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Taxonomy
Passeriformes was named by Linnaeus (1758). It is extant.
It was synonymized subjectively with Passeres by Hay (1902); it was reranked as the suborder Passeriformes by Hay (1930); it was reranked as the unranked clade Passeriformes by Mayr (2005).
It was assigned to Carinatae by Gadow (1898); to Carinatae by Hay (1930); to Neognathae by Wetmore (1940), Wetmore (1960) and Carroll (1988); to Neognathae by Mayr (2005); to Neoaves by Slack et al. (2006); to Passerimorphae by Livezey and Zusi (2007); to Aves by Shoshani et al. (1989), Guthrie (1992), Parmalee (1992) and del Hoyo et al. (2014); and to Parapasseres by Mayr (2022).
It was synonymized subjectively with Passeres by Hay (1902); it was reranked as the suborder Passeriformes by Hay (1930); it was reranked as the unranked clade Passeriformes by Mayr (2005).
It was assigned to Carinatae by Gadow (1898); to Carinatae by Hay (1930); to Neognathae by Wetmore (1940), Wetmore (1960) and Carroll (1988); to Neognathae by Mayr (2005); to Neoaves by Slack et al. (2006); to Passerimorphae by Livezey and Zusi (2007); to Aves by Shoshani et al. (1989), Guthrie (1992), Parmalee (1992) and del Hoyo et al. (2014); and to Parapasseres by Mayr (2022).
Subtaxa
Acanthisittidae, Acanthizidae, Acrocephalidae, Alaudidae, Artamidae, Atrichornithidae, Bernieridae, Bombycillidae, Calcariidae, Callaeidae, Calyptophilidae, Campephagidae, Cardinalidae, Certhiidae, Cinclidae, Cinclosomatidae, Climacteridae, Coerebidae, Corvidae, Corvitalusoides, Cracticidae, Dasyornithidae, Dicaeidae, Dulidae, Emberizidae, Eopsaltriidae, Estrildidae, Eurylaimidae, Formicaroidae, Fringillidae, Fringilloidae, Furnariidae, Hirundinidae, Icteridae, Laniidae, Locustellidae, Macrosphenidae, Maluridae, Meliphagidae, Menurae, Mimidae, Mohoidae, Mohouidae, Monarchidae, Motacillidae, Muscicapidae, Nectariniidae, Oriolidae (syn. Turnagridae), Orthonychidae, Oscines, Pachycephalidae, Paradisaeidae, Paridae, Parulidae, Passerellidae, Passeres, Passeridae, Petroicidae, Phaenicophilidae, Phylloscopidae, Pipridae, Ploceidae, Polioptilidae, Prunellidae, Psophodidae, Ptilonorhynchidae, Pycnonotidae, Rhinocryptidae, Rhipiduridae, Scotocercidae, Scytalopidae, Sittidae, Spindalidae, Sturnidae, Sylviidae, Thamnophilidae, Thraupidae, Tichodromidae, Tityridae, Troglodytidae, Turdidae, Tyrannidae, Vangidae, Vireonidae, Wieslochia, Winnicavis, Yunnanus, Zosteropidae
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1758 | Passeriformes Linnaeus |
| 1898 | Passeriformes Gadow p. 37 |
| 1930 | Passeriformes Hay p. 353 |
| 1940 | Passeriformes Wetmore p. 70 |
| 1960 | Passeriformes Wetmore p. 30 |
| 1988 | Passeriformes Carroll |
| 1989 | Passeriformes Shoshani et al. p. 436 |
| 1992 | Passeriformes Guthrie p. 324 |
| 1992 | Passeriformes Parmalee p. 314 |
| 2005 | Passeriformes Mayr p. 319 |
| 2006 | Passeriformes Slack et al. p. 1150 |
| 2007 | Passeriformes Livezey and Zusi p. 95 |
| 2014 | Passeriformes del Hoyo et al. |
| 2022 | Passeriformes Mayr p. 179 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Or. Passeriformes Linnaeus 1758 [perching bird]
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Fm. Acanthizidae
+
G. Gerygone Gould 1841
+
Gerygone albofrontata Gray 1845 [Chatham Island gerygone]
Gerygone igata Quoy and Gaimard 1830
G. Pycnoptilus Gould 1851
+
Pycnoptilus floccosus Gould 1851 [pilotbird]
†Pycnoptilus fordi Baird 1993
Fm. Acrocephalidae Salvin 1882 [reed warbler]
+
G. Acrocephalus Naumann and Naumann 1811
+
Acrocephalus arundinaceus Linnaeus 1758
Acrocephalus caffer Sparrman 1786 [Tahiti reed warbler]
Acrocephalus kerearako Holyoak 1974 [Cook Islands reed-warbler]
†Acrocephalus luscinius Quoy and Gaimard 1830 [nightingale reed warbler]
Acrocephalus mendanae Tristram 1883 [southern Marquesan reed-warbler]
Acrocephalus palustris Bechstein 1811
Acrocephalus rodericanus Newton 1865 [Rodrigues warbler]
Acrocephalus taiti Ogilvie-Grant 1913 [Henderson Island reed warbler]
G. Nesillas Oberholser 1899 [brush-warbler]
+
Nesillas lantzii Grandidier 1867 [subdesert brush-warbler]
Invalid names: Ellisia Hartlaub 1860 [replaced]
