage and Holman 1984
†Paleoheterodon tiheni Holman 1964
G. Zamenis Wagler 1830
Invalid names: Coluber owenii Meyer 1844 [nomen dubium], Naja sauvagei Rochebrune 1880 [nomen dubium], Palaelaphis De Rochebrune 1884 [nomen dubium], Pylmophis De Rochebrune 1884 [nomen dubium], Scaptophis Rochebrune 1880 [nomen dubium], Tachyophis De Rochebrune 1884 [nomen dubium]
G. †Diablophis Caldwell et al. 2015
+
†Diablophis gilmorei Evans 1996
G. †Dinilysia Woodward 1901
+
†Dinilysia patagonica Woodward 1901
Fm. Dipsadidae Bonaparte 1838
+
G. Cubophis Hedges and Vidal 2009
+
Cubophis vudii Cope 1862
G. †Eophis Caldwell et al. 2015
+
†Eophis underwoodi Caldwell et al. 2015
G. †Goinophis Holman 1976
+
†Goinophis minusculus Holman 1976
G. Hoplocephalus Wagler 1830
G. †Lunaophis Albino et al. 2016
+
†Lunaophis aquaticus Albino et al. 2016
Fm. †Madtsoiidae Hoffstetter 1961
+
G. †Adinophis Pritchard et al. 2014
+
†Adinophis fisaka Pritchard et al. 2014
G. †Alamitophis Albino 1986
+
†Alamitophis argentinus Albino 1986
†Alamitophis elongatus Albino 1994
†Alamitophis tingamarra Scanlon 2005
G. †Eomadtsoia Gómez et al. 2019
+
†Eomadtsoia ragei Gómez et al. 2019
G. †Gigantophis Andrews 1901
+
†Gigantophis garstini Andrews 1901
G. †Herensugea Rage 1996
+
G. †Madtsoia Simpson 1933
+
†Madtsoia bai Simpson 1933
†Madtsoia camposi Rage 1998
†Madtsoia madagascariensis Hoffstetter 1961
†Madtsoia pisdurensis Mohabey et al. 2011
G. †Menarana LaDuke et al. 2010
+
†Menarana laurasiae Rage 1996
†Menarana nosymena LaDuke et al. 2010
G. †Nanowana Scanlon 1997
+
†Nanowana godthelpi Scanlon 1997
†Nanowana schrenki Scanlon 1997
G. †Nidophis Vasile et al. 2013
+
†Nidophis insularis Vasile et al. 2013
G. †Patagoniophis Albino 1986
+
†Patagoniophis parvus Albino 1986
G. †Platyspondylophis Smith et al. 2016
+
†Platyspondylophis tadkeshwarensis Smith et al. 2016
G. †Powellophis Garberoglio et al. 2022
+
†Powellophis andina Garberoglio et al. 2022
G. †Rionegrophis Albino 1986
+
G. †Vasuki Datta and Bajpai 2024
+
†Vasuki indicus Datta and Bajpai 2024
G. †Wonambi Smith 1976
+
†Wonambi barriei Scanlon and Lee 2000
†Wonambi naracoortensis Smith 1976
G. †Yurlunggur Scanlon 1992
+
†Yurlunggur camfieldensis Scanlon 1992
Fm. Natricidae Bonaparte 1838
+
G. Natrix Laurenti 1768 [water snake]
+
†Natrix longivertebrata Szyndlar 1984
Natrix maura Linnaeus 1758
†Natrix merkurensis Ivanov 2002
†Natrix mlynarskii Rage 1988
†Natrix natrix Linnaeus 1758
†Natrix parva Szyndlar 1984
†Natrix rusticus Brunner 1957
†Natrix sansaniensis Lartet 1851
†Natrix vulgaris Laurenti 1768
Invalid names: Coluber podolicus von Meyer 1844 [nomen dubium], Hydrus Schneider 1799 [synonym]
G. Ophidium Linnaeus 1758
+
†Ophidium biarritzense Sulc 1932
†Ophidium biscaicum Sulc 1932
†Ophidium magnus Bassoli 1906
Fm. †Palaeophiidae Lydekker 1888
+
Subfm. †Archaeophiinae Janensch 1906
+
G. †Archaeophis Massalongo 1859
+
†Archaeophis proavus Massalongo 1859
†Archaeophis turkmenicus Tatarinov 1963
G. †Palaeophis Owen 1841
+
†Palaeophis africanus Andrews 1924
†Palaeophis casei Holman 1982
†Palaeophis colossaeus Rage 1983
†Palaeophis ferganicus Averianov 1997
†Palaeophis grandis Marsh 1869
†Palaeophis littoralis Cope 1847
†Palaeophis longus Owen 1849
