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Afrotheria

Mammalia

Taxonomy
Afrotheria was named by Stanhope et al. (1998). It is extant.

It was assigned to Epitheria by Phillips et al. (2001); to Eutheria by Madsen et al. (2001); to Placentalia by Waddell et al. (2001), Wible et al. (2007); and to Atlantogenata by Waddell et al. (1999), Asher and Helgen (2010).

Subtaxa
Afroinsectiphilia (syn. Fossoromorpha), Ocepeiidae, Paenungulatomorpha, Pseudoungulata, Tethytheria
Sister taxa
Afroinsectiphilia (syn. Fossoromorpha), Paenungulatomorpha, Pseudoungulata, Tethytheria

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1998Afrotheria Stanhope et al.
1999Afrotheria Waddell et al. p. cover
2001Afrotheria Madsen et al. p. 610
2001Afrotheria Phillips et al. p. 1535
2001Afrotheria Waddell et al. p. 148 figs. Figure 3
2007Afrotheria Wible et al.
2010Afrotheria Asher and Helgen p. 3

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Eugnathostomata
—Teleostomi(Bonaparte 1836)
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
RankNameAuthor
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
subclassSynapsida
—Therapsida()
infraorderCynodontia()
—Mammaliamorpha
—Mammaliaformes
classMammalia
—Cladotheria
—Zatheria
subclassTribosphenida()
subclassTheria
—Eutheria()
—Placentalia
—AfrotheriaStanhope et al. 1998
—AfrotheriaStanhope et al. 1998

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Unr. Afrotheria Stanhope et al. 1998
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Unr. Afroinsectiphilia Waddell et al. 2001
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Unr. Afroinsectivora Waddell et al. 2001
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Or. Macroscelidea Butler 1956 [elephant shrew]
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Fm. †Adapisoricidae Schlosser 1887
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G. †Adapisorex Lemoine 1883
G. †Adunator Russell 1964
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†Adunator abditus Secord 2008
†Adunator amplus Secord 2008
†Adunator fredericki Rigby, Jr. 1980
†Adunator ladae Simpson 1935
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Invalid names: Mckennatherium libitum Van Valen 1965 [synonym]
†Adunator lehmani Russell 1964
†Adunator martinezi Rigby, Jr. 1980
†Adunator meizon Gingerich 1983
†Adunator minutus Jepsen 1930
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Invalid names: Scenopagus proavus Winterfeld 1982 [synonym]
Invalid names: Mckennatherium Van Valen 1965 [synonym]
Fm. †Afrohypselodontidae Senut and Pickford 2021
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G. †Afrohypselodontus Senut and Pickford 2021
Fm. †Amphilemuridae Hill 1953
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G. †Alsaticopithecus Hürzeler 1947
G. †Amphilemur Heller 1935
G. †Gesneropithex Hürzeler 1946
Subfm. †Hylomysoidinae Tong and Wang 2006
G. †Macrocranion Weitzel 1949
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Invalid names: Aculeodens Weitzel 1949 [synonym], Dormaalius Quinet 1964 [synonym]
G. †Neomatronella Russell et al. 1975
G. †Pholidocercus von Koenigswald and Storch 1983
G. †Zionodon Dunn and Rasmussen 2009
Invalid names: Amphilemurinae Hill 1953 [empty], Dormaaliidae Quinet 1964 [synonym]
Fm. †Apheliscidae Matthew 1918
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G. †Aletodon Gingerich 1977
Subfm. †Apheliscinae Matthew 1918
G. †Apheliscus Cope 1875
G. †Dorraletes Gingerich 1983
G. †Gingerichia Zack et al. 2005
G. †Haplaletes Simpson 1935
G. †Haplomylus Matthew 1915
G. †Litomylus Simpson 1935
Subfm. †Louisininae Sudre and Russell 1982
G. †Phenacodaptes Jepsen 1930
G. †Utemylus Gingerich 1983
G. †Litocherus Gingerich 1983
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†Litocherus lacunatus Gazin 1956
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Invalid names: Litomylus alphamon Van Valen 1978 [synonym]
†Litocherus notissimus Simpson 1936
†Litocherus zygeus Gingerich 1983
Fm. †Louisinidae Hooker and Russell 2012
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G. †Berrulestes Hooker and Russell 2012
G. †Cingulodon De Bast and Smith 2017
G. †Dipavali Van Valen 1978
G. †Gigarton Hooker and Russell 2012
G. †Louisina Russell 1964
G. †Monshyus Sudre and Russell 1982
G. †Prolouisina Hooker and Russell 2012
G. †Thryptodon Hooker and Russell 2012
G. †Walbeckodon Hooker and Russell 2012
Fm. Macroscelididae Bonaparte 1838 [elephant shrew]
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Subfm. †Herodotiinae Simons et al. 1991
Subfm. Macroscelidinae Bonaparte 1838
Subfm. †Mylomygalinae Camp et al. 1953
Subfm. †Namasenginae Senut and Pickford 2021
Fm. †Myohyracidae Andrews 1914
