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Paxillosida

Asteroidea - Paxillosida

Taxonomy
Paxillosida was named by Perrier (1884) [Initial spelling "Paxillosae" was corrected by Spencer & Wright (1966)]. It is extant. It was considered monophyletic by Gale (2011).

It was reranked as the unranked clade Paxillosida by Gale (2011).

It was assigned to Asteroidea by Spencer and Wright (1966); to Asteroidea by Blake and Sturgeon (1995) and Sepkoski (2002); to Neoasteroidea by Gale (2011); to Valvatacea by Blake (1989), Villier et al. (2007) and Mah and Blake (2012); to Neoasteroidea by Blake (2018); and to Neoasteroidea by Donovan et al. (2005), Fernández et al. (2014), Ewin and Gale (2020) and Gale and Jagt (2021).

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1884Paxillosida Perrier p. 154
1966Paxillosida Spencer and Wright p. U43
1989Paxillosida Blake p. 213
1995Paxillosida Blake and Sturgeon p. 377
2002Paxillosida Sepkoski
2005Paxillosida Donovan et al. p. 101
2007Paxillosida Villier et al. p. 415
2011Paxillosida Gale p. 53
2012Paxillosida Mah and Blake p. 3
2014Paxillosida Fernández et al. p. 213
2018Paxillosida Blake p. 56
2020Paxillosida Ewin and Gale p. 932
2021Paxillosida Gale and Jagt p. 160

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
—Ambulacraria
phylumEchinodermata
subphylumEleutherozoa
RankNameAuthor
—Asterozoa()
classAsteroidea
subclassAmbuloasteroidea
infraclassNeoasteroidea()
superorderValvatacea
orderPaxillosida
orderPaxillosida

