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Gravisauria

Osteichthyes

Synonymy list
YearName and author
2008Gravisauria Allain and Aquesbi p. 400
2010Gravisauria Yates p. 750
2020Gravisauria Rauhut et al.

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
classOsteichthyes
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
—Sauropsida
classReptilia
subclassEureptilia()
RankNameAuthor
—Romeriida
—Diapsida()
—Archosauromorpha(Huene 1946)
—Crocopoda
—ArchosauriformesGauthier 1986
—Eucrocopoda
—Archosauria()
informalAvemetatarsalia
—Ornithodira
—Dinosauromorpha
—Dinosauriformes
—Dinosauria()
—Saurischia()
—Sauropodomorpha(Huene 1932)
—Massopoda
—Sauropodiformes
—Sauropoda()
—Gravisauria
—Gravisauria

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Unr. †Gravisauria Allain and Aquesbi 2008
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G. †Amygdalodon Cabrera 1947
+
†Amygdalodon patagonicus Cabrera 1947
G. †Barapasaurus Jain et al. 1975
+
†Barapasaurus tagorei Jain et al. 1975
G. †Cetiosaurus Owen 1841
+
†Cetiosaurus oxoniensis Phillips 1871
+
Invalid names: Cetiosaurus giganteus Owen 1870 [synonym]
†Cetiosaurus philippsii Sauvage 1880
Invalid names: Cetiosaurus brevis Owen 1842 [nomen dubium], Cetiosaurus mogrebiensis Lapparent 1955 [nomen dubium]
Unr. †Eusauropoda Upchurch 1995
+
G. †Bagualia Pol et al. 2020
+
†Bagualia alba Pol et al. 2020
G. †Cardiodon Owen 1841
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†Cardiodon rugulosus Owen 1844
Fm. †Cetiosauridae Lydekker 1888 [cetiosaurid]
+
G. †Chebsaurus Mahammed et al. 2005
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†Chebsaurus algeriensis Mahammed et al. 2005
G. †Patagosaurus Bonaparte 1979
+
†Patagosaurus fariasi Bonaparte 1979
G. †Protognathosaurus Olshevsky 1991 [first jaw lizard]
+
Invalid names: Protognathus Zhang 1988 [replaced]
Invalid names: Cardiodontidae Lydekker 1895 [objective synonym], Cardiodontinae Huene 1927 [empty], Cetiosaurinae Kuhn 1939 [empty], Shunosaurinae McIntosh 1990 [empty]
G. †Datousaurus Dong and Tang 1984
+
†Datousaurus bashanensis Dong and Tang 1984
G. †Dystrophaeus Cope 1877
+
G. †Ferganasaurus Alifanov and Averianov 2003
+
†Ferganasaurus verzilini Alifanov and Averianov 2003
G. †Haestasaurus Upchurch et al. 2015
+
†Haestasaurus becklesii Mantell 1852
G. †Huashanosaurus Mo et al. 2025
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†Huashanosaurus qini Mo et al. 2025
G. †Janenschia Wild 1991
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†Janenschia robusta Fraas 1908
G. †Jobaria Sereno et al. 1999
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†Jobaria tiguidensis Sereno et al. 1999
G. †Lapparentosaurus Bonaparte 1986
+
Unr. †Mamenchisauridae Chao 1965 [mamenchisaurid]
+
G. †Abrosaurus Ouyang 1989
+
†Abrosaurus dongpoensis Ouyang 1989
G. †Analong Ren et al. 2021
+
†Analong chuanjieensis Ren et al. 2021
G. †Anhuilong Ren et al. 2018
+
†Anhuilong diboensis Ren et al. 2018
G. †Bellusaurus Dong 1990
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†Bellusaurus sui Dong 1990
G. †Chuanjiesaurus Fang et al. 2000
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†Chuanjiesaurus anaensis Fang et al. 2000
G. †Daanosaurus Ye et al. 2005
+
†Daanosaurus zhangi Ye et al. 2005
G. †Eomamenchisaurus Lü et al. 2008
+
†Eomamenchisaurus yuanmouensis Lü et al. 2008
G. †Huangshanlong Huang et al. 2014
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†Huangshanlong anhuiensis Huang et al. 2014
G. †Hudiesaurus Dong 1997
+
G. †Jingiella Ren et al. 2024
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†Jingiella dongxingensis Ren et al. 2024
G. †Klamelisaurus Zhao 1993
+
G. †Mamenchisaurus Young 1954
+
†Mamenchisaurus anyuensis He et al. 1996
†Mamenchisaurus jingyanensis Zhang et al. 1998
†Mamenchisaurus sinocanadorum Russell and Zheng 1994
†Mamenchisaurus youngi Pi et al. 1996
G. †Omeisaurus Young 1939
+