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G. †Myohyrax Andrews 1914
G. †Promyohyrax Senut and Pickford 2021
G. †Protypotheroides Stromer 1922
Fm. †Rhynchocyonidae Gill 1872
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G. †Brevirhynchocyon Senut and Pickford 2021
G. †Eorhynchocyon Senut and Pickford 2021
G. †Hypsorhynchocyon Senut 2008
G. †Miorhynchocyon Butler 1984
G. Rhynchocyon Peters 1847
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Invalid names: Rhinonax Thomas 1918 [synonym]
Invalid names: Dipogales Murray 1866 [synonym]
Superfm. Tenrecoidea Hay 1930
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Fm. Chrysochloridae Gray 1825 [golden mole]
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G. Amblysomus Pomel 1848 [African golden mole]
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Invalid names: Calcochloris Mivart 1867 [synonym], Chrysotrica Broom 1907 [synonym], Huetia Forcart 1942 [synonym]
G. Carpitalpa Lundholm 1955 [Arend's golden mole]
G. Chlorotalpa Roberts 1924
G. Chrysochloris Lacépède 1799 [Cape golden mole]
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Invalid names: Aspalax Desmarest 1804 [synonym], Chrysoris Rafinesque 1815 [synonym], Ducantalpa Boitard 1842 [synonym], Engyscopus Gistel 1848 [synonym], Kilimatalpa Lundholm 1955 [synonym]
G. Chrysospalax Gill 1883 [giant golden mole]
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Invalid names: Bematiscus Cope 1892 [synonym]
G. Cryptochloris Shortridge and Carter 1938
G. †Damarachloris Pickford 2019
G. †Diamantochloris Pickford 2015
G. Eremitalpa Roberts 1924 [Grant's golden mole]
G. †Namachloris Pickford 2015
G. Neamblysomus Roberts 1924
G. †Proamblysomus Broom 1941
Subfm. †Prochrysochlorinae Butler 1984
Invalid names: Amblysominae Simonetta 1957 [synonym], Chrysochlorinae [empty], Eremitalpinae Simonetta 1957 [synonym]
G. †Plesiorycteropus Filhol 1895
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Invalid names: Majoria Thomas 1915 [synonym]
Fm. Potamogalidae Allman 1866
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G. †Namagale Pickford 2015
G. Potamogale Du Chaillu 1860
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Invalid names: Bayonia Barboza du Bocage 1865 [synonym], Mythomys Gray 1861 [objective synonym]
G. †Qatranilestes Seiffert 2010
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†Qatranilestes oligocaenus Seiffert 2010
Fm. Tenrecidae Gray 1821 [tenrec]
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G. †Arenagale Pickford 2015
G. Echinops Martin 1838 [lesser hedgehog tenrec]
G. Geogale Milne-Edwards and Grandidier 1872 [large-eared tenrec]
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Invalid names: Cryptogale Grandidier 1928 [synonym]
Subfm. †Geogalinae Trouessart 1879
G. Limnogale Major 1896
G. Microgale Thomas 1882 [shrew tenrec]
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Invalid names: Leptogale Thomas 1918 [synonym], Nesogale Thomas 1918 [synonym], Paramicrogale Grandidier and Petit 1931 [synonym]
G. †Ndamathaia Jacobs et al. 1987
Subfm. Oryzorictinae Dobson 1882
Subfm. †Potamogalinae
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Invalid names: Mystomyidae Cope 1883 [synonym]
G. †Promicrogale Pickford 2018
Subfm. †Protenrecinae Butler 1969
G. Setifer Froriep 1806 [greater hedgehog tenrec]
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Invalid names: Ericulus Saint Hilaire 1837 [synonym], Hericulus Gloger 1841 [synonym], Tendrac Blainville 1838 [synonym]
G. †Sperrgale Pickford 2015
G. Tenrec Lacépède 1799 [tail-less tenrec]
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Invalid names: Centetes Illiger 1811 [synonym], Tanrecus Blainville 1838 [synonym]
Subfm. †Tenrecinae Gray 1821
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Invalid names: Centetina Bonaparte 1838 [synonym], Echinogalinae Murray 1866 [synonym]
Invalid names: Centetidae Murray 1866 [synonym]
Invalid names: Afrosoricida Stanhope et al. 1998 [invalid subgroup], Centetoidea Gill 1872 [synonym], Tenrecomorpha Butler 1972 [synonym]
Invalid names: Haemochorialia [synonym]
Or. Tubulidentata Huxley 1872 [aardvark]
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Fm. Orycteropodidae Gray 1821
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Subfm. Orycteropodinae Gray 1821
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G. †Leptorycteropus Patterson 1975
G. †Myorycteropus MacInnes 1955
G. Orycteropus Geoffroy 1791 [aardvark]
Invalid names: Orycteropodina Bonaparte 1850 [empty]
Invalid names: Fossoromorpha [synonym]
Unr. †Paenungulatomorpha Gheerbrant et al. 2016
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G. †Abdounodus Gheerbrant et al. 2001