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Or. Paxillosida Perrier 1884
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Fm. Astropectinidae Gray 1840
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G. †Advenaster Hess 1955
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†Advenaster inermis Hess 1955
G. †Aldebarania Blake and Sturgeon 1995
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†Aldebarania arenitea Blake and Sturgeon 1995
†Aldebarania taberna Blake and Jagt 2005
G. †Astrocratis Blake and Sprinkle 1996
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†Astrocratis acutispina Blake and Sprinkle 1996
G. Astropecten Gray 1840
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†Astropecten adriaticus Desmoulins 1832
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Invalid names: Astropecten salomacensis Valette 1925 [synonym], Astropecten saucatsensis Valette 1925 [synonym]
Astropecten aranciaca Linnaeus 1758
†Astropecten bathonicus Valette 1929
†Astropecten bononiensis Cavara 1886
†Astropecten castellanensis d'Orbigny 1850
†Astropecten casterasi Mercier 1935
†Astropecten corroyi Mercier 1935
†Astropecten crenulatus Seguenza 1880
†Astropecten delaunayi Mercier 1935
†Astropecten forbesi Heller 1858
†Astropecten foveolatus Meneghini 1862
†Astropecten granulatus Rasmussen 1972
†Astropecten helveticus Mayer 1872
†Astropecten linati del Prato 1896
†Astropecten matilijaensis Durham and Roberts 1948
†Astropecten montalionis Meneghini 1852
†Astropecten montanus Douglass 1903
†Astropecten moutieri Mercier 1935
†Astropecten navodicensis Nosowska 1997
†Astropecten ornatus Meneghini 1862
†Astropecten petrobonae Meneghini 1886
†Astropecten pichleri von Wöhrmann 1889
†Astropecten piveteaui Mercier 1935
†Astropecten porosus Agassiz 1835
+
Invalid names: Coelaster couloni Agassiz 1835 [synonym]
†Astropecten scupini Andert 1934
†Astropecten soldanii Meneghini 1862
†Astropecten verrucosus Heller 1858
Subfm. Astropectininae Gray 1840
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G. †Lambertella Mercier 1935
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†Lambertella valetti Mercier 1935
G. †Lophidiaster Spencer 1913
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†Lophidiaster concavus Rasmussen 1972
†Lophidiaster haunsbergensis Rasmussen 1972
†Lophidiaster hawkinsi Mercier 1935
†Lophidiaster inversus Rasmussen 1972
†Lophidiaster ornatus Spencer 1913
†Lophidiaster postornatus Rasmussen 1945
†Lophidiaster punctatus Brünnich-Nielsen 1943
†Lophidiaster pygmaeus Spencer 1913
†Lophidiaster silentiensis McLearn 1944
G. †Boxaster Loba and Radwańska 2022
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†Boxaster wapienensis Loba and Radwańska 2022
G. †Coulonia de Loriol 1874
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†Coulonia caseyi Gale 2020
†Coulonia colei Forbes 1852
†Coulonia neocomiensis de Loriol 1874
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Invalid names: Cuneaster hauteriviensis Hess 1955 [synonym]
†Coulonia parva Neumann and Hess 2001
†Coulonia platispina Hess and Blake 1995
†Coulonia platyspina Hess and Blake 1995
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Invalid names: Betelgeusia orientalis Blake and Reboul 2011 [synonym]
Invalid names: Betelgeusia Blake and Reid 1998 [synonym], Cuneaster Hess 1955 [objective synonym]
G. Ctenophoraster Fisher 1906
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†Ctenophoraster downeyae Blake and Zinsmeister 1979
G. Dipsacaster Alcock 1893
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†Dipsacaster africanus Blake and Reboul 2011
†Dipsacaster jadeti Breton et al. 1995
G. †Eoastropecten Gale 2020
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G. †Eokainaster Blake 1981
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†Eokainaster pewei Miller and Unklesbay 1943
G. †Pentasteria Valette 1929
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+
†Archastropecten carroni de Loriol 1894
†Archastropecten carthusiae Hérenger 1944
†Archastropecten desori de Loriol 1874
†Archastropecten hooperi Wright 1880
†Archastropecten lorioli de Loriol and Pellat 1874
†Archastropecten mabillei de Loriol 1880
†Archastropecten orion Forbes 1848
†Archastropecten priscus Goldfuss 1833
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Invalid names: Asterias breviassula Quenstedt 1876 [synonym], Asterias longassula Quenstedt 1876 [synonym]
†Archastropecten rupellensis d'Orbigny 1850
†Archastropecten wilckensis de Loriol 1905
†Archastropecten wittsii Wright 1863
†Pentasteria boisteli Valette 1929
†Pentasteria elegans Fraas 1886
†Pentasteria gataui de Loriol 1887
†Pentasteria liasica Villier et al. 2004
†Pentasteria recta McCoy 1848
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Invalid names: Crenaster nodotiana d'Orbigny 1850 [synonym], Triboletia nodosa de Loriol 1908 [synonym]
Invalid names: Crenaster d'Orbigny 1850 [synonym], Triboletia de Loriol 1908 [synonym]
G. Persephonaster Wood-Mason and Alcock 1891
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G. Plutonaster Sladen 1889
G. †Prothrissacanthias Villier et al. 2007
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†Prothrissacanthias africanus Villier et al. 2007
G. †Riedaster Kutscher and Röper 1999
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†Riedaster reicheli Kutscher and Röper 1999
G. Tethyaster Sladen 1889
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†Tethyaster albertensis Hall and Moore 1990
†Tethyaster antares Fernández et al. 2014
†Tethyaster guerangeri Breton 1995
†Tethyaster jurassicus Blake 1986
Fm. Benthopectinidae Verrill 1899
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Subfm. Benthopectininae Verrill 1894
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G. Benthopecten Verrill 1884
G. †Mistia Blake 1973
G. Cheiraster Studer 1883
G. †Jurapecten Gale 2011
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†Jurapecten dhondtae Gale and Jagt 2021
†Jurapecten hessi Gale 2011
†Jurapecten infrajurensis Gale and Jagt 2021
G. Nearchaster Fisher 1911
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†Nearchaster spinosus Blake 1973
G. †Punkaster Gale and Jagt 2021
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†Punkaster ruegenensis Gale and Jagt 2021
†Punkaster spinifera Gale and Jagt 2021
Invalid names: Paleobenthopectininae Blake 1984 [empty]
Unr. Cribellina Fisher 1911
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Fm. Goniopectinidae Verrill 1899
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G. †Chrispaulia Gale 2005
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†Chrispaulia jurassica Gale 2011
†Chrispaulia radiatus Spencer 1905
†Chrispaulia spinosa Gale and Jagt 2021
†Chrispaulia wrightorum Gale and Jagt 2021
Fm. Porcellanasteridae Sladen 1883
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G. †Paleoctenodiscus Blake 1988
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Fm. Luidiidae Sladen 1889
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G. Luidia Forbes 1839
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Luidia ciliaris Philippi 1837
†Luidia etchegoinensis Blake 1973
†Luidia hungarica Rakusz 1927
†Luidia sanjoaquinensis Blake 1973
Fm. Pseudarchasteridae Sladen 1889
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G. Pseudarchaster Sladen 1889
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Pseudarchaster discus Fischer 1911
G. †Skiaster Blake and Jagt 2005
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†Skiaster vikingr Blake and Jagt 2005
G. †Sucia Blake 1973
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†Sucia suavis Blake 1973
Invalid names: Ctenodiscidae Sladen 1889 [empty], Diplozonina Spencer and Wright 1966 [empty], Notomyotina Ludwig 1910 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: high Mg calcitec
Ontogeny: accretion, addition of partsp
Environment: marinep
Locomotion: slow-movingc
Life habit: low-level epifaunalc
Diet: carnivorec
Vision: limitedc
Dispersal: waterp
Dispersal 2: planktonicp
Created: 2004-02-28 15:35:10
Modified: 2010-02-09 06:02:08
Source: c = class, p = phylum
References: Aberhan et al. 2004, Aberhan 1992