Fm. Alaudidae Vigors 1825 [lark]
+
G. Alauda Linnaeus 1758
+
Alauda arvensis Linnaeus 1758 [Eurasian skylark]
†Alauda gypsorum Portis 1887
Alauda leucoptera Pallas 1811 [white-winged lark]
†Alauda major Portis 1887
G. Calandrella Kaup 1829
+
Calandrella brachydactyla Leisler 1814 [greater short-toed lark]
†Calandrella cinerea Gmelin 1789
G. Otocoris Bonaparte 1838
Fm. Artamidae Vigors 1825 [woodswallow]
+
G. Artamus Vieillot 1816
+
Artamus cyanopterus Latham 1801 [dusky woodswallow]
Artamus leucorynchus Linnaeus 1771 [white-breasted woodswallow]
Artamus superciliosus Gould 1837 [white-browed woodswallow]
Invalid names: Ocypterus Cuvier 1817 [synonym]
Fm. Atrichornithidae Stejneger 1885 [scrubbird]
+
G. Atrichornis Stejneger 1885
+
Atrichornis clamosus Gould 1844 [noisy scrub-bird]
Atrichornis rufescens Ramsay 1866 [rufous scrub-bird]
Invalid names: Atrichia Gould 1844 [replaced]
Fm. Bernieridae Cibois et al. 2010
+
G. Thamnornis Milne-Edwards and Grandidier 1882
+
Thamnornis chloropetoides Grandidier 1867 [thamnornis]
Fm. Bombycillidae Swainson 1831
+
G. Bombycilla Vieillot 1807
+
Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot 1808 [cedar waxwing]
Bombycilla garrulus Linnaeus 1758 [Bohemian waxwing]
Fm. Calcariidae Ridgway 1901
+
G. Calcarius Bechstein 1802
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Calcarius lapponicus Linnaeus 1758 [lapland longspur]
Calcarius ornatus Townsend 1837 [chestnut-collared longspur]
Invalid names: Plectrophanes Meyer 1815 [synonym]
Fm. Callaeidae Sundevall 1836
+
G. Philesturnus Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire 1832
+
Philesturnus carunculatus Gmelin 1789 [South Island saddleback]
Fm. Calyptophilidae Ridgway 1907
+
Fm. Campephagidae Vigors 1825
+
G. Coracina Vieillot 1816
G. Lalage Boie 1826
+
Lalage maculosa Peale 1848 [Polynesian triller]
Lalage typica Hartlaub 1865 [Mauritius cuckooshrike]
Invalid names: Oxynotus Swainson 1832 [synonym]
Fm. Cardinalidae Ridgway 1901
+
G. Cardinalis Bonaparte 1838 [cardinals]
+
Cardinalis cardinalis Linnaeus 1758 [northern cardinal]
Invalid names: Richmondena Mathews and Iredale 1918 [objective synonym]
G. Piranga Vielillot 1808 [tanager]
+
Piranga ludoviciana Wilson 1811 [western tanager]
Piranga olivacea Gmelin 1789 [scarlet tanager]
Fm. Cinclidae Sundevall 1836 [dipper]
+
Fm. Cinclosomatidae Mathews 1822
+
G. Cinclosoma Vigors and Horsfield 1827
+
Cinclosoma alisteri Mathews 1910 [Nullarbor quail-thrush]
†Cinclosoma elachum Nguyen et al. 2018
Cinclosoma punctatum Shaw 1794 [spotted quail-thrush]
Fm. Climacteridae de Selys Longchamps 1839 [Australasian treecreeper]
+
G. Climacteris Temminck 1820
Fm. Corvidae Vigors 1825
+
G. Aphelocoma Cabanis 1851 [scrub jay]
+
Subg. Aphelocoma (Aphelocoma) Cabanis 1851
Aphelocoma californica Vigors 1839 [California scrub-jay]
Aphelocoma coerulescens Bosc 1795 [Florida scrub jay]
Aphelocoma insularis Henshaw 1886 [island scrub-jay]
Aphelocoma ultramarina Bonaparte 1825 [Ultramarine jay]
G. Corvus Linnaeus 1758 [crow]
+
Corvus albicollis Latham 1790 [white-necked raven]
Corvus albus Muller 1776 [pied crow]
†Corvus annectens Shufeldt 1891
Corvus brachyrhynchos Brehm 1822 [American crow]
+
Invalid names: Corvus caurinus Baird 1858 [synonym]
Corvus corax Linnaeus 1758 [common raven]
Corvus corone Linnaeus 1758 [carrion crow]
Corvus cryptoleucus Couch 1854
Corvus frugilegus Linnaeus 1758 [rook]
†Corvus hungaricus Lambrecht 1915
Corvus leucognaphalus Daudin 1900 [white-necked crow]
Corvus macrorhynchos Wagler 1827 [large-billed crow]
Corvus monedula Linnaeus 1758 [Eurasian jackdaw]
Corvus moneduloides Lesson 1831 [New Caledonian crow]
†Corvus moriorum Forbes 1892 [Chatham Islands raven]
Corvus ossifragus Wilson 1812 [fish crow]
Corvus palmarum Württemburg 1835 [palm crow]
†Corvus pliocaenus Portis 1887
†Corvus praecorax Depéret 1890
†Corvus pumilis Wetmore 1920
†Corvus shufeldti Sharpe 1909
G. Cyanocitta Strickland 1845 [jay]
+
Cyanocitta cristata Linnaeus 1758 [blue jay]
Cyanocitta stelleri Gmelin 1788 [Steller's jay]
G. Cyanopica Bonaparte 1850
+
Cyanopica cooki Bonaparte 1850 [Iberian magpie]
Cyanopica cyanus Pallas 1776 [azure-winged magpie]