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†Abdounodus hamdii Gheerbrant et al. 2001
G. †Hadrogeneios Gheerbrant 2023
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†Hadrogeneios phosphaticus Gheerbrant 2023
G. †Ocepeia Gheerbrant et al. 2001
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†Ocepeia daouiensis Gheerbrant et al. 2001
†Ocepeia grandis Gheerbrant et al. 2014
Superor. Paenungulata Simpson 1945
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Or. Hyracoidea Huxley 1869 [hyrax]
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G. †Dimaitherium Barrow et al. 2010
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†Dimaitherium patnaiki Barrow et al. 2010
G. †Namahyrax Pickford et al. 2008
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†Namahyrax corvus Pickford et al. 2008
Fm. †Pliohyracidae Matsumoto 1926
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Subfm. †Geniohyinae Matsumoto 1926
G. †Hengduanshanhyrax Cheng 2003
G. †Kvabebihyrax Gabunia and Vekua 1966
G. †Megalohyrax Andrews 1903
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Invalid names: Mixohyrax Schlosser 1910 [synonym]
G. †Meroehyrax Whitworth 1954
G. †Pachyhyrax Schlosser 1910
G. †Parapliohyrax Lavocat 1961
Subfm. †Pliohyracinae Osborn 1899
G. †Pliohyrax Osborn 1899
G. †Postschizotherium von Koenigswald 1932
Subfm. Saghatheriinae Andrews 1906
G. †Selenohyrax Rasmussen and Simons 1988
G. †Sogdohyrax Dubrovo 1978
Fm. Procaviidae Thomas 1892 [hyrax]
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G. Dendrohyrax Gray 1868 [tree hyrax]
G. †Gigantohyrax Kitching 1965
G. Heterohyrax Gray 1868 [rock hyrax]
G. Procavia Storr 1780 [Cape hyrax]
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Invalid names: Euhyrax Gray 1868 [synonym], Hyrax Herman 1783 [synonym]
G. †Prohyrax Stromer 1926
Invalid names: Hyracidae Gray 1821 [synonym]
G. †Rukwalorax Stevens et al. 2009
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†Rukwalorax jinokitana Stevens et al. 2009
Fm. †Titanohyracidae Matsumoto 1926
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G. †Afrohyrax Pickford 2004
G. †Antilohyrax Rasmussen and Simons 2000
G. †Rupestrohyrax Pickford 2015
G. †Titanohyrax Matsumoto 1922
Invalid names: Procaviamorpha Whitworth 1954 [empty], Pseudhippomorpha Whitworth 1954 [empty]
Unr. †Sudamericungulata Avilla and Mothé 2021
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Or. †Astrapotheria Lydekker 1894
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G. †Antarctodon Bond et al. 2011
Fm. †Astrapotheriidae Ameghino 1887
Fm. †Eoastrapostylopidae Soria and Powell 1981
Fm. †Trigonostylopidae Ameghino 1901
Invalid names: Astrapotheroidea Ameghino 1894 [synonym], Blastoconus Roth 1903 [nomen dubium], Blastoconus robertsoni Roth 1904 [nomen dubium], Grypolophodon Roth 1903 [nomen vanum], Grypolophodon morenoi Roth 1904 [nomen vanum], Grypolophodon tuberculosis Roth 1904 [nomen vanum], Notorhinus Roth 1903 [nomen vanum], Notorhinus haroldi Roth 1904 [nomen vanum]
Or. †Notoungulata Roth 1903 [notoungulate]
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G. †Acoelodus Ameghino 1897
G. †Allalmeia Rusconi 1946
G. †Archaeogaia Zimicz et al. 2020
Fm. †Archaeopithecidae Ameghino 1897
G. †Archaeoplus Ameghino 1898
Subor. †Entelonychia
G. †Eudiastatus Ameghino 1891
G. †Eurystephanodon Roth 1903
Subor. †Hegetotheria Simpson 1945
Fm. †Henricosborniidae Ameghino 1901
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Invalid names: Pantostylopidae Ameghino 1901 [synonym], Selenoconidae Ameghino 1902 [synonym]
G. †Heterolophodon Roth 1904
Subor. †Notioprogonia Simpson 1934
Unr. †Notopithecidae Ameghino 1897
Fm. †Notostylopidae Ameghino 1897
Fm. †Oldfieldthomasiidae Simpson 1945
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Invalid names: Acoelodidae Ameghino 1901 [synonym]
Subor. †Toxodontia Ameghino 1887
Subor. †Typotheria Zittel 1892
Subor. †Typotheroidea
Invalid names: Albertogaudryidae Ameghino 1901 [empty], Archaeotypotherium transitum Roth 1904 [nomen vanum], Brandmayria Cabrera 1935 [nomen dubium], Carolodarwinia Ameghino 1901 [nomen dubium], Carolodarwinia pyramidentata Ameghino 1901 [nomen dubium], Claenodon patagonicus Ameghino 1904 [nomen dubium], Degonia sympathica Roth 1902 [nomen dubium], Edvardocopeia Ameghino 1901 [nomen dubium], Edvardocopeia sinuosa Ameghino 1901 [nomen dubium], Epitypotherium cancellatum Ameghino 1904 [nomen dubium], Homalodotheria [empty], Isotypotherium Ameghino 1904 [nomen dubium], Lophiodonticulus Ameghino 1902 [nomen dubium], Lophiodonticulus patagonicus Ameghino 1902 [nomen dubium], Lophiodonticulus retroversus Ameghino 1902 [nomen dubium], Notopithecus summus Ameghino 1897 [nomen dubium], Orthogenium ameghinoi Roth 1902 [nomen vanum], Ortholophodon Roth 1902 [nomen dubium], Pleurystylops Ameghino 1901 [nomen dubium], Pleurystylops glebosus Ameghino 1901 [nomen dubium], Procolpodon Ameghino 1904 [nomen dubium], Procolpodon foratus Ameghino 1904 [nomen dubium], Pyramidon Roth 1902 [nomen dubium], Pyramidon klaatschi Roth 1902 [nomen dubium], Tonostylops Ameghino 1902 [nomen dubium], Tonostylops spissus Ameghino 1902 [nomen dubium], Trimerostephanos ultimus Ameghino 1901 [nomen vanum], Ultrapithecus robustus Roth 1902 [nomen dubium]