†Omeisaurus fuxiensis Dong et al. 1983
†Omeisaurus jiaoi Jiang et al. 2011
†Omeisaurus maoianus Tang et al. 2001
†Omeisaurus puxiani Tan et al. 2020
†Omeisaurus tianfuensis He et al. 1984
G. †Qijianglong Xing et al. 2015
+
†Qijianglong guokr Xing et al. 2015
G. †Rhomaleopakhus Upchurch et al. 2021
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†Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis Upchurch et al. 2021
G. †Tienshanosaurus Young 1937
+
Invalid names: Tienshanosaurus chitaiensis Young 1937 [nomen dubium]
G. †Tonganosaurus Li et al. 2010
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†Tonganosaurus hei Li et al. 2010
G. †Tongnanlong Wei et al. 2025
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†Tongnanlong zhimingi Wei et al. 2025
G. †Wamweracaudia Mannion et al. 2019
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†Wamweracaudia keranjei Mannion et al. 2019
G. †Xinjiangtitan Wu et al. 2013
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†Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013
G. †Yuanmousaurus Lü et al. 2006
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†Yuanmousaurus jiangyiensis Lü et al. 2006
G. †Zigongosaurus Hou et al. 1976
Invalid names: Omeisauridae Wilson 2002 [synonym]
G. †Nebulasaurus Xing et al. 2015
+
†Nebulasaurus taito Xing et al. 2015
Unr. †Neosauropoda Bonaparte 1986
+
Unr. †Diplodocoidea Upchurch 1995
+
G. †Amphicoelias Cope 1877
+
†Amphicoelias altus Cope 1877
†Amphicoelias brontodiplodocus Galiano and Albersdörfer 2010
Unr. †Diplodocimorpha Calvo and Salgado 1995
+
Unr. †Flagellicaudata Harris and Dodson 2004
Unr. †Rebbachisauridae Bonaparte 1997
G. †Haplocanthosaurus Hatcher 1903
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†Haplocanthosaurus delfsi McIntosh and Williams 1988
†Haplocanthosaurus priscus Hatcher 1903
+
Invalid names: Haplocanthosaurus utterbacki Hatcher 1903 [synonym]
Invalid names: Haplocanthus Hatcher 1903 [synonym]
Invalid names: Rebbachisauroidea Apesteguía 2007 [synonym]
Unr. †Macronaria Sereno 1997
+
G. †Aragosaurus Sanz et al. 1987
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†Aragosaurus ischiaticus Sanz et al. 1987
G. †Atlasaurus Monbaron et al. 1999
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†Atlasaurus imelakei Monbaron et al. 1999
Unr. †Camarasauromorpha Salgado et al. 1997
+
Fm. †Camarasauridae Cope 1877 [camarasaurid]
G. †Europasaurus Sander et al. 2006
G. †Tehuelchesaurus Rich et al. 1999
Invalid names: Brachiosauria Upchurch 1997 [synonym]
G. †Dashanpusaurus Peng et al. 2005
+
†Dashanpusaurus dongi Peng et al. 2005
G. †Galveosaurus Sánchez-Hernández 2005
Unr. †Titanosauriformes Salgado et al. 1997
+
Fm. †Brachiosauridae Riggs 1904 [brachiosaurid]
+
Invalid names: Astrodontidae Huene 1932 [synonym], Pleurocoelidae Marsh 1888 [synonym]
G. †Duriatitan Barrett et al. 2010
G. †Fukuititan Azuma and Shibata 2010
G. †Fushanosaurus Wang et al. 2019
G. †Fusuisaurus Mo et al. 2006
G. †Liaoningotitan Zhou et al. 2018
G. †Occitanopodus Moreau et al. 2020
G. †Oceanotitan Mocho et al. 2019
G. †Ornithopsis Seeley 1870
G. †Pelorosaurus Mantell 1850
Unr. †Somphospondyli Wilson and Sereno 1998
G. †Sousatitanosauripus Gomes et al. 2024
G. †Titanosaurimanus Dalla Vecchia and Tarlao 2000
Invalid names: Brohisaurus Malkani 2003 [nomen dubium], Brohisaurus kirthari Malkani 2003 [nomen dubium], Eucamerotus Hulke 1871 [nomen dubium], Huanghetitanidae Lü et al. 2007 [empty], Iuticosaurus Le Loeuff 1993 [nomen dubium], Iuticosaurus valdensis Huene 1929 [nomen dubium], Jiutaisaurus Wu et al. 2006 [nomen dubium], Jiutaisaurus xidiensis Wu et al. 2006 [nomen dubium], Laurasiformes Royo-Torres 2009 [empty], Macrurosaurus Seeley 1869 [nomen dubium], Macrurosaurus semnus Seeley 1869 [nomen dubium], Pleurocoelus Marsh 1888 [nomen dubium], Pukyongosaurus Dong et al. 2001 [nomen dubium], Pukyongosaurus millenniumi Dong et al. 2001 [nomen dubium], Rugocaudia Woodruff 2012 [nomen dubium], Rugocaudia cooneyi Woodruff 2012 [nomen dubium]