G. Garrulus Brisson 1760
+
Garrulus glandarius Linnaeus 1758 [Eurasian jay]
Garrulus lidthi Bonaparte 1850 [Lidth's jay]
G. †Miocorvus Lambrecht 1933
+
†Miocorvus larteti Milne-Edwards 1871
Invalid names: Miocorax Lambrecht 1933 [replaced]
G. Nucifraga Brisson 1760
+
Nucifraga caryocatactes Linnaeus 1758 [Eurasian nutcracker]
Nucifraga columbiana Wilson 1811 [Clark's nutcracker]
G. Perisoreus Bonaparte 1831 [jay]
+
Perisoreus canadensis Linnaeus 1766 [Canada jay]
Perisoreus infaustus Linnaeus 1758 [Siberian jay]
G. Pica Brisson 1760
+
Pica hudsonia Sabine 1823 [black-billed magpie]
†Pica mourerae Segui 2001
Pica nuttalli Audubon 1837 [yellow-billed magpie]
Pica pica Linnaeus 1758 [Eurasian magpie]
G. †Protocitta Brodkorb 1957 [jay]
+
†Protocitta ajax Brodkorb 1972
†Protocitta dixi Brodkorb 1957 [jay]
G. Pyrrhocorax Tunstall 1771 [chough]
+
Pyrrhocorax graculus Linnaeus 1766 [yellow-billed chough]
†Pyrrhocorax primigenius Milne-Edwards 1875
Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax Linnaeus 1758 [red-billed chough]
Invalid names: Garrulinae [empty]
Fm. Cracticidae Chenu and des Murs 1855
+
G. Strepera Lesson 1831
+
Strepera graculina Shaw 1790 [pied currawong]
Strepera versicolor Latham 1801 [gray currawong]
Fm. Dasyornithidae Sibley and Ahlquiest 1985
+
G. Dasyornis Vigors and Horsfieldd 1827 [bristlebird]
+
Dasyornis brachypterus Latham 1801 [eastern bristlebird]
Dasyornis broadbenti McCoy 1867 [rufous bristlebird]
Dasyornis longirostris Gould 1841 [western bristlebird]
†Dasyornis walterbolesi Nguyen 2019
Fm. Dicaeidae Bonaparte 1853
+
G. Dicaeum Cuvier 1816
+
Dicaeum agile Tickell 1833 [thick-billed flowerpecker]
Dicaeum agile aeruginosum Bourns and Worcester 1894 [striped flowerpecker]
G. Prionochilus Strickland 1841
Fm. Emberizidae Vigors 1831 [old world bunting]
+
G. Emberiza Linnaeus 1758
+
†Emberiza alcoveri Rando et al. 1999
Emberiza calandra Linnaeus 1758 [corn bunting]
Emberiza citrinella Linnaeus 1758 [yellowhammer]
Emberiza schoeniclus Linnaeus 1758 [reed bunting]
Invalid names: Schoeniclus Forster 1817 [synonym]
Invalid names: Thraupinae [empty]
Fm. Eurylaimidae
+
G. Cymbirhynchus Vigors 1830 [broadbill]
+
Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchos Gmelin 1788 [Black-and-red broadbill]
Superfm. Formicaroidae Hay 1930
+
Fm. Fringillidae Vigors 1825 [finch]
+
G. Acanthis Borkhausen 1797 [redpoll]
Subfm. Carduelinae
+
G. Hesperiphona Bonaparte 1850
Tr. Pyrrhulini Vigors 1825
+
G. Pyrrhula Brisson 1760
+
†Pyrrhula crassa Rando et al. 2017
Pyrrhula pyrrhula Linnaeus 1758 [Eurasian bullfinch]
G. Carduelis Brisson 1760
+
Carduelis cannabina Linnaeus 1758
Carduelis carduelis Linnaeus 1758 [European goldfinch]
Carduelis spinus Linnaeus 1758
†Carduelis triasi Alcover and Florit 1987
G. †Chloridops Wilson 1888
G. Coccothraustes Brisson 1760
+
Coccothraustes coccothraustes Linnaeus 1758 [hawfinch]
Coccothraustes vespertinus Cooper 1825 [evening grosbeak]
G. Fringilla Linnaeus 1758 [finch]
+
Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus 1758 [common chaffinch]
Fringilla montifringilla Linnaeus 1758 [brambling]
†Fringilla radoboyensis Tschudi 1865
†Fringilla trochanterica Giebel 1847
Subfm. Fringillinae Bonaparte 1831
+
G. †Palaeostruthus Wetmore 1925 [sparrow]
+
†Palaeostruthus eurius Brodkorb 1963 [sparrow]
†Palaeostruthus hatcheri Shufeldt 1913
G. Haemorhous Swainson 1837
+
Haemorhous cassinii Baird 1854 [Cassin's finch]
Haemorhous mexicanus Müller 1776 [house finch]
Haemorhous purpureus Gmelin 1789 [purple finch]
G. Leucosticte Swainson 1832
+
Leucosticte arctoa Pallas 1811 [Asian rosy-finch]
Leucosticte atrata Ridgway 1874 [black rosy-finch]
Leucosticte tephrocotis Swainson 1832 [gray-crowned rosy-finch]
G. Linaria Bechstein 1802
G. Loxia Linnaeus 1758 [crossbill]
+
Loxia curvirostra Linnaeus 1758 [red crossbill]
Loxia megaplaga Riley 1916 [Hispaniolan crossbill]
Loxia patevi Boev 1999
G. Oreomystis Stejneger 1903
+
Oreomystis bairdi Stejneger 1887 [akikiki]
Invalid names: Oreomyza Stejneger 1887 [synonym]
G. Psittirostra Temminck 1820
+
Psittirostra psittacea Gmelin 1789 [ou]
Invalid names: Psittirostra (Psittirostra) Temminck 1820 [invalid subgroup]