Subor. †Pyrotheria Ameghino 1895
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G. †Carolozittelia Ameghino 1901
G. †Griphodon Anthony 1924
Fm. †Pyrotheridae Ameghino 1894
Fm. †Pyrotheriidae Ameghino 1889
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Invalid names: Carolozittelidae Ameghino 1901 [synonym], Colombitheriidae Hoffstetter 1970 [synonym]
Or. †Xenungulata Paula Couto 1952
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Fm. †Carodniidae Paula Couto 1952
G. †Etayoa Villarroel 1987
G. †Notoetayoa Gelfo et al. 2008
Invalid names: Etayoidae Villarroel 1987 [empty]
Invalid names: Uranotheria [synonym]
Unr. Tethytheria McKenna 1975
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Fm. †Arsinoitheriidae Andrews 1904
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Subfm. †Arsinoitheriinae Sen and Heintz 1979
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G. †Arsinoitherium Beadnell 1902
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†Arsinoitherium giganteum Sanders et al. 2004
†Arsinoitherium zitelli Beadnell 1902
†Arsinoitherium zitteli Beadnell 1902
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Invalid names: Arsinoitherium andrewsi Lankester 1903 [synonym]
Subfm. †Palaeoamasiinae Sen and Heintz 1979
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G. †Axainamasia Métais et al. 2024
G. †Crivadiatherium Radulesco et al. 1976
G. †Palaeoamasia Ozansoy 1966
Invalid names: Hypsamasia Maas et al. 1998 [nomen dubium]
G. †Lunania Chow 1957
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†Lunania zhoui Huang 2002
G. †Namatherium Pickford et al. 2008
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†Namatherium blackcrowense Pickford et al. 2008
G. †Stylolophus Gheerbrant et al. 2018
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†Stylolophus major Gheerbrant et al. 2021
†Stylolophus minor Gheerbrant et al. 2018
Invalid names: Stylolophidae Gheerbrant et al. 2021 [empty]
Or. Proboscidea Illiger 1811 [proboscidean]
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G. †Arcanotherium Delmer 2009
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†Arcanotherium savagei Court 1995
Subor. †Barytherioidea Simpson 1945
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Fm. †Barytheriidae [barythere]
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G. †Barytherium Andrews 1901
G. †Omanitherium Seiffert et al. 2012
Fm. †Numidotheriidae Shoshani and Tassy 1996
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G. †Daouitherium Gheerbrant and Sudre 2002
G. †Numidotherium Jaeger 1986
Fm. †Choerolophodontidae Gaziry 1976
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G. †Afrochoerodon Picford 2001
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†Afrochoerodon kisumuensis Picford 2001
†Afrochoerodon zaltaniensis Pickford 2001
G. †Choerolophodon Schlesinger 1917
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†Choerolophodon anatolicus Ozansoy 1965
†Choerolophodon chioticus Tobien 1980
†Choerolophodon pentelici Gaudry and Lartet 1856
G. †Cryptomastodon von Koenigswald 1933
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†Cryptomastodon martini Koenigswald 1933
Superfm. †Deinotherioidea Osborn 1936
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Fm. †Deinotheriidae Bonaparte 1845 [deinothere]
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Subfm. †Chilgatheriinae Sanders et al. 2004
Subfm. †Deinotheriinae Bonaparte 1845
G. †Prodeinotherium Ehik 1930
Invalid names: Dinotheriina Bonaparte 1850 [invalid subgroup]
Subor. Elephantiformes Tassy 1988
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G. †Dagbatitherium Hautier et al. 2021
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†Dagbatitherium tassyi Hautier et al. 2021
Superfm. Elephantoidea Gray 1821
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Fm. Elephantidae Gray 1821 [elephant]
G. †Paratetralophodon Tassy 1983
Fm. †Stegodontidae Osborn 1918
Invalid names: Loxodontinae Osborn 1921 [empty], Mammontinae Osborn 1921 [empty], Mammutoidea [empty]
G. †Hemimastodon Pilgrim 1912
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†Hemimastodon annectens Matsumoto 1924
Fm. †Palaeomastodontidae Andrews 1906