G. †Yuzhoulong Dai et al. 2022
+
†Yuzhoulong qurenensis Dai et al. 2022
Invalid names: Apatosaurus minimus Mook 1917 [nomen dubium], Astrodon Johnston 1859 [nomen dubium], Bothriospondylus robustus Owen 1875 [nomen dubium], Dinodocus Owen 1884 [nomen dubium], Dinodocus mackesoni Owen 1884 [nomen dubium], Titanomorpha Sereno 1997 [empty]
G. †Oobardjidama Salisbury et al. 2016
+
†Oobardjidama foulkesi Salisbury et al. 2016
Superfm. †Titanosauroidea Upchurch 1995
+
Invalid names: Epachthosaurinae Salgado 2003 [empty]
Invalid names: Bothriospondylus Owen 1875 [nomen dubium], Bothriospondylus suffossus Owen 1875 [nomen dubium], Ischyrosaurus Hulke 1874 [nomen dubium], Ischyrosaurus manseli Lydekker 1888 [nomen dubium]
G. †Perijasaurus Rincón et al. 2022
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†Perijasaurus lapaz Rincón et al. 2022
G. †Rhoetosaurus Longman 1926
+
†Rhoetosaurus brownei Longman 1926
G. †Shunosaurus Dong et al. 1983
+
†Shunosaurus lii Dong et al. 1983
Unr. †Turiasauria Royo-Torres et al. 2006
+
G. †Amanzia Schwarz et al. 2020
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†Amanzia greppini Huene 1922
G. †Losillasaurus Casanovas et al. 2001
+
†Losillasaurus giganteus Casanovas et al. 2001
G. †Mierasaurus Royo-Torres et al. 2017
+
†Mierasaurus bobyoungi Royo-Torres et al. 2017
G. †Moabosaurus Britt et al. 2017
+
†Moabosaurus utahensis Britt et al. 2017
G. †Narindasaurus Royo-Torres et al. 2021
+
†Narindasaurus thevenini Royo-Torres et al. 2021
G. †Tendaguria Bonaparte et al. 2000
+
†Tendaguria tanzaniensis Bonaparte et al. 2000
G. †Turiasaurus Royo-Torres et al. 2006
+
†Turiasaurus riodevensis Royo-Torres et al. 2006
G. †Zby Mateus et al. 2014
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†Zby atlanticus Mateus et al. 2014
Invalid names: Algoasaurus Broom 1904 [nomen dubium], Algoasaurus bauri Broom 1904 [nomen dubium], Bothriospondylus madagascariensis Lydekker 1895 [nomen dubium], Cetiosaurus glymptonensis Phillips 1871 [nomen dubium], Ornithopsis leedsi Hulke 1887 [nomen dubium], Ornithopsis leedsii Hulke 1887 [nomen dubium], Tharosaurus Bajpai et al. 2023 [nomen dubium], Tharosaurus indicus Bajpai et al. 2023 [nomen dubium]
G. †Spinophorosaurus Remes et al. 2009
+
†Spinophorosaurus nigerensis Remes et al. 2009
G. †Tazoudasaurus Allain et al. 2004
+
†Tazoudasaurus naimi Allain et al. 2004
G. †Volkheimeria Bonaparte 1979
+
†Volkheimeria chubutensis Bonaparte 1979
Invalid names: Vulcanodontidae Cooper 1984 [empty]
Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
R. Allain and N. Aquesbi 2008Gravisauria is a node-based taxon defined as the most recent common ancestor of Tazoudasaurus and Saltasaurus Bonaparte & Powell, 1980 and all its descendants. This definition encompasses the older definition of Sauropoda (McIntosh 1990). Gravisauria is diagnosed by two unambiguous and non-homoplastic synapomorphies: the dorsal neural spines which are broader transversely than anteroposteriorly, and the asymmetry of the femoral distal condyles, with a broader tibial condyle.
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: hydroxyapatiteinfrao
Entire body: yesinfrao
Adult length: 10 to < 100infrao
Adult width: 10 to < 100infrao
Adult height: 10 to < 100infrao
Maximum body mass: 100000 kgg
Minimum body mass: 300 kgg
Thickness: thickinfrao
Architecture: compact or denseinfrao
Form: sphericalinfrao
Ontogeny: accretion, modification of partsinfrao
Grouping: gregariousinfrao
Environment: terrestrialinfrao
Locomotion: actively mobileinfrao
Life habit: ground dwellinginfrao
Diet: herbivoreinfrao
Reproduction: oviparousinfrao
Dispersal: direct/internalinfrao
Dispersal 2: mobileinfrao
Created: 2004-12-14 12:49:10
Modified: 2004-12-14 14:49:10
Source: g = genus, infrao = infraorder
References: Marsh 1875, Kiessling 2004, Peczkis 1995