G. Rhynchostruthus Sclater and Hartlaub 1881
+
Rhynchostruthus socotranus Sclater and Hartlaub 1881 [Socotra golden-winged grosbeak]
G. Spinus Koch 1816
+
Spinus pinus Wilson 1810 [pine siskin]
Spinus psaltria Say 1822 [lesser goldfinch]
Spinus tristis Linnaeus 1758 [American goldfinch]
G. Telespiza Wilson 1890
+
Telespiza cantans Wilson 1890 [Laysan finch]
Telespiza ultima Bryan 1917 [Nihoa finch]
Invalid names: Richmondeninae [empty]
Fm. Furnariidae Gray 1840
+
G. †Pseudoseisuropsis Noriega 1991
+
†Pseudoseisuropsis nehuen Noriega 1991
†Pseudoseisuropsis wintu Stefanini et al. 2016
G. Synallaxis Vieillot 1818
Fm. Hirundinidae Rafinesque 1815 [swallow]
+
G. Hirundo Linnaeus 1758 [swallow]
+
†Hirundo fossilis Gibel 1847
Hirundo neoxena Gould 1842 [welcome swallow]
Hirundo rustica Linnaeus 1758 [barn swallow]
Hirundo tahitica Gmelin 1789 [Pacific swallow]
G. Petrochelidon Cabanis 1850
+
Petrochelidon albifrons Rafinesque 1822
Petrochelidon fulva Vieillot 1808 [cave swallow]
Petrochelidon lunifrons Say 1823
Petrochelidon melanogaster Swainson 1827
Petrochelidon nigricans Vieillot 1817 [tree martin]
Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Vieillot 1816 [cliff swallow]
G. Tachycineta Cabanis 1850
+
Tachycineta bicolor Vieillot 1808 [tree swallow]
†Tachycineta speleodytes Brodkorb 1957 [tree swallow]
Fm. Icteridae Vigors 1825
+
G. Agelaius Vieillot 1816
+
Agelaius gubernator Wagler 1832
Agelaius phoeniceus Linnaeus 1766 [red-winged blackbird]
Agelaius tricolor Audubon 1837 [tricolor blackbird]
G. Cassidix Lesson 1831
G. Euphagus Cassin 1866 [blackbird]
+
†Euphagus affinis Shufeldt 1891
Euphagus cyanocephalus Wagler 1829 [Brewer's blackbird]
†Euphagus magnirostris Miller 1929 [large-billed blackbird]
G. Icterus Brisson 1760 [New World oriole]
+
Icterus bullockii Swainson 1827 [Bullock's oriole]
Icterus oberi Lawrence 1880 [Montserrat oriole]
Icterus spurius Linnaeus 1766 [orchard oriole]
Invalid names: Xanthornus Cuvier 1800 [synonym]
G. Megaquiscalus Cassin 1866
G. Molothrus Swainson 1832
+
Molothrus aeneus Wagler 1829 [bronzed cowbird]
Molothrus ater Boddaert 1783 [brown-headed cowbird]
G. †Pandanaris Miller 1947
+
†Pandanaris convexa Miller 1947 [cowbird]
+
Invalid names: Pandanaris floridana Brodkorb 1957 [synonym]
G. Quiscalus Vieillot 1816 [grackle]
+
Quiscalus lugubris Swainson 1838 [carib grackle]
Quiscalus major Viellot 1819 [boat-tailed grackle]
Quiscalus mexicanus Gmelin 1788 [great-tailed grackle]
Quiscalus quiscula Linnaeus 1758 [common grackle]
G. †Scolecophagus Swainson
G. Sturnella Vieillot 1816 [meadowlark]
+
Sturnella magna Linnaeus 1758 [eastern meadowlark]
Sturnella neglecta Audubon 1844 [western meadowlark]
G. Xanthocephalus Bonaparte 1850
+
Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Bonaparte 1826 [yellow-headed blackbird]
Invalid names: Icterini del Hoyo et al. 2014 [empty]
Fm. Laniidae Rafinesque 1815 [shrike]
+
G. Lanius Linnaeus 1758 [shrike]
+
†Lanius collurio Linnaeus 1758
Lanius cristatus Linnaeus 1758 [brown shrike]
Lanius excubitor Linnaeus 1758 [great gray shrike]
Lanius ludovicianus Linnaeus 1766 [loggerhead shrike]
†Lanius minor Gmelin 1788
†Lanius miocaenus Milne-Edwards 1871
Lanius senator Linnaeus 1758 [woodchat shrike]
Invalid names: Laniinae [empty]
Fm. Locustellidae Bonaparte 1854
+
G. Megalurus Horsfield 1821
+
Megalurus cruralis Vigors and Horsfield 1827 [brown songlark]
Megalurus mathewsi Iredale 1911 [rufous songlark]
+
Invalid names: Anthus rufescens Vigors and Horsfield 1827 [replaced]
Megalurus punctatus Quoy and Gaimard 1830 [fernbird]
†Megalurus rufescens Buller 1869 [Chatham Islands fernbird]
Invalid names: Bowdleria Rothschild 1896 [synonym], Cincloramphus Gould 1838 [synonym]
Fm. Meliphagidae Vigors 1825 [honeyeater]
+
G. Anthochaera Vigors and Horsfield 1827
+
Anthochaera carunculata Shaw 1790 [red wattlebird]
Anthochaera chrysoptera Latham 1802 [little wattlebird]
G. Anthornis Gray 1840
+
†Anthornis melanocephala Gray 1843 [Chatham Island bellbird]
Anthornis melanura Sparrman 1786 [New Zealand bellbird]
G. Entomyzon Swainson 1825
G. Lichenostomus Cabanis 1851
G. Melithreptus Vieillot 1816