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G. †Palaeomastodon Andrews 1901
Invalid names: Phiomiidae Kalandadze and Rautian 1992 [empty]
Unr. Elephantimorpha Tassy and Shoshani 1997
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Unr. Elephantida Tassy and Shoshani 1997
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Invalid names: Gomphotherioidea Hay 1922 [empty]
G. †Eritreaum Shoshani et al. 2006
G. †Eritreum Shoshani et al. 2006
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†Eritreum melakeghebrekristosi Shoshani et al. 2006
Fm. †Mammutidae Hay 1922 [mastodon]
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G. †Eozygodon Tassy and Pickford 1983
G. †Losodokodon Rasmussen and Gutierrez 2009
G. †Mammut Blumenbach 1799 [mastodon]
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Invalid names: Leviathan Koch 1841 [synonym], Mastodon Cuvier 1817 [synonym], Missourium Koch 1840 [synonym], Pliomastodon Osborn 1926 [synonym], Tetracaulodon Godman 1830 [synonym]
G. †Sinomammut Mothé et al. 2016
G. †Zygolophodon Vacek 1877
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Invalid names: Miomastodon Osborn 1922 [synonym], Turicius Osborn 1926 [synonym]
Invalid names: Eozygodontinae McKenna and Bell 1997 [empty], Mammutinae Hay 1922 [empty]
Invalid names: Mammutida Tassy and Shoshani 1997 [empty]
G. †Eritherium Gheerbrant 2009
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†Eritherium azzouzorum Gheerbrant 2009
Fm. †Gomphotheriidae Hay 1922 [gomphothere]
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G. †Amahuacatherium Romero-Pittman 1996
Subfm. †Amebelodontinae Barbour 1927
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G. †Afromastodon Pickford 2003
G. †Amebelodon Barbour 1927
G. †Archaeobelodon Tassy 1984
G. †Platybelodon Borissiak 1928
Subfm. †Platybelodontinae Borissiak 1928
G. †Progomphotherium Pickford 2003
G. †Protanancus Arambourg 1945
Subfm. †Anancinae Hay 1922
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G. †Anancus Aymard 1855
Invalid names: Brevirostrinae Osborn 1923 [synonym]
G. †Blancotherium May 2019
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†Blancotherium buckneri Sellards 1940
Subfm. †Cuvieroniinae Cabrera 1929
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G. †Notiomastodon Cabrera 1929
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Invalid names: Haplomastodon Hoffstetter 1950 [synonym]
G. †Cuvieronius Osborn 1923
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†Cuvieronius arellanoi Ochoterena and Silva 1970
†Cuvieronius hyodon Fischer 1814
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Invalid names: Mastodon bolivianus Philippi 1893 [synonym], Mastodon humboldtii Cuvier 1805 [synonym]
†Cuvieronius priestleyi Hay and Cook 1930
†Cuvieronius tropicus Cope 1884
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Invalid names: Cordillerion defloccatus Hay 1926 [synonym], Cordillerion orarius Hay 1926 [synonym], Mastodon oligobunis Cope 1893 [synonym]
Invalid names: Cordillerion Osborn 1926 [synonym], Cuvieronius tarijensis Cabrera 1929 [nomen nudum]
G. †Eubelodon Barbour 1914
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†Eubelodon morrilli Barbour 1914
G. †Eurybelodon Lambert 2016
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†Eurybelodon shoshanii Lambert 2016
G. †Gnathabelodon Barbour and Sternberg 1935
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†Gnathabelodon thorpei Barbour and Sternberg 1935
Subfm. †Gomphotheriinae Hay 1922
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Tr. †Amebelodontini Barbour 1927
Invalid names: Gnathabelodontinae Barbour and Sternberg 1935 [synonym], Gomphotheriini Hay 1922 [empty]
G. †Gomphotherium Burmeister 1837
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†Gomphotherium angustidens Burmeister 1837
†Gomphotherium connexus Hopwood 1935
†Gomphotherium ngorora Maglio 1974
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Invalid names: Gomphotherium pojoaquense Frick 1926 [synonym], Mastodon serridens Cope 1884 [synonym], Megabelodon minor Mawby 1968 [synonym], Ocalientinus ojocaliensis Frick 1933 [synonym], Tetrabelodon lulli Barbour 1914 [synonym], Trilophodon cruziensis Frick 1933 [synonym], Trilophodon joraki Frick 1933 [synonym], Trilophodon phippsi Cook 1928 [synonym]
†Gomphotherium pygmaeus Depéret 1897
†Gomphotherium shensiensis Chang and Zhai 1978
†Gomphotherium wimani Hopwood 1935
Invalid names: Genomastodon Barbour 1917 [synonym], Ocalientinus Frick 1933 [synonym], Serridentinus Osborn 1923 [synonym], Tatabelodon Frick 1933 [synonym], Tetrabelodon Cope 1884 [synonym], Trilophodon Falconer 1857 [synonym], Trobelodon Frick 1933 [synonym]
G. †Konobelodon Lambert 1990