†Palaeophis maghrebianus Arambourg 1952
†Palaeophis nessovi Averianov 1997
+
Invalid names: Palaeophis udovichenkoi Averianov 1997 [synonym]
†Palaeophis oweni de Zigno 1881
†Palaeophis porcatus Owen 1849
†Palaeophis tamdy Averianov 1997
†Palaeophis toliapicus Owen 1841
†Palaeophis typhaeus Owen 1850
†Palaeophis vastaniensis Bajpai and Head 2008
†Paleophis virginianus Lynn 1934
Invalid names: Dinophis Marsh 1869 [synonym], Nessovophis Averianov 1997 [synonym], Palaeophis giganteus Pomel 1847 [nomen nudum], Palaeophis halidanus Cope 1868 [nomen dubium], Titanophis Marsh 1878 [synonym], Vialovophis Nessov 1984 [synonym]
G. †Pterosphenus Lucas 1898
+
†Pterosphenus biswasi Rage et al. 2003
†Pterosphenus kutchensis Rage et al. 2003
†Pterosphenus sheppardi Hoffstetter 1958
Invalid names: Moeriophis Andrews 1901 [synonym], Pterosphenus muruntau Averianov 1997 [nomen dubium]
Invalid names: Palaeopheinae Lydekker [empty], Palaeophiinae Lydekker 1888 [empty]
G. †Portugalophis Caldwell et al. 2015 [snake]
+
†Portugalophis lignites Caldwell et al. 2015 [snake]
G. Pseudonaja Günther 1858
+
Pseudonaja nuchalis Günther 1858
Superfm. †Pythonoidea Fitzinger 1826
+
G. †Messelopython Zaher and Smith 2020
+
†Messelopython freyi Zaher and Smith 2020
Infraor. Scolecophidia Duméril and Bibron 1844
+
+
G. Anomalepis Jan 1860 [South American blind snakes]
G. Helminthophis Peters 1860 [Greater blind snakes]
G. Liotyphlops Peters 1881 [Lesser blind snakes]
+
Liotyphlops albirostris Peters 1857 [Whitenose blind snake]
G. Typhlophis Fitzinger 1843 [Trinidad blind snakes]
+
Typhlophis squamosus Schlegel 1839 [Trinidad blind snake]
Fm. Leptotyphlopidae Stejneger 1892
+
Subfm. Epictinae Hedges et al. 2009
+
G. Epictia Gray 1845
G. Leptotyphlops Fitzinger 1843 [Slender blind snakes]
+
Leptotyphlops dulcis Baird and Girard 1853 [Texas blind snake]
Leptotyphlops goudotii Dumeril 1844 [Black blind snake]
Leptotyphlops humilis Baird and Girard 1853 [Western blind snake]
Invalid names: Glauconiidae Boulenger 1890 [synonym], Stenostomidae Cope 1871 [synonym]
Fm. Typhlopidae Bonaparte 1831 [blind snake]
+
G. Typhlops Oppel 1811 [blind snake]
+
Typhlops biminiensis Richmond 1955
Typhlops caymanensis Sackett 1940
Typhlops epactius Thomas 1968
Typhlops jamaicensis Shaw 1802 [Jamaica worm snake]
Typhlops lineolatus Jan 1863 [Common lined worm snake]
Superfm. Typhlopoidea
+
G. †Boipeba Fachini et al. 2020
+
†Boipeba tayasuensis Fachini et al. 2020
G. Xerotyphlops Hedges 2014
+
Xerotyphlops socotranus Boulenger 1889 [Socotra worm snake]
G. †Tomodon Duméril 1853
G. †Xiaophis Xing et al. 2018
+
†Xiaophis myanmarensis Xing et al. 2018
Invalid names: Botrophis de Rochebrune 1880 [nomen dubium], Coluber steinheimensis Fraas 1870 [nomen dubium], Coniophis Marsh 1892 [nomen dubium], Coniophis cosgriffi Armstrong-Ziegler 1978 [nomen dubium], Coniophis dabiebus Rage and Werner 1999 [nomen dubium], Coniophis precedens Marsh 1892 [nomen dubium], Dinilysiidae Romer 1956 [empty], Hoffstetterella Rage 1998 [nomen dubium], Hoffstetterella brasiliensis Rage 1998 [nomen dubium], Ophidion Pomel 1853 [nomen dubium], Ophidioniscus Pomel 1853 [nomen dubium], Ophidium Burmeister 1885 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available