G. Myzomela Vigors and Horsfield 1827
+
Myzomela cardinalis Gmelin 1788 [cardinal myzomela]
Myzomela rubratra Lesson 1827 [Micronesian myzomela]
G. Philemon Vieillot 1816
Subor. Menurae
+
Fm. Menuridae Lesson 1828 [lyrebird]
+
G. Menura Bonaparte 1851
+
Menura novaehollandiae Latham 1801 [Superb lyrebird]
†Menura tyawanoides Boles 1995
Fm. Mimidae Bonaparte 1853
+
G. Cinclocerthia Gray 1840
+
Cinclocerthia ruficauda Gould 1836 [brown trembler]
Invalid names: Stenorhynchus Gould 1836 [replaced]
G. Mimus Boie 1826
+
Mimus gundlachii Cabanis 1855 [Bahama mockingbird]
Mimus polyglottos Linnaeus 1758 [northern mockingbird]
Mimus trifasciatus Gould 1837 [Floreana mockinbird]
Invalid names: Orpheus Swainson 1827 [synonym]
G. Toxostoma Wagler 1831 [American thrashers]
+
Toxostoma bendirei Coues 1873
Toxostoma redivivum Gambel 1845 [California thrasher]
Toxostoma rufum Linnaeus 1758 [brown thrasher]
Fm. †Mohoidae Fleischer et al. 2008
+
G. †Moho Lesson 1830 [oo]
+
†Moho apicalis Gould 1860 [Oahu oo]
†Moho bishopi Rothschild 1893 [Bishop's oo]
†Moho braccatus Cassin 1855 [Kauai oo]
Fm. Mohouidae Mathews 1946
+
G. Mohoua Lesson 1837
+
Mohoua albicilla Lesson 1830 [whitehead]
Mohoua novaeseelandiae Gmelin 1789 [pipipi]
Mohoua ochrocephala Gmelin 1789 [yellowhead]
Fm. Monarchidae Bonaparte 1854
+
G. Monarcha Vigors and Horsfield 1827
+
Monarcha takatsukasae Yamashina 1931 [Tinian monarch]
Invalid names: Monarcharses Mathews 1925 [synonym]
G. Terpsiphone Gloger 1827 [paradise flycatcher]
+
Terpsiphone mutata Linnaeus 1766 [Madgascar paradise-flycatcher]
Fm. Motacillidae Horsfield 1821
+
G. Anthus Bechstein 1805
+
†Anthus bosniaskii Pycraft 1909
Anthus campestris Linnaeus 1758
Anthus cervinus Pallas 1811
Anthus correndera Vieillot 1818 [correndera pipit]
Anthus gustavi Swinhoe 1863 [Pechora pipit]
Anthus novaeseelandiae Gmelin 1789 [Australasian pipit]
Anthus pratensis Linnaeus 1758 [meadow pipit]
Anthus spinoletta Linnaeus 1758 [water pipit]
Anthus trivialis Linnaeus 1758 [tree pipit]
G. Motacilla Linnaeus 1758 [wagtail]
+
Motacilla alba Linnaeus 1758 [white wagtail]
Motacilla cinerea Tunstall 1771 [gray wagtail]
Motacilla flava Linnaeus 1758 [western yellow wagtail]
†Motacilla humata Milne-Edwards 1871
†Motacilla major Milne-Edwards 1871
Invalid names: Motacillinae Bonaparte 1831 [empty]
Fm. Muscicapidae Fleming 1822 [flycatcher]
+
G. Luscinia Forster 1817
+
Luscinia megarhynchos Brehm 1831 [common nightingale]
Luscinia svecica Linnaeus 1758
G. Oenanthe Vieillot 1816 [wheatear]
+
Oenanthe hispanica Linnaeus 1758 [black-eared wheatear]
Oenanthe oenanthe Linnaeus 1758 [northern wheatear]
G. Phoenicurus Forster 1817
+
Phoenicurus ochruros Gmelin 1774 [black redstart]
Phoenicurus phoenicurus Linnaeus 1758 [common redstart]
G. Saxicola Bechstein 1802
+
Saxicola rubetra Linnaeus 1758 [whinchat]
Saxicola torquatus Linnaeus 1766 [African stonechat]
Invalid names: Muscicapinae [empty]
Fm. Oriolidae Vigors 1825
+
G. Oriolus Linnaeus 1766
Invalid names: Turnagridae Buller 1888 [synonym]
Fm. Orthonychidae Gray 1840 [logrunner]
+
G. Orthonyx Temminck 1820
+
†Orthonyx hypsilophus Baird 1985
†Orthonyx kaldowinyeri Boles 1993
†Orthonyx wakefieldi Baird 1993
Fm. Paridae Vigors 1825
+
G. Parus Linnaeus 1758 [tit]
+
Parus caeruleus Linnaeus 1758
Parus cristatus Linnaeus 1758
Parus major Linnaeus 1758 [great tit]
G. Poecile Kaup 1829 [Tits and chickadees]
+
Poecile atricapillus Linnaeus 1766 [Black-capped chickadee]
Fm. Parulidae Wetmore et al. 1947
+
G. Geothlypis Cabanis 1847
+
Geothlypis rostrata Bryant 1867 [Bahama yellowthroat]
Geothlypis trichas Linnaeus 1766 [common yellowthroat]
G. Setophaga Swainson 1827
+
Setophaga coronata Linnaeus 1766 [yellow-rumped warbler]
Setophaga petechia Linnaeus 1766 [yellow warbler]
Invalid names: Dendroica Gray 1842 [synonym]
Invalid names: Parulinae [empty]
Fm. Passerellidae Cabanis 1851 [new world sparrow]
+
G. Ammodramus Swainson 1827
+
Ammodramus henslowii Audubon 1829 [Henslow's sparrow]
Ammodramus savannarum Gmelin 1789 [grasshopper sparrow]
Invalid names: Passerherbulus Maynard 1895 [synonym]
G. Junco Wagler 1831 [junco]
+
Junco hyemalis Linnaeus 1758 [dark-eyed junco]