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†Konobelodon atticus Wagner 1857
†Konobelodon britti Lambert 1990
G. †Masthodon Proano 1922
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†Masthodon chimborazi Proano 1922
G. †Mastotherium Fischer 1814
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†Mastotherium hyodon Fischer 1814
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Invalid names: Mastodon andium Cuvier 1805 [objective synonym]
G. †Megabelodon Barbour 1914
G. †Morrillia Osborn 1924
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†Morrillia barbouri Osborn 1921
G. †Pediolophodon Lambert 2007
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†Pediolophodon fricki Osborn 1936
G. †Pentalophodon Falconer 1857
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†Pentalophodon sivalensis Petrocchi 1943
Subfm. †Rhynchotheriinae Hay 1922
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Invalid names: Cuvieroniini Cabrera 1929 [empty], Rhynchorostrinae Osborn 1923 [synonym], Rhynchotheriini Hay 1922 [empty]
G. †Rhynchotherium Falconer 1868
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†Rhynchotherium blicki Frick 1933
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Invalid names: Rhynchotherium tlascalae Falconer 1868 [synonym]
†Rhynchotherium falconeri Osborn 1923
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Invalid names: Rhynchotherium browni Osborn 1936 [synonym], Trilophodon edensis Frick 1921 [synonym]
Invalid names: Aybelodon Frick 1933 [synonym], Blickotherium Frick 1933 [synonym], Dibelodon Cope 1884 [synonym]
G. †Selenolophodon Chang and Zhai 1978
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G. †Serbelodon Frick 1933
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†Serbelodon burnhami Osborn 1933
G. †Sinomastodon Tobien et al. 1986
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†Sinomastodon bumiajuensis van der Maarel 1932
†Sinomastodon yangziensis Wang et al. 2014
G. †Stegomastodon Pohlig 1912
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†Stegomastodon aftoniae Osborn 1924
†Stegomastodon chapmani Osborn 1924
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Invalid names: Mastodon chapmani Hays 1834 [objective synonym]
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Invalid names: Mastodon successor Cope 1892 [synonym], Stegomastodon arizonae Gidley 1926 [synonym], Stegomastodon rexroadensis Woodburne 1961 [synonym], Stegomastodon texanus Osborn 1924 [synonym]
†Stegomastodon primitivus Osborn 1936
Invalid names: Rhabdobunus Hay 1914 [synonym]
G. †Synconolophus Osborn 1929
G. †Tetralophodon Falconer 1857
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Subg. †Tetralophodon (Lydekkeria) Osborn 1924
Subg. †Tetralophodon (Tetralophodon) Falconer 1857
G. †Torynobelodon Barbour 1929
Invalid names: Mastodon shepardii Leidy 1870 [nomen dubium], Rhynchotherium rectidens Osborn 1923 [nomen dubium]
Subor. †Mastodontoidea Osborn 1921
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Fm. †Bunomastodontidae Osborn 1921
+
Invalid names: Longirostrinae [empty], Serridentinae Osborn 1936 [empty], Tetralophodontinae van der Maarel 1932 [empty]
Superfm. †Moeritherioidea Osborn 1921
+
Fm. †Moeritheriidae Andrews 1906
+
G. †Moeritherium Andrews 1901
G. †Neodesmostylus Khomenko 1928
+
†Neodesmostylus primigenius Khomenko 1928
+
Invalid names: Desmostylus wollosowitschi Pfizenmayer 1927 [objective synonym]
G. †Phiomia Andrews and Beadnell 1902
+
†Phiomia major Sanders et al. 2004
†Phiomia serridens Andrews and Beadnell 1902
Unr. †Plesielephantiformes Shoshani 2001
+
Fm. †Phosphatheriidae Gheerbrandt et al. 2005
+
G. †Phosphatherium Gheerbrant et al. 1996
G. †Saloumia Tabuce et al. 2020
+
†Saloumia gorodiskii Tabuce et al. 2020
Invalid names: Caenobasileus Cope 1877 [nomen vanum], Caenobasileus tremontigerus Cope 1877 [nomen vanum], Deinotherioidea Osborn 1936 [empty], Dinotherioidea Osborn 1921 [empty], Euelephantoidea [empty], Hemimastodontidae McKenna and Bell 1997 [empty], Mastodontidae Gray 1821 [empty]
Or. Sirenia Illiger 1811 [sirenian]
+
Fm. Dugongidae Gray 1821 [dugong]
+
G. †Anisosiren Kordos 1979
+
†Anisosiren pannonica Kordos 1979
G. †Caribosiren Reinhart 1959
+
†Caribosiren turneri Reinhart 1959
Subfm. Dugonginae Gray 1821
+
G. †Bharatisiren Bajpai and Domning 1997
G. †Callistosiren Velez-Juarbe and Domning 2015
G. †Corystosiren Domning 1990
G. †Crenatosiren Domning 1991
G. †Culebratherium Velez-Juarbe and Wood 2018
G. †Dioplotherium Cope 1883
G. †Domningia Thewissen and Bajpai 2009
G. Dugong Lacépède 1799 [dugong]
+
Invalid names: Amblychilus Fischer von Waldheim 1814 [synonym], Dugongidus Gray 1821 [synonym], Dugungus Tiedemann 1808 [synonym], Halicora Fleming 1822 [synonym], Halicore [synonym], Platystomus Fischer von Waldheim 1803 [synonym]