Age range: base of the Rhaetian to the top of the Maastrichtian or 205.70000 to 66.00000 Ma

Collections (1524 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Rhaetian205.7 - 201.4Belgium (Gaume) Eusauropoda indet. (68882)
Late/Upper Hettangian201.4 - 199.5Italy (Trentino-Alto Adige) Vulcanodontidae indet. (61850 68776)
Early/Lower Jurassic201.4 - 174.7Morocco (Khénifra) Eusauropoda indet. (191928)
Early/Lower Jurassic201.4 - 174.7China (Sichuan) Tonganosaurus hei (74735)
Early/Lower Jurassic - Middle Jurassic201.4 - 161.5China (Guangxi) Huashanosaurus qini (242278)
Jurassic201.4 - 143.1United Kingdom (England) Cetiosauridae indet. (83122)
Sinemurian - Pliensbachian199.5 - 184.2India (Maharashtra) Barapasaurus tagorei (35268)
Sinemurian - Pliensbachian199.5 - 184.2India (Andhra Pradesh) Barapasaurus tagorei (97447)
Early/Lower Pliensbachian192.9 - 184.2Denmark (Bornholm) Turiasauria indet. (223749)
Pliensbachian - Early/Lower Toarcian192.9 - 182.9Argentina (Chubut) Amygdalodon patagonicus (11923)

Youngest occurrences
Time interval Ma Country or state PBDB collection number
Maastrichtian72.2 - 66.0Argentina (Chubut) Titanomachya gimenezi (234456) Titanosauridae indet. (231410)
Maastrichtian72.2 - 66.0Egypt (Al Wadi al Jadid) Brachiosauridae indet. (97712)
Maastrichtian72.2 - 66.0Madagascar (Mahajanga) Dinosauria indet. (51252) Laplatasaurus madagascariensis (70076) Rapetosaurus krausei (39074 144728 206553) Titanosauridae indet. (55268 55269 55270) Titanosauridae indet., Vahiny depereti (55271) Titanosaurus madagascariensis (59691 59693) Titanosaurus sp. (60378) Vahiny depereti, Rapetosaurus krausei (25074)
Maastrichtian72.2 - 66.0Uruguay (Río Negro) Dinosauria indet. (223920 223921 224246) Dinosauria indet., Neuquensaurus australis (223925) Laplatasaurus sp. (179789)
Maastrichtian72.2 - 66.0Brazil (São Paulo) Titanosaurinae indet. (51666)
Maastrichtian72.2 - 66.0France (Languedoc-Roussillon) Titanosauridae indet. (68050)
Maastrichtian72.2 - 66.0France (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur) Hypselosaurus priscus (48863 53482 174674) Hypselosaurus sp. (59782 141628 141629) Rhabdodon priscum (141598) Titanosauridae indet. (51692)
Maastrichtian72.2 - 66.0Niger (Tahoua) Titanosaurus sp. (48868)
Maastrichtian72.2 - 66.0France (Var) Titanosauridae indet. (13332)
Maastrichtian72.2 - 66.0Uruguay (Canelones) Titanosauridae indet. (219560)