Junco hyemalis oreganus Townsend 1837
Junco phaeonotus Wagler 1831
G. Melospiza Baird 1858
+
Melospiza georgiana Latham 1790 [swamp sparrow]
Melospiza lincolnii Audubon 1834 [Lincoln's sparrow]
Melospiza melodia Wilson 1810 [song sparrow]
G. Passerculus Bonaparte 1838 [savannah sparrows]
+
Passerculus sandwichensis Gmelin 1789 [savannah sparrow]
G. Pipilo Vieillot 1816 [towhee]
+
†Pipilo angelensis Dawson 1948
Pipilo chlorurus Audubon 1839 [green-tailed towhee]
Pipilo erythrophthalmus Linnaeus 1758 [eastern towhee]
Pipilo maculatus Swainson 1827 [spotted towhee]
†Pipilo naufragus Olson and Wingate 2012 [Bermuda towhee]
G. Spizella Bonaparte 1832
+
Spizella breweri Cassin 1856 [Brewer's sparrow]
Spizella passerina Bechstein 1798 [chipping sparrow]
Spizella pusilla Wilson 1810 [field sparrow]
G. Zonotrichia Swainson 1832 [sparrow]
+
Zonotrichia albicollis Gmelin 1789 [white-throated sparrow]
Zonotrichia atricapilla Gmelin 1789 [golden-crowned sparrow]
Zonotrichia capensis Statius Muller 1776 [rufous-collared sparrow]
Zonotrichia leucophrys Forster 1772 [white-crowned sparrow]
Zonotrichia robusta Tonni 1970
Invalid names: Brachyspiza Ridgway 1898 [synonym]
Subor. Passeres Linnaeus 1758
+
Fm. †Neosittidae Ridgeway 1904
+
Fm. †Palaeoscinidae Howard 1957
+
Infraor. Passerides
+
Infraor. Tyrannides Sibley 1988
+
Fm. Pittidae Swainson 1831
+
G. Erythropitta Bonaparte 1854 [pitta]
+
Erythropitta erythrogaster Temminck 1823 [Philippine pitta]
Unr. Tyrannida Wetmore and Miller 1926
+
Invalid names: Palaeospizidae Wetmore 1925 [empty]
Fm. Passeridae Illiger 1811
+
G. Passer Brisson 1760 [sparrow]
+
Passer domesticus Linnaeus 1758 [house sparrow]
Passer hispaniolensis Temminck 1820 [Spanish sparrow]
Passer insularis Sclater and Hartlaub 1881 [Socotra sparrow]
Passer montanus Linnaeus 1758
Fm. Petroicidae Mathews 1920
+
G. Eopsaltria Swainson 1832
G. Petroica Swainson 1829
+
Petroica australis Sparrman 1788 [New Zealand robin]
Petroica macrocephala Gmelin 1789 [tomtit]
Petroica traversi Buller 1872 [Chatham robin]
Invalid names: Miro Lesson 1831 [synonym]
Fm. Phaenicophilidae Sclater 1886
+
G. Microligea Cory 1884
G. Phaenicophilus Strickland 1851
+
Phaenicophilus palmarum Linnaeus 1766 [black-crowned palm-tanager]
Fm. Phylloscopidae Alström et al. 2006
+
Fm. Ploceidae Sundevall 1836 [weaver]
+
G. Foudia Reichenbach 1850 [foudy]
+
Foudia flavicans Newton 1865 [Rodrigues fody]
Foudia madagascariensis Linnaeus 1766 [red fody]
Foudia rubra Gmelin 1789 [Mauritius fody]
Fm. Polioptilidae Baird 1858 [gnatcatcher]
+
Fm. Prunellidae Richmond 1908
+
G. Prunella Vieillot 1816 [accentor]
+
Prunella collaris Scopoli 1769 [alpine accentor]
Prunella modularis Linnaeus 1758 [hedge accentor]
Fm. Psophodidae Bonaparte 1854
+
Fm. Ptilonorhynchidae Gray 1841
+
Fm. Pycnonotidae Gray 1840 [bulbul]
+
G. Hypsipetes Vigors 1831
+
Hypsipetes amaurotis Temminck 1830 [brown-eared bulbul]
†Hypsipetes cowlesi Hume 2015
Hypsipetes madagascariensis Statius Muller 1776 [Madagascar bulbul]
Hypsipetes olivaceus Jardine and Selby 1837 [Mauritius bulbul]
Fm. Rhinocryptidae Wetmore 1930
+
G. Pteroptochos Kittlitz 1830
+
Pteroptochos castaneus Philippi and Landbeck 1864 [chestnut-throated huet-huet]
Pteroptochos megapodius Kittlitz 1830 [moustached turca]
+
Invalid names: Leptonyx macropus Swainson 1832 [synonym]
Pteroptochos tarnii King 1831 [black-throated huet-huet]
Invalid names: Hylactes King 1831 [synonym], Leptonyx Swainson 1832 [synonym]
G. Scelorchilus Oberholser 1923
+
Scelorchilus albicollis Kittlitz 1830 [white-throated tapaculo]
Scelorchilus rubecula Kittlitz 1830 [chucao tapaculo]
Fm. Rhipiduridae Sundevall 1872
+
G. Rhipidura Vigors and Horsfield 1827
+
Rhipidura fuliginosa Sparrman 1787 [New Zealand fantail]
Rhipidura rufifrons Latham 1801 [rufous fantail]
Fm. Sittidae Lesson 1828 [nuthatch]
+
G. Sitta Linnaeus 1758 [nuthatch]
+
Sitta canadensis Linnaeus 1766 [red-breasted nuthatch]
Sitta carolinensis Latham 1790 [white-breasted nuthatch]
Sitta europaea Linnaeus 1758
Sitta pygmaea Vigors 1839
†Sitta senogalliensis Portis 1887
Invalid names: Sittinae [empty]
Fm. Spindalidae Barker et al. 2013
+
Fm. Sturnidae Rafinesque 1815 [starling]