G. †Italosiren Voss et al. 2017
G. †Kutchisiren Bajpai et al. 2010
G. †Norosiren Samonds et al. 2019
G. †Rytiodus Lartet 1866
+
Invalid names: Thelriope Pilleri 1987 [objective synonym]
G. †Xenosiren Domning 1989
Invalid names: Halicorinae Abel 1913 [synonym], Rhytiodinae Abel 1914 [synonym], Rytiodontinae Kretzoi 1941 [synonym], Thelriopiinae Pilleri 1987 [synonym]
G. †Eotheroides Palmer 1899
+
+
Invalid names: Eotherium majus Zdansky 1938 [synonym], Manatus coulombi Filhol 1878 [synonym], Masrisiren abeli Kretzoi 1941 [synonym]
†Eotheroides babiae Bajpai et al. 2006
†Eotheroides clavigerum Zalmout and Gingerich 2012
†Eotheroides lambondrano Samonds and Zalmout 2009
†Eotheroides sandersi Zalmout and Gingerich 2012
†Eotheroides waghapadarensis Das and Basu 1994
Invalid names: Eotherium Owen 1875 [synonym], Masrisiren Kretzoi 1941 [synonym]
Subfm. †Halitheriinae Gill 1872
+
G. †Eosiren Andrews 1902
+
Invalid names: Archaeosiren Abel 1913 [synonym]
G. †Metaxytherium de Christol 1840
+
Invalid names: Cheirotherium Bruno 1839 [synonym], Felsinotherium Capellini 1872 [synonym], Fucotherium Kaup 1840 [synonym], Halianassa [synonym], Halysiren Kretzoi 1941 [synonym], Haplosiren Kretzoi 1951 [synonym], Hesperosiren Simpson 1932 [synonym], Pontotherium Kaup 1840 [synonym], Thalattosiren Sickenberg 1928 [synonym]
G. †Prototherium de Zigno 1887
+
Invalid names: Mesosiren Abel 1906 [synonym], Paraliosiren Abel 1906 [synonym]
G. †Stegosiren Domning and Beatty 2019
Invalid names: Archaeosireninae Abel 1914 [synonym], Eotherioidinae Kretzoi 1941 [synonym], Halianassinae Reinhart 1959 [synonym], Halitherida Carus 1868 [objective synonym], Metaxytheriinae Kretzoi 1941 [synonym], Pachyspondylus Brandt 1873 [nomen vanum], Prototheriidae Kretzoi 1941 [invalid subgroup]
Subfm. †Hydrodamalinae Palmer 1895
+
G. †Dusisiren Domning 1978
G. †Hydrodamalis Retzius 1794 [Steller's sea cow]
+
Invalid names: Dystomus Fischer von Waldheim 1813 [synonym], Haligyna Billberg 1827 [synonym], Manati Steller 1774 [replaced], Nepus Fischer von Waldheim 1814 [synonym], Rhytina Berthold 1827 [synonym], Rhytine Burmeister 1837 [objective synonym], Rytina Illiger 1811 [synonym], Sirene Link 1794 [synonym], Stellerus Desmarest 1822 [synonym]
Invalid names: Rhytinea Brandt 1846 [synonym], Rytinadae Gray 1843 [synonym], Rytineae Brandt 1833 [synonym], Rytinidae Girard 1852 [synonym]
G. †Indosiren von Koenigswald 1952
+
†Indosiren javanensis von Koenigswald 1952
†Indosiren koeningswaldi Sahni and Mishra 1975
G. †Kaupitherium Voss and Hampe 2017
+
†Kaupitherium bronni Krauss 1858
†Kaupitherium gruelli Voss and Hampe 2017
G. †Lentiarenium Voss et al. 2016
+
†Lentiarenium christolii Fitzinger 1842
+
Invalid names: Halitherium abeli Spillman 1959 [synonym], Metaxytherium pergense Toula 1899 [synonym]
G. †Miodugong Deraniyagala 1969
+
†Miodugong brevicranius Deraniyagala 1969
G. †Nanosiren Domning and Aguilera 2008
+
†Nanosiren garciae Domning and Aguilera 2008
†Nanosiren sanchezi Domning and Aguilera 2008
G. †Paralitherium Kordos 1977
+
G. †Priscosiren Velez-Juarbe and Domning 2014
+
†Priscosiren atlantica Velez-Juarbe and Domning 2014
G. †Prohalicore Flot 1887
+
†Prohalicore dubaleni Flot 1887
G. †Sirenavus Kretzoi 1941
+
†Sirenavus hungaricus Kretzoi 1941
Invalid names: Halicorida Brandt 1868 [synonym], Halicoridae Gray 1825 [synonym], Halicoroidea Gill 1872 [synonym], Halitherium Kaup 1838 [nomen dubium], Halitherium alleni Simpson 1932 [invalid subgroup], Halitherium antillense Matthew 1916 [nomen dubium], Halitherium taulannense Sagne 2001 [invalid subgroup], Rytiodinae Simpson 1932 [empty], Trachytherium Gervais 1849 [nomen dubium]
Fm. †Prorastomidae Cope 1889
+
G. †Pezosiren Domning 2001
+
†Pezosiren portelli Domning 2001
G. †Prorastomus Owen 1855
+
Invalid names: Prorastoma Lydekker 1892 [objective synonym]
Invalid names: Prorastomatidae Flower and Lydekker 1891 [objective synonym]
Superfm. †Prorastomoidea Heal 1973
+
Invalid names: Eotheroididae Heal 1973 [empty]
Fm. †Protosirenidae Sickenberg 1934
+
G. †Ashokia Bajpai et al. 2009
+
†Ashokia antiqua Bajpai et al. 2009
G. †Dakhlasiren Zouhri et al. 2022
+
†Dakhlasiren marocensis Zouhri et al. 2022
G. †Kilgai Malkani 2019
+
†Kilgai moolakharzani Malkani 2019
G. †Libysiren Domning et al. 2017
+
†Libysiren sickenbergi Domning et al. 2017
G. †Protosiren Abel 1904
+
†Protosiren eothene Zalmout et al. 2003
†Protosiren fraasi Abel 1904
†Protosiren minima Desmarest 1822
†Protosiren sattaensis Gingerich et al. 1995
†Protosiren smithae Domning and Gingerich 1994
G. †Sobrarbesiren Díaz-Berenguer et al. 2018
+
†Sobrarbesiren cardieli Díaz-Berenguer et al. 2018