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Tuvalian to the top of the Pleistocene or 232.00000 to 0.01170 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 228.0 Ma

Collections (164 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Carnian237.0 - 228.0Germany Astropecten pichleri (206004)
Carnian237.0 - 228.0Austria Astropecten pichleri (206002)
Tuvalian232.0 - 221.5Austria Astropecten pichleri (149436)
Middle Toarcian182.0 - 175.6France (Poitou-Charentes) Pentasteria liasica (31839)
Middle Jurassic174.7 - 161.5USA (Utah) Tethyaster jurassicus (59915)
Discites171.6 - 167.7Luxembourg Astropectinidae indet. (141491)
Late/Upper Bajocian171.6 - 167.7Switzerland Advenaster inermis, Pentasteria kelleri (32036)
Late/Upper Bajocian171.6 - 167.7France Persephonaster arduennensis (59773)
Bajocian - Callovian170.3 - 163.5USA (Utah) Tethyaster jurassicus (59913)
Bathonian168.3 - 166.1India Advenaster sp. (96836)
Late/Upper Bathonian167.7 - 164.7France Astropecten pivetaui, Lambertella valetti, Lophidiaster hawkinsi, Astropecten casterasi, Astropecten corroyi, Astropecten delaunayi, Astropecten moutieri (72284)
Callovian166.1 - 163.5Germany (Brandenburg) Lophidiaster sp., Pentasteria longispina (32016)
Early/Lower Callovian164.7 - 161.2Switzerland Pentasteria sp. (61717)
Early/Lower Callovian164.7 - 161.2France Astropecten clavaeformis (72288)
Late/Upper Callovian164.7 - 161.2Poland Advenaster sp., Pentasteria sp., Benthopectinidae indet. (63064)
Late/Upper Callovian164.7 - 161.2France Pentasteria recta (97871)
Late/Upper Callovian - Early/Lower Oxfordian164.7 - 155.7USA (Wyoming) Eokainaster pewei (59841)
Late/Upper Oxfordian161.2 - 155.7France Pentasteria longispina, Chrispaulia jurassica, Jurapecten hessi (61724)
Late/Upper Oxfordian161.2 - 155.7Switzerland Pentasteria longispina (58317) Pentasteria recta (61723)
Middle Oxfordian161.2 - 155.7Switzerland Pentasteria longispina (58565 58566 58568) Pentasteria recta (62045) Pentasteria sp. (58567)