+
G. Acridotheres Vieillot 1816
G. Aplonis Gould 1836
+
†Aplonis diluvialis Steadman 1989 [Huahine starling]
Aplonis opaca Kittlitz 1833 [Micronesian starling]
Aplonis tabuensis Gmelin 1788 [Polynesian starling]
Invalid names: Lamprothornis Kittlitz 1833 [synonym]
G. Gracula Linnaeus 1758
G. †Necropsar Günther and Newton 1879
+
†Necropsar rodericanus Günther and Newton 1879 [Rodriguez starling]
Invalid names: Sturnini Rafinesque 1815 [empty]
Fm. Sylviidae Vigors 1825
+
G. Hippolais Baldenstein 1827
G. Locustella Kaup 1829
G. Sylvia Scopoli 1769
+
Sylvia atricapilla Linnaeus 1758
Sylvia borin Boddaert 1783 [garden warbler]
Sylvia communis Latham 1787 [greater whitethroat]
Sylvia sarda Temminck 1820 [Marmora's warbler]
Fm. Thamnophilidae Swainson 1824
+
Subfm. Thamnophilinae Swainson 1824
+
Tr. Thamnophilini del Hoyo et al. 2016
+
G. Thamnophilus Vieillot 1816 [antshrike]
+
Thamnophilus ruficapillus Vieillot 1816 [Southern Rufous-capped antshrike]
Fm. Thraupidae Cabanis 1847
+
G. Camarhynchus Gould 1837
+
Camarhynchus parvulus Gould 1837 [small tree-finch]
Camarhynchus pauper Ridgway 1890 [medium tree-finch]
G. Geospiza Gould 1837 [Darwin's finch]
+
Geospiza difficilis Sharpe 1888 [sharp-beaked ground-finch]
+
Invalid names: Geospiza nebulosa Gould 1837 [replaced]
Geospiza fortis Gould 1837 [medium ground-finch]
Geospiza fuliginosa Gould 1837 [small ground-finch]
Geospiza magnirostris Gould 1837 [large ground-finch]
Geospiza scandens Gould 1837 [common cactus-finch]
Invalid names: Cactornis Gould 1837 [synonym]
G. Loxigilla Lesson 1831
+
Loxigilla noctis Linnaeus 1766 [lesser Antillean bullfich]
Loxigilla violacea Linnaeus 1758 [greater Antillean bullfinch]
G. Melopyrrha Bonaparte 1853
+
†Melopyrrha latirostris Steadman and Morgan 1985
Melopyrrha nigra Linnaeus 1758
Fm. Tichodromidae Swainson 1827
+
Fm. Tityridae Gray 1840
+
Fm. Troglodytidae Swainson 1832 [wren]
+
G. Cistothorus Cabanis 1850 [wren]
+
†Cistothorus brevis Brodkorb 1957 [wren]
Cistothorus platensis Latham 1790 [sedge wren]
G. Thryothorus Vieillot 1816
G. Troglodytes Viellot 1809 [house wren]
+
Troglodytes aedon Vieillot 1809 [house wren]
Troglodytes troglodytes Linnaeus 1758 [Eurasian wren]
Fm. Turdidae Rafinesque 1815 [thrush]
+
G. Catharus Bonaparte 1850
+
Catharus guttatus Pallas 1811 [hermit thrush]
Catharus ustulatus Nuttall 1840 [Swainson's thrush]
G. Geokichla Muller 1836
G. Hylocichla Baird 1864
G. Myadestes Swainson 1838
+
Myadestes obscurus Gmelin 1789 [omao]
Myadestes palmeri Rothschild 1893 [puaiohi]
G. Phaeornis
G. Sialia Swainson 1827 [bluebird]
+
Sialia mexicana Swainson 1831
Sialia sialis Linnaeus 1758 [eastern bluebird]
G. Turdus Linnaeus 1758 [true thrush]
+
†Turdus bresciensis Gibel 1847
Turdus falcklandii Quoy and Gaimard 1824 [austral thrush]
Turdus hortulorum Sclater 1863 [gray-backed thrush]
Turdus iliacus Linnaeus 1758 [redwing]
Turdus lherminieri Lafresnaye 1844 [forest thrush]
Turdus merula Linnaeus 1758 [common blackbird]
Turdus migratorius Linnaeus 1758 [American robin]
Turdus obscurus Gmelin 1789 [eyebrowed thrush]
Turdus pallidus Gmelin 1789 [pale thrush]
Turdus philomelos Brehm 1831 [song thrush]
Turdus pilaris Linnaeus 1758 [fieldfare]
Turdus plumbeus Linnaeus 1758 [red-legged thrush]
Turdus poliocephalus Latham 1801 [island thrush]
Turdus torquatus Linnaeus 1758 [ring ouzel]
Turdus viscivorus Linnaeus 1758 [mistle thrush]
Invalid names: Cichlherminia Bonaparte 1854 [synonym], Mimocichla Sclater 1859 [synonym]
G. Zoothera Vigors 1832
+
Zoothera aurea Hollandre 1825 [White's thrush]
+
Invalid names: Turdus varius Pallas 1811 [replaced]
Zoothera dauma Latham 1790 [scaly thrush]
Zoothera dauma major Ogawa 1905 [Amami thrush]
Fm. Tyrannidae Vigors 1825 [tyrant flycatcher]
+
G. Arundinicola d'Orbigny 1840
+
Arundinicola leucocephala Linnaeus 1764 [white-headed marsh-tyrant]
G. Contopus Cabanis 1855 [pewee]
+
Contopus caribaeus d'Orbigny 1839 [Cuban pewee]
Contopus sordidulus Sclater 1859 [western wood-pewee]
Contopus virens Linnaeus 1766 [eastern wood-pewee]
G. Empidonax Cabanis 1855 [flycatcher]
G. Myiarchus Cabanis 1844
+
Myiarchus magnirostris Gould 1838 [Galapagos flycatcher]