Fm. Trichechidae Gray 1821 [manatee]
+
Subfm. †Miosireninae Abel 1919
+
G. †Anomotherium Siegfried 1965
G. †Miosiren Dollo 1889
Fm. Trichechinae Gray 1825
+
G. †Potamosiren Reinhart 1951
G. †Ribodon Ameghino 1883
G. Trichechus Linnaeus 1758 [manatee]
+
Invalid names: Halipaedisca Gistel 1848 [synonym], Manatus Brunnich 1772 [synonym], Neodermus Rafinesque 1815 [synonym], Oxystomus Fischer von Waldheim 1803 [synonym]
Invalid names: Trichechina Bonaparte 1850 [empty]
Invalid names: Halicorea Brandt 1846 [synonym], Halicoreae Brandt 1833 [objective synonym], Manatida Brandt 1868 [objective synonym], Manatidae Gray 1821 [objective synonym], Manatoidea Gill 1872 [objective synonym], Manatus aequatorialis Lacépède 1799 [invalid subgroup], Manatus vulgaris Domning 1996 [invalid subgroup], Trichechoidea Gill 1872 [objective synonym]
Invalid names: Anthropocephala Billberg 1827 [objective synonym], Crassitherium Van Beneden 1871 [nomen dubium], Diopia Rafinesque 1815 [objective synonym], Dugongoidea Heal 1973 [empty], Halobioidea Ameghino 1889 [objective synonym], Herbivorae Gray 1821 [synonym], Manatherium Hartlaub 1886 [nomen dubium], Manatides Billberg 1827 [objective synonym], Manatina Bonaparte 1837 [objective synonym], Manatus inornatus Leidy 1873 [nomen dubium], Pugmeodon Kaup 1838 [nomen oblitum], Rhytinidae Gill 1872 [empty], Sireniformia Burmeister 1837 [objective synonym], Sirenotherium Paula Couto 1967 [nomen dubium], Sirenotherium pirabense Paula Couto 1967 [nomen dubium], Trichechiformes Hay 1923 [objective synonym]
Invalid names: Behemota McKenna and Bell 1997 [empty]
Invalid names: Afroplacentalia [synonym], Ocepeiidae Gheerbrant et al. 2014 [empty], Pseudoungulata Waddell et al. 1999 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Maximum body mass: 1374.7 kgs
Minimum body mass: 1.3 kgs
Environment: terrestrialsubc
Locomotion: actively mobilep
Life habit: scansorialsubc
Diet: insectivoresubc
Reproduction: viviparoussubc
Created: 2005-09-06 20:43:42
Modified: 2005-09-06 22:44:32
Source: s = species, subc = subclass, subp = subphylum, p = phylum
References: Madden 1997, Vizcaíno et al. 2010, Carroll 1988, Solórzano et al. 2023, Kiessling 2004, Ji et al. 2002, Johnson and Madden 1997, Lillegraven 1979

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Puercan to the top of the Holocene or 66.00000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 63.8 Ma

Collections (5521 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Puercan66.0 - 63.8USA (Montana) Haplaletes andakupensis (14766) Litomylus orthronepius (14809)
Puercan66.0 - 63.8USA (Utah) Haplaletes andakupensis (14790)
Puercan66.0 - 63.8Canada (Saskatchewan) Litomylus orthronepius (14768)
Danian66.0 - 61.66USA (North Dakota) Haplaletes diminutivus, Litolestes lacunatus (14962)
Danian66.0 - 61.66Argentina (Chubut) Carodnia feruglioi (235708) Carodnia karuen (13782) Notoetayoa gargantuai, Carodnia feruglioi (79348)
Danian66.0 - 61.66Belgium (Hainaut) Cingulodon magioncaldai, Monshyus praevius (132949)
Danian66.0 - 61.66Bolivia (Mizque) Notoungulata indet. (13501)
Paleogene66.0 - 23.04Libya Halitherium sp. (76981)
Cenozoic66.0 - 0.0Brazil (Amazonas) Trichechus sp. (217666)
To263.8 - 60.9Canada (Alberta) Litomylus sp. (14894)
Torrejonian63.8 - 60.9USA (Wyoming) Haplaletes disceptatrix (14896 14904) Haplaletes disceptatrix, Litomylus dissentaneus, Adunator ladae, Litocherus lacunatus (14898) Haplaletes disceptatrix, Litomylus dissentaneus, Mckennatherium fredericki, Mckennatherium martinezi (14886) Haplaletes disceptatrix, Litomylus dissentaneus, Mckennatherium sp., Mckennatherium ladae (14912) Litomylus dissentaneus (14881 14897 14903) Litomylus dissentaneus, Adunator ladae (14879)
Torrejonian63.8 - 60.9USA (Montana) Haplaletes disceptatrix, Litomylus dissentaneus, Mckennatherium ladae (14906)
Torrejonian63.8 - 60.9USA (Texas) Haplaletes disceptatrix (14956)
Torrejonian63.8 - 60.9USA (New Mexico) Haplaletes disceptatrix, Litomylus dissentaneus, Adunator ladae (14893) Haplaletes sp. (14832) Litomylus dissentaneus (14815)
Torrejonian - Tiffanian63.8 - 56.2USA (Wyoming) Haplaletes disceptatrix (14851) Litomylus scaphicus (14820)
Selandian61.66 - 59.24Morocco Abdounodus hamdii, Ocepeia daouiensis (68176) Hadrogeneios phosphaticus, Ocepeia daouiensis (133217) Ocepeia grandis (154636)
Selandian61.66 - 59.24Belgium Adapisorex sp., Berrulestes sp. (68431)
Selandian61.66 - 59.24Germany (Saxony-Anhalt) Adapisorex abundans, Walbeckodon krumbiegeli, Louisina atavella (74643)
Middle Paleocene - Late/Upper Paleocene61.66 - 56.0Colombia (Bogotá) Etayoa bacatensis (140910)
Selandian - Thanetian61.66 - 56.0Argentina (Jujuy) Simpsonotus major (175869 175870) Simpsonotus praecursor (175868)