Myiarchus sagrae Gundlach 1852 [La Sagra's flycatcher]
G. Myiodynastes Bonaparte 1857
+
Myiodynastes luteiventris Sclater 1859 [sulphur-bellied flycatcher]
G. Pitangus Swainson 1827
+
Pitangus lictor Lichtenstein 1823 [lesser kiskadee]
Pitangus sulphuratus Linnaeus 1766 [great kiskadee]
G. Pyrocephalus Gould 1838
+
Pyrocephalus rubinus Boddaert 1783 [Vermilion flycatcher]
Pyrocephalus rubinus nanus Gould 1838 [Galapagos vermilion flycatcher]
G. Sayornis Bonaparte 1854 [phoebe]
+
Sayornis nigricans Swainson 1827 [black phoebe]
Sayornis phoebe Latham 1790 [eastern phoebe]
Sayornis saya Bonaparte 1825 [Say's phoebe]
G. Tyrannus Linnaeus 1766
+
Tyrannus caudifasciatus d'Orbigny 1839 [loggerhead kingbird]
Tyrannus caudifasciatus gabbii Lawrence 1876
Tyrannus cubensis Richmond 1898 [giant kingbird]
Tyrannus dominicensis Gmelin 1788 [gray kingbird]
Tyrannus melancholicus Vieillot 1819 [tropical kingbird]
Tyrannus tyrannus Linnaeus 1758 [eastern kingbird]
Tyrannus vociferans Swainson 1826 [Cassin's kingbird]
Invalid names: Tolmarchus Ridgway 1905 [synonym]
Fm. Vireonidae Swainson 1837 [vireo]
+
G. Vireo Vieillot 1808
+
Vireo altiloquus Vieillot 1808 [black-whiskered vireo]
Vireo crassirostris Bryant 1859 [thick-billed vireo]
Vireo griseus Boddaert 1783 [white-eyed vireo]
Vireo nanus Lawrence 1875 [flat-billed vireo]
Invalid names: Lanivireo Baird 1858 [synonym], Lawrencia Ridgway 1886 [synonym]
Fm. Zosteropidae Bonaparte 1853 [white-eye]
+
G. Zosterops Vigors and Horsfield 1827 [white-eye]
+
Zosterops abyssinicus Guérin-Méneville 1843 [Abyssinian white-eye]
Zosterops chloronothos Vieillot 1817 [Mauritius white-eye]
Zosterops conspicillatus Kittlitz 1833 [bridled white-eye]
Zosterops maderaspatanus Linnaeus 1766 [Madagascar white-eye]
Zosterops mauritianus Gmelin 1789 [Mauritius gray white-eye]
Zosterops montanus Bonaparte 1850 [mountain white-eye]
Invalid names: Coerebidae [empty], Eopsaltriidae [empty], Fringilloidae Hay 1930 [empty], Oscines [empty], Paradisaeidae Vigors 1825 [empty], Scytalopidae [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: subo = suborder, o = order | |||||
| References: Marsh 1875, Benton 1983 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Bridgerian to the top of the Holocene or 50.30000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 46.2 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 46.2 Ma
Collections (571 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bridgerian | USA (Wyoming) | Hebe schucherti (121306) | |
| Priabonian | France (Ile-de-France Region) | Sitta cuvieri (31739) | |
| Chadronian | USA (South Dakota) | Passeriformes indet. (17007) | |
| MP 24 | France (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence) | Tyrannida indet. (84461) | |
| Rupelian | France (Allier) | Passeriformes indet. (181646) | |
| Rupelian | Poland (Podkarpackie) | Winnicavis gorskii (174689) | |
| Rupelian | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Passeriformes indet. (68021) | |
| Late/Upper Oligocene | Australia (South Australia) | Passeriformes indet. (51412) | |
| Chattian | Australia (Queensland) | Sericuloides marynguyenae (135706) | |
| Aquitanian - Burdigalian | Australia (Queensland) | Menura tyawanoides (106497) | |
| Neogene | USA (Arizona) | Fringillidae indet. (216971) Junco sp., Fringillidae indet., Corvus sp. (216972) | |
| Hemingfordian | USA (Florida) | Parulidae indet. (18597) | |
| Altonian | New Zealand (South Island) | Cracticidae indet., Passeriformes unnamed species 1, Passeriformes unnamed species 2 (126289) Kuiornis indicator (96080) Passeriformes unnamed species 2 (73690) | |
| Barstovian | USA (Colorado) | Miocitta galbreathi (74627) | |
| Early/Lower Barstovian | USA (Nebraska) | Passeriformes indet. (17976) | |
| Early/Lower Barstovian - early Late Barstovian | USA (California) | Passeriformes indet. (156738) | |
| Middle Miocene | USA (California) | Passeriformes indet. (124690) | |
| Badenian | Slovakia | Passeriformes indet. (73137) | |
| MN 6 - MN 7 + 8 | Hungary (Nograd) | Passeriformes indet 1, Passeriformes indet 2 (167497) | |
| Clarendonian | USA (Nebraska) | Passeriformes indet. (188